重频纳秒高压脉冲下变压器油击穿特性的实验研究

介绍了重频纳秒高压脉冲下变压器油绝缘特性研究的现状和成果。进行了重频（1 Hz～1 kHz）纳秒高压脉冲下25#变压器油击穿特性的实验研究。实验发现相对于单次纳秒脉冲,重频脉冲下25#变压器油的击穿场强与频率相关,频率提高,击穿场强降低,但不是线性关系,在频率超过100 Hz时变压器油的击穿场强变化较小,在10~100 Hz时变压器油的击穿场强迅速下降。初步总结了重复频率、脉冲宽度和击穿场强的关系,对重频脉冲下变压器油的击穿机理进行了初步的探讨。     

微机电系统微尺度间隙的脉冲击穿特性

利用微机电系统(MEMS)工艺制备了5~40 m间隙的金属铝薄膜电极,测取了不同间隙下施加纳秒方波脉冲时的击穿电压,得到击穿电压和平均场强随电极间隙的变化规律,研究了脉宽、极性对击穿电压的影响,结合击穿后微电极扫描电镜观察结果讨论了其击穿机理,并与相同试样在直流下的结果进行了对比。研究表明:击穿电压随微间隙距离的增大而增大,击穿场强则随着间隙的增大迅速减小;与直流同间隙的击穿电压相比,脉冲作用下的击穿电压并不像宏观尺度下那样高出很多;试样击穿机理应为流注理论。在脉冲作用下,阳极出现了分层熔化现象,由于作用时间很短,阳极表面并未出现类似于直流击穿时留下的坑洞;阴极则出现了溅射沉积现象,只是沉积物质相对较少。     

高压氢气亚纳秒开关击穿特性

 在超宽谱脉冲产生辐射系统或脉冲功率源中,常用高压气体开关来产生快脉冲沿的高功率电磁脉冲。为了研究高压氢气亚纳秒开关的击穿特性,通过实验研究了氢气开关在高气压和短间隙距离条件下的击穿特性。开关输入脉冲的峰值幅度约220 kV,脉宽3～4 ns。氢气气压4～13 MPa,间隙距离0.4～1.2 mm。结果表明：开关击穿电压随气压升高而增加,且开关气压达到11 MPa后击穿电压随气压增加的趋势变缓;开关击穿电压随间距增加而增加,平均击穿场强随间距增加而减小,氢气开关平均击穿场强分布在3～7 MV/cm之间;开关导通时间随气压增加略有减小,随间隙距离增加有小幅增加。     

百kV/cm场强下SF6气体开关纳秒脉冲击穿场强和时延经验公式

百kV/cm高场强纳秒脉冲条件下,采用J. C. Martin经验公式估算SF₆气体击穿场强时,估算值与实验结果差异显著。为了进一步指导高场强脉冲气体开关设计,为开关工作状态调节提供依据,借鉴经典击穿场强经验公式形式建立了百kV/cm场强下SF₆气体开关纳秒脉冲击穿场强和时延与实验参数之间的关系,基于实验数据拟合形成了修正系数的击穿场强和时延经验公式。研究表明,百kV/cm场强和纳秒脉冲条件下脉冲电压斜率对开关击穿特性有重要影响,击穿场强与击穿时延相互关联。百ns至μs脉冲与几十ns脉冲气体放电机理的区别引起放电过程中击穿时延组成发生变化,导致了经典击穿场强经验公式估算值与实验结果的显著差异。修正系数的击穿经验公式可为电磁脉冲模拟器输出开关提供更为精确的工程设计依据。     

液体介质快脉冲电压下击穿特性研究

设计了液体介质快脉冲击穿试验装置和电压电流测量系统，研究了重复频率、电极形状及电极间距与介质击穿场强、击穿电压和击穿时延等击穿特性参数的关系，比较了变压器油、十二烷基苯、蓖麻油三种典型液体绝缘介质在直流及快脉冲电压作用下的绝缘性能。结果表明:短脉冲持续时间下液体绝缘材料有异常高的击穿场强；重复脉冲串作用下的击穿场强比单个脉冲下明显减小，重复频率2 kHz时击穿场强减小了约30％；电极头半径大小对击穿也有影响，半径R＝5 mm时，击穿电压最高；击穿时延随击穿场强减小而变长，在其他条件相同的情况下，测得击穿时延随机波动；蓖麻油的快脉冲电压绝缘性能最好，变压器油次之。     

液体介质快脉冲电压下击穿特性研究

 设计了液体介质快脉冲击穿试验装置和电压电流测量系统，研究了重复频率、电极形状及电极间距与介质击穿场强、击穿电压和击穿时延等击穿特性参数的关系，比较了变压器油、十二烷基苯、蓖麻油三种典型液体绝缘介质在直流及快脉冲电压作用下的绝缘性能。结果表明：短脉冲持续时间下液体绝缘材料有异常高的击穿场强；重复脉冲串作用下的击穿场强比单个脉冲下明显减小，重复频率2 kHz时击穿场强减小了约30％；电极头半径大小对击穿也有影响，半径R＝5 mm时，击穿电压最高；击穿时延随击穿场强减小而变长，在其他条件相同的情况下，测得击穿时延随机波动；蓖麻油的快脉冲电压绝缘性能最好，变压器油次之。     

