MCM-41分子筛负载亚硒核过氧钨酸盐催化剂催化二苯并噻吩氧化脱硫

石油在作为燃料使用过程中常常产生各种污染,特别是油品中的含硫化合物不仅会降低油品品质,而且燃烧后产生的硫氧化物可污染大气,形成酸雨,危害人类健康.因此,油品深度脱硫是一项十分重要而紧迫的工作.
　　目前油品脱硫方法有很多种,主要分为加氢脱硫与非加氢脱硫.加氢脱硫反应条件苛刻,脱硫效率低,对设备要求高,因而非加氢脱硫正在被广泛研究.其中氧化脱硫反应条件温和,脱硫效率高,对设备要求不高,有望实现规模化应用.在氧化脱硫反应中,催化剂是研究重点,尤其是催化剂效率及可回收能力.本课题组合成的亚硒核过氧钨酸盐是一种具有高选择性和高催化活性的催化剂,但它在反应后无法实现回收再利用,从而限制了其广泛应用.为了提高该催化剂的可回收能力,本文尝试制备负载型亚硒核过氧钨酸盐用于氧化脱硫反应中,考察其催化效率及可回收能力.
　　分子筛具有孔结构,比表面积大且较为稳定,是理想的催化剂载体.本文采用浸渍法制备了MCM-41分子筛负载的亚硒核过氧钨酸盐,为了提高负载能力,减少催化剂溶脱,还制备了MCM-41-NH2分子筛负载的亚硒核过氧钨酸盐,并运用红外光谱、X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附和透射电镜对它们进行了表征.结果显示,亚硒核过氧钨酸盐在MCM-41和MCM-41-NH2分子筛内分散均匀,表明负载成功.将负载型亚硒核过氧钨酸盐催化剂用于模拟油样二苯并噻吩(DBT)氧化脱硫实验,并用气相-火焰光度检测仪跟踪实验.结果表明,负载型和非负载型催化剂均具有较高的催化性能.模拟油样在负载型催化剂作用下氧化脱硫反应2 h后, DBT转化率达98.7%,实现了深度脱硫.此外,还优化了反应时间、反应温度及氧化剂和催化剂用量.与其它催化剂相比,在相似脱硫效率情况下,负载型催化剂的催化效率更高,反应条件更加温和,催化剂用量更少,因而更加环保和节能.对反应产物进行了红外光谱、气相-质谱联用分析以及气相色谱保留时间对比分析,结果表明DBT脱硫反应产物为DBTO2.结合相关文献,对该催化剂上DBT氧化脱硫提出了一种可能的催化氧化反应机理.
　　反应后将负载型催化剂回收过滤,洗涤和干燥后,进行下一轮氧化脱硫反应.结果表明, MCM-41分子筛负载的亚硒核过氧钨酸盐在循环使用过程中, DBT转化率下降较快,循环使用4次后, DBT转化率降至80%,而MCM-41-NH2分子筛负载的催化剂在循环使用4次后, DBT转化率仍达90%.这表明MCM-41-NH2分子筛负载的亚硒核过氧钨酸盐催化剂具有更好的稳定性和回收使用性能.
　　综上所述,负载型亚硒核过氧钨酸盐是一种高效的氧化脱硫催化剂,在较为温和的反应条件下即可实现深度催化氧化脱硫,其循环使用性能也得到明显提高.本结果可为该催化剂未来在工业上广泛应用提供一定参考.     

过氧化环己酮对二苯并噻吩的氧化脱硫研究

二苯并噻吩（dibenzothiophene DBT）及其衍生物是重油、减压馏分油及渣油中的主要硫化物。在通常的加氢脱硫中,二苯并噻吩系列是较难脱除的一类有机硫。近年来,以二苯并噻吩系列为模型的深度脱硫研究发展迅速。李建源等对二苯并噻吩及其衍生物为模型的氧化脱硫（Oxidative desulfurization ODS）、加氢脱硫、吸附脱硫及生物脱硫等作了较为详尽的报道。     

Selective oxidation of sulfide catalyzed by peroxotungstate immobilized on ionic liquid-modified silica with aqueous hydrogen peroxide

Two kinds of catalysts of peroxotungstates immobilized on ionic liquid-modified silica have been synthesized and characterized. By comparing with other heterogeneous catalysts, the most characteristic of these heterogeneous catalysts is the catalyst formed from the combination of catalytic active center peroxotungstate with an ionic liquid. Thereinto, ionic liquid-modified supported catalysts provide the hydrophobic environment for organic reactions. We presume that the heterogeneous catalyst would display excellent catalytic ability depending on the additive effect of an ionic liquid and peroxotungstate. Their catalytic properties in oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones were investigated with 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide at room temperature. These recoverable catalysts both exhibit high catalytic activities in the oxidation reaction of sulfoxides and provide excellent chemselectivities towards sulfur groups with unsaturated double bonds when the aqueous hydrogen peroxide was greatly in excess. The yields of methyl phenyl sulfoxide were still satisfied when the catalyst was reused for a sixth time.     

