Proton-antiproton annihilation at rest into two mesons and the quark line rule

Proton-antiproton annihilation at rest into two mesons is analysed in a model describing annihilation by quark lines. The model allows to fit existing data with two parameters. The parameters describe the amplitudes for diagrams with and without rearrangement of quark lines.     

pp̄ Annihilation at rest into mesons in the quark rearrangement model and the quark annihilation modelt

pp? annihilation at rest into mesons is calculated in the quark rearrangement model in which 3 quarks and 3 antiquarks rearrange into 3 mesons and in the quark annihilation model in which one or two quark-antiquark pairs are annihilated and a quark-antiquark pair is created to form two or three mesons. The constants of the quark-meson coupling are adjusted such that the meson-nucleon interactions agree with experiment. The radial dependences of the quark-meson couplings are all assumed to be the same. This is determined by the vector-meson-quark interaction derived from the charge form factor of the proton. In the case of the decay into three mesons both rearrangement and annihilation models explain with similar reliability the branching ratio of the decay products. In the case of the decay into two-meson annihilation gives a better agreement with experiment than rearrangement.     

Quark model for the production of pseudoscalar mesons in annihilation

A modification of the quark model for annihilation permits the calculation of the relative probabilities of all observed channels with pseudoscalar mesons. Agreement with the experimental data on proton-antiproton annihilations at rest into three and more mesons is obtained.     

Strangeness production inp¯p annihilation at rest and the quark — diquark structure of nucleons

The importance of approximate isospin selection rules observed inN¯ N annihilation at rest into two strange mesons is emphasized. The selection rules are traced back to a symmetry between amplitudes describing annihilation by the flux of quarks. Presumably the symmetry reflects the symmetry of ¯qq annihilation vertices. The relation of the symmetry to a quark — diquark substructure of the nucleon is discussed.     

Something,but not much follows from the quark line rule in nucleon-antinucleon annihilations

Validity and consequences of the quark line rule (QLR) in nucleon (N)— antinucleon (¯N) annihilations into two or three mesons at LEAR energies are investigated. Recent data on proton-antiproton annihilation into anη orη′ together with additional non-strange pseudoscalar or vector meson (s) is used to successfully test the rule. We find that for present data any pseudoscalar meson mixing angle Φ_PS restricted to ?26⁰<Φ_PS0 is approximately consistent with the QLR. Since the assumptions leading to this test are valid in any present-day quark model of nucleon-antinucleon annihilation, improvement of the data will be of utmost importance. If proven valid, the QLR can be used to test if quark-antiquark annihilation dominates over quark exchange inN¯N → mesons at LEAR energies or vice versa. Previously proposed tests of the quark line diagrams (annihilation or rearrangement) describing the quark flavor flux under either of these assumptions are worked out. We investigate without a definite conclusion if dominance of annihilation over rearrangement is consistent with present data onp¯p → π⁰ π⁰,ηη, π⁰ρ⁰, π⁰ω, ηρ⁰,ηω, ρ⁰ρ⁰,ωω. As a main consequence, dominance of annihilation predicts without any ambiguity equality of the proton-antiproton annihilation cross sections σ(ωω) and σ(ρ⁰ρ⁰). Further consequences of dominance of either annihilation or rearrangement diagrams for proton-antiproton annihilation into two or three mesons are also worked out. We compare the predictions of the models we discuss to the sparse present data. It is emphasized that our predictions only exploit the quark flavor flux within the quark line diagrams that are assumed to dominate. They thus are independent of gluon contributions to these diagrams.     

SU(3) analysis of antiproton-proton annihilation into two mesons

We analyse existing data on antiproton-proton annihilation into two mesons using as minimal assumptions charge conjugation invariance, the quark line rule and SU(3). The analysis is greatly facilitated by using a set of invariant SU(3) couplings which is directly related to the contributing quark line diagrams.     

One-particle and two-particle inclusive deep-inelastic electron-positron annihilation in a massive quark model

A massive quark model is reviewed and elaborated upon. The model is applied to deep-inelastic electron-positron annihilation into hadrons. Definite predictions are given for one-particle inclusive and two-particle inclusive annihilations. Predictions for multiplicities, angular distributions, transverse momentum distribution in two-particle inclusive reactions, correlations, and threshold behavior are given. Exclusive annihilation into two mesons is also calculated.     

p¯p Annihilation into two mesons in the quark rearrangement model and the quark annihilation model

The relativistic³ P ₀ model is applied to the \(p\bar p\) annihilation into twoS-wave mesons. We calculate the branching ratios of the \(p\bar p\) annihilation at rest into two mesons in the quark rearrangement model and in the quark annihilation model. In the annihilation model, we project the intermediate \(cq\bar q\) state to eigenstates ofSU (4) with the relative angular momentum of \(cq\bar q\) equals orp. In the rearrangement model, no annihilation occurs from theS-wave \(p\bar p\) and certain branching ratios conflict with the experimental data. Detailed comparison with the experiment needs inclusion ofP-wave mesons in the final state, nevertheless we find that the annihilation model gives qualitatively better results than the rearrangement model. The effect of initial state interaction through \(N\bar \Delta \pm \Delta \bar {\rm N}\) or \(\Delta \bar \Delta \) channels is discussed.     

Measurement of B0-B-0 flavor oscillations in hadronic B0 decays

Flavor oscillations of neutral B mesons have been studied in e+e- annihilation data collected with the BABAR detector at center-of-mass energies near the upsilon(4S) resonance. The data sample used for this purpose consists of events in which one B0 meson is reconstructed in a hadronic decay mode, while the flavor of the recoiling B0 is determined with a tagging algorithm that exploits the correlation between the flavor of the heavy quark and the charges of its decay products. From the time development of the observed mixed and unmixed final states, we determine the B0-B-0 oscillation frequency deltamd to be 0.516+/-0.016(stat)+/-0.010(syst) ps-1.     