Highly selective, recyclable epoxidation of allylic alcohols with hydrogen peroxide in water catalyzed by dinuclear peroxotungstate

The highly chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselective and stereospecific epoxidation of various allylic alcohols with only one equivalent of hydrogen peroxide in water can be efficiently catalyzed by the dinuclear peroxotungstate, K2[[W(=O)(O2)2(H2O)]2(mu-O)].2H2O (I). The catalyst is easily recycled while maintaining its catalytic performance. The catalytic reaction mechanism including the exchange of the water ligand to form the tungsten-alcoholate species followed by the insertion of oxygen to the carbon-carbon double bond, and the regeneration of the dinuclear peroxotungstate with hydrogen peroxide is proposed. The reaction rate shows first-order dependence on the concentrations of allylic alcohol and dinuclear peroxotungstate and zero-order dependence on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. These results, the kinetic data, the comparison of the catalytic rates with those for the stoichiometric reactions, and kinetic isotope effects indicate that the oxygen transfer from a dinuclear peroxotungstate to the double bond is the rate-limiting step for terminal allylic alcohols such as 2-propen-1-ol (1a).     

Oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by Ti(IV)-substituted heteropolytungstate

Alkylammonium salts of Ti(IV)-substituted heteropolytungstate, PW₁₁TiO ₁₀ ⁵⁻ , catalyze the oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide with hydrogen peroxide. The yield of the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone is practically quantitative. A³¹P NMR study confirms the formation and reactivity of the PW₁₁O₃₉TiO ₂ ⁵⁻ peroxo complex in organic media.     

过氧化叔戊醇对二苯并噻吩的氧化脱硫研究

二苯并噻吩（DBT）及其衍生物是重油、减压馏分油及渣油中的主要硫化物。其性质稳定,在通常的加氢脱硫中,二苯并噻吩系列是较难脱除的一类有机硫。李建源等对二苯并噻吩及其衍生物为模型物的氧化脱硫（ODS）、加氢脱硫、吸附脱硫及生物脱硫等作了较为详细的综述。     

羧基功能化离子液体催化二苯并噻吩氧化脱硫

以羧基功能化离子液体1-甲基-3-羧甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([cmmim]BF₄)为催化剂和萃取剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂,催化氧化二苯并噻吩(DBT)。结果表明,当反应温度为60 ℃,O/S摩尔比为6,反应时间80 min时,DBT的转化率可以达到100%。离子液体回收重复使用四次,催化活性无明显下降。     

Kinetic determination of trace levels of selenium(IV) and total selenium by Nile Blue A/hydrogen peroxide method

A kinetic method for the determination of selenium(IV) traces is proposed, based on its inhibitory action on the oxidation of Nile Blue A by hydrogen peroxide in phosphate buffer (pH 10.5). A linear dependence was established between the rate of the proposed indicator reaction and selenium concentration in the range 9.5 × 10^–2-1.58 ng cm^–3. The experimental conditions of maximal selenium effect were established. Selenium, determined by the tangent method, was determined at concentrations over the range 0.22–1.26 ng cm^–3, with relative standard deviations up to 4.5%. The reaction rate was followed spectrophotometrically. The effect of foreign ions on the accuracy of this method was also investigated. The method was applied to the determination of selenium in pharmaceutical preparations and wheat flour.     

Oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene with molecular oxygen using emulsion catalysis

Dibenzothiophene (DBT) is oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone in an emulsion system (W/O) composed of polyoxometalate anion [C(18)H(37)N(CH(3))3](5)[PV(2)Mo(10)O(40)] as both the surfactant and catalyst, using molecular oxygen as the oxidant and aldehyde as the sacrificial agent under mild conditions.     

Oxidation of symmetric disulfides with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by Methyltrioxorhenium(VII)

Organic disulfides with both alkyl and aryl substituents are oxidized by hydrogen peroxide when CH(3)ReO(3) (MTO) is used as a catalyst. The first step of the reaction is complete usually in about an hour, at which point the thiosulfinate, RS(O)SR, can be detected in nearly quantitative yield. The thiosulfinate is then converted, also by MTO-catalyzed oxidation under these conditions, to the thiosulfonate and, over long periods, to sulfonic acids, RSO(3)H. In the absence of excess peroxide, RS(O)SR (R = p-tolyl), underwent disproportionation to RS(O)(2)SR and RSSR. Kinetics studies of the first oxidation reaction established that two peroxorhenium compounds are the active forms of the catalyst, CH(3)ReO(2)(eta(2)-O(2)) (A) and CH(3)ReO(eta(2)-O(2))(2).(OH(2)) (B). Their reactivities are similar; typical rate constants (L mol(-)(1) s(-)(1), 25 degrees C, aqueous acetonitrile) are k(A) = 22, k(B) = 150 (Bu(2)S(2)) and k(A) = 1.4, k(B) = 11 (Tol(2)S(2)). An analysis of the data for (p-XC(6)H(4))(2)S(2) by a plot of log k(B) against the Hammett sigma constant gave rho = -1.89, supporting a mechanism in which the electron-rich sulfur attacks a peroxo oxygen of intermediates A and B.     

Oxidation of sulfoxides by hydrogen peroxide,catalyzed by methyltrioxorhenium(VII)

Dialkyl and diaryl sulfoxides are oxidized to sulfones by hydrogen peroxide using methyltrioxorhenium as the catalyst. The reaction rate is negligible without a catalyst. The kinetics study was performed in CH3CN-H2O (4:1 v/v) at 298 K with [H+] at 0.1 M, conditions which make the equilibration between MTO and its peroxo complexes more rapid than the oxygen-transfer step. The values for the rate constant for the oxygen-transfer step lie in the range 0.1-3 L mol-1 s-1. The rate constants were significantly smaller than for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides. A study of ring-substituted diaryl sulfoxides yielded kinetics results that are consistent with nucleophilic attack of the sulfur atom on the peroxide oxygen group since rho = -0.65. The results cited refer to the reactions of the diperoxo from the catalyst, MeRe(O)(eta 2-O2)2H2O. The monoperoxo complex showed no measurable reactivity toward sulfoxides, in contrast with the situation for nearly every other substrate. That unusual finding suggests a hydrogen-bonded interaction between the substrate and the diperoxorhenium compound which cannot exist with the monoperoxo compound.     

Epoxidation of propylene with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by heteropolyphosphatotungstate

The epoxidation of propylene with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by a reaction-controlled phase transfer catalyst (RCPT) composed of quaternary ammonium heteropolyoxotungstates in acetonitrile medium is studied. The influence of several factors on the reaction is studied, such as the reaction temperature, the effect of H₂O amount, the reaction time, the effect of the catalyst amount, solvent effect and the recycle of the catalyst. Under mild conditions, H₂O₂ conversion is 98.6%, and propylene oxide (PO) selectivity based on H₂O₂ is 97.2%. During the epoxidation, the catalyst is dissolved in the solution. However, after H₂O₂ is used up, the catalyst can be recovered as a precipitate and can be recycled. We find that the recycled catalyst has similar catalytic activity as the fresh one.     

Oxidation of caffeine with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by metalloporphyrins

The biomimetic oxidation of caffeine with hydrogen peroxide using metalloporphyrins as catalysts, which are known to be good biomimetic models of cytochrome P450 enzymes, is investigated. The two manganese porphyrins tested, chloro[5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrinato]manganese(III), [Mn(TDCPP)Cl], and chloro [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato]manganese(III), [Mn(TPFPP)Cl], afford high conversions of caffeine for all substrate/catalyst molar ratios. Selectivity was found to be dependent on the catalyst employed, and a new spiro racemic compound is described and fully characterized in the solid state from X-ray diffraction studies.     

Biomimetic oxidation of metribuzin with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by 5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrinatoiron(III) chlorides

The biomimetic oxidation of metribuzin, a pre- and post-emergence herbicide with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by 5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrinatoiron(III) chlorides [TAPFe(III)Cl], has been studied yielding 6-t-butyl-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazine-5(4H)-one, 4-amino-6-t-butyl-3,5(2H,4H)-dione and 6-t-butyl-1,2,4-triazin-3,5(2H,4H)-dione under various reaction conditions.     

The decomposition kinetics of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by diethylenetriaminepentaacetatoiron(III) complex

The rate of reaction of (Fe(DTPA)) with H₂O₂ was investigated at various temperatures. The observed rate law is given by the expression. The rate constants and the related thermodynamic parameters are calculated. Substitution controlled mechanisms are suggested to account for the formation of the violet peroxy intermediate. The results are compared with previously data for Fe EDTA complex.     

Efficient solvent-free iron (III) catalyzed oxidation of alcohols by hydrogen peroxide

Selective oxidation of secondary and benzylic alcohols was efficiently accomplished by H₂O₂ under solvent-free condition catalyzed by FeBr₃. Secondary alcohols are selectively oxidized even in the presence of primary ones. This method is high yielding, safe and operationally simple.     

Oxidative desulfurization of model diesel oil over Ti-containing molecular sieves using hydrogen peroxide

Three Ti-containing molecular sieves were studied in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of model diesel oil with hydrogen peroxide. Under optimal conditions, dibenzothiophene (DBT) conversion up to 80.6% and 42.6% could be obtained with Ti-HMS and Ti-MSU as catalysts, respectively. However, there is no activity in the sulfoxidation of DBT over TS-1. Effects of the TiO₂/SiO₂ ratio in Ti-HMS and reaction conditions, such as the reaction temperature, reaction time, n(H₂O₂)/n(S) on the sulfur removal were investigated.