Is chiral symmetry restored in the excited meson spectrum?

The large degeneracy observed in the excited meson spectrum by the Cristal Barrel Collaboration in the experimental data on proton–antiproton annihilation in flight into mesons in the range 1.9–2.4 GeV has been interpreted as a signal of chiral symmetry restoration. In this work we suggest that such degeneracy may be an indication of the confinement potential modification by color screening. The experimental data can be fairly well reproduced in a constituent quark model with a screened linear confinement potential without changing the dynamical quark mass. Observables that could discriminate our model from those which explicitly restore the chiral symmetry are proposed.     

THE CHARGED PARTICLE MULTIPLICITY IN PROTON-ANTIPROTON ANNIHILATION

Using the three-chain diagram based on the dual partonic scheme, combining with the FF quark fragmentation mechanism, the charged particle multiplicity, the productions of Л and K mesons, the single-particle inclusive distribution and the central plateau particle density of soft high energy pp annihilation are calculated and compared with pp experiments on CERN SPS.     

Spinor strong interaction model for meson spectra

A model for a bound quark-antiquark system is constructed from quark spinor equations and the associated pseudoscalar massless interaction potential equations in a way departing from conventional relativistic quantum mechanics. From the so-constructed covariant meson equations, linear confinement arises naturally. Nonlinear radial equations for the pseudoscalar and vector mesons in the rest frame are derived without approximation. An internal complex space is introduced for representation of the quark flavors. Quark masses are generalized to operators operating on functions in this space. A simple model is proposed for the meson internal functions and mass operators producing the squares of the average quark masses as eigenvalues. The present space-time model calls for a particle classification scheme different from the usual nonrelativistic one. When combined with the internal model, it may account for the gross structure of the meson spectra together with the form of an empirical relation. Upper limits of bare quark masses are estimated from simplified analytical solutions of the radial equations and agree approximately with the bare quark masses obtained from baryon data in a companion paper. The radial equations are solved numerically yielding estimates of the strong interaction radii of the ground state mesons.     

Exclusive heavy-meson production and the Z width

We calculate in lowest order QCD perturbation theory the production from Z⁰ decay and e⁺e^? annihilation of two mesons, each containing a heavy quark. With reasonable assumptions about the vertex functions that couple mesons to quarks, we find that the rates for these final states are strongly enhanced. Present-day knowledge even allows these rates to be so large that the Z⁰ may be too wide to be detected in $\text{p}\text{p}$ collisions, with disastrous consequences also for event rates at e⁺e^? colliders.     

Annihilation at rest of antiprotons and protons into neutral particles

Annihilation of antiprotons and protons at rest into neutral particles has been studied with the Crystal Barrel detector at LEAR. Annihilation frequencies are determined for final states containing π⁰, η, η′ and ω mesons using a liquid and a room temperature, 12 bar, gaseous hydrogen target. Including annihilation frequencies for production of neutral kaons from other experiments, the identified reactions for annihilation in liquid hydrogen add up to a branching fraction of (3.56±0.28)% per annihilation compared to the frequency of (3.50±0.30)% with which we observe the all-neutral decay modes inclusively. Since the exclusive final states are normalized to the Crystal Barrel measurement of the π⁰π⁰ branching ratio, the latter result is strongly supported by this present study.     

Properties ofe^ + e^ - \to h\bar h in the\Upsilon (b\bar b)-continuum

The unflavored hadrons frome ⁺ e ^? annihilation in the \(\Upsilon (b\bar b)\) -continuum are analyzed in terms of the covariant Boltzmann distribution with an equilibrium temperature 151 MeV according to the Stefan's law. It is found that the effective fugacities of quark contents are approximately equal to the reciprocals of those from othere ⁺ e ^? annihilations outside the γ-continuum, whereas the fireballs are practically stationary, reflecting the decay at rest of \(B\bar B\) mesons produced by thee ⁺ e ^? annihilation.     

Exclusive production of charmed-meson pairs

It is shown that data of the BELLE Collaboration on the exclusive production of charmedmeson pairs via the one-photon mechanism of e⁺e^? annihilation can be adequately described within the constituent quark model. It is also shown that the cross section for the central production of two D mesons in the process \(e^ + e^ - \to e^ + e^ - \gamma \gamma \to e^ + e^ - D\bar D + X\) is commensurate with the cross section for their production in one-photon annihilation.     

QCD confinement and the GlueX experiment at Jefferson Lab

An understanding of the confinement mechanism in QCD requires a detailed mapping of the spectrum of hybrid mesons.Understanding confinement means understanding the role of gluons and it is in hybrid mesons that the gluonic degrees of freedom are manifest.High statistics searches for such states with π and p beams have resulted in some tantalizing signals.There is good reason to expect beams of photons to yield hybrid mesons with J P C quantum numbers not possible within the conventional picture of mesons as qq bound states.Meager data currently exist on the photoproduction of light quark mesons.This talk represents an overview of the available data and what has been learned.In looking toward the future,the GlueX experiment at Jefferson Laboratory represents a new initiative that will perform detailed spectroscopy of the light-quark meson spectrum.This experiment and its capabilities will be reviewed.     

Constituent quarks,soft pions and meson masses

In the constituent quark model, a simple mass formula is given to relate the masses of the vector and pseudoscalar mesons. Good agreement is obtained for all mesons, from the lightest π, ? mesons to the heaviest. In the limit of vanishing pion mass, alower limit of 230 MeV is obtained for the constituent quark mass.