压力水介质脉冲击穿实验研究

 为了提高水介质脉冲形成线的储能密度和减小大型加速器的脉冲功率系统几何尺寸，实验研究了水在静压力作用下的耐压强度。简要介绍了液体绝缘介质的击穿机理，在设计的水介质耐压实验装置上研究了去离子水介质在压力作用下的脉冲击穿特性。结果表明，当压强由0.1MPa增加到0.7MPa时，水的击穿场强由25.3MV/m增加到46.7MV/m。     

微秒脉冲下极性效应对碳酸丙烯酯击穿场强的影响

通过对比碳酸丙烯酯在针板电极间距分别为0.5、1.0和2.0 mm下的击穿电压大小的实验,研究碳酸丙烯酯的极性效应.实验设备包含一个充电时间在5～20毫秒的电容储能型脉冲型脉冲功率源和一个内置针板电极的击穿试件. 每一组的击穿电压通过示波器显示记录. 三组不同间距下的击穿实验数据表明碳酸丙烯酯的正电极击穿场强高于负电极击穿场强,并且击穿场强随着电极间距的增大而增 大. 对碳酸丙烯酯针板电极的击穿进行了仿真模拟实验. 基于实验结果对碳酸丙烯酯的极性效应给出了相应的解释.     

快脉冲下有机玻璃击穿特性实验

基于CKP1000脉冲源建立了实验平台,实验获得了单次脉冲、不同脉宽、均匀电场下有机玻璃的击穿场强和击穿时延,对有机玻璃的击穿过程进行了分析。实验脉冲的幅值约为230 kV,前沿760~960 ps,脉宽2.3~4.0 ns（FWHM）,试样的平均厚度为1.1 mm。实验结果表明,随着脉冲宽度从2.3 ns增加至4.0 ns,有机玻璃的平均击穿场强从301 kV/mm降至276 kV/mm,平均击穿时延则基本保持不变,其中前沿760 ps,脉宽约2.3 ns时对应击穿时延的分散性增大。     

神龙二号加速器绝缘环真空沿面闪络北大核心CSCD

在对神龙二号加速器绝缘环进行耐压考核时发现,感应腔中的绝缘支撑部件交联聚苯乙烯绝缘环在猝发多脉冲高压加载下出现的真空沿面闪络现象存在两种类型:阴极始发的闪络击穿和阳极始发的闪络击穿。通过计算绝缘环的沿面电场分布、对比击穿电压波形与绝缘环表面闪络放电烧蚀痕迹,结合小绝缘子样品实验结果对以上沿面击穿现象的机理进行了分析,认为可能是绝缘环端面与电极面的配合问题引起了加速段与注入器绝缘环击穿现象的差异。     

Over recovery in low pressure spark gaps-confirmation of pressurereduction in over recovery

The over recovery in sparkgaps (Nagesh, 1997, Nagesh et al., 1999) operating along the left-hand side of Paschens' characteristics is due to pressure reduction in the gap after the first pulse discharge. This pressure reduction leading to over recovery in low pressure spark gaps has been verified using a low pressure spark gap with two spark gaps placed one above the other in the same chamber. The breakdown voltage strength characteristics of the second gap has been determined for gap spacings of 3.5 mm to 10 mm, diffusion of plasma in the direction of vacuum pumping and opposite, at a pressure of 2.1 Pa for hydrogen gas. The vacuum pumping direction has a great influence on the breakdown strength characteristics of second gap after the first gap discharge. The breakdown voltage of the second gap can exceed its self breakdown voltage only 1) when the diffusion of plasma and vacuum pumping direction are same and 2) when the second gap spacing is greater than or equal to first gap spacing. Shorter gaps can always have breakdown voltage lower than or equal to their self breakdown voltage. The experimental setups, behavior of self breakdown voltages of second gap due to breakdown in the first gap, over recovery characteristics of spark gaps, the results, and discussions are presented here     

Use of a liquid-metal cathode in high-vacuum studies of electric breakdown

Studies of electric breakdown in a high vacuum involving liquid-metal (mercury and gallium) cathodes, whose surfaces are stabilized by centrifugal forces, have shown that an increase in the angular velocity at which the experimental apparatus rotates causes an increase in the breakdown field; the mechanism for the vacuum breakdown is found to be independent of the voltage across the electrodes. According to the Frenkel theory, vacuum breakdown results from a disruption of the steady state on the liquid-cathode surface in an electric field. Drops of liquid metal on the anode degrade the dielectric properties of the vacuum gap. Under these conditions, the breakdown mechanism becomes dependent on the voltage across the electrodes. Oxide films on the cathode surface also degrade the dielectric properties of the vacuum gap. It is suggested that the dielectric may be charged by positive ions emitted from the cathode.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 44–49, April, 1969.     

电场调控双层石墨烯纳米带的电子结构和光学性质

利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,研究了外加电场作用下双层AA堆垛的Armchair边缘石墨烯纳米带(BAGNRs)的电子结构和光学性质. BAGNRs具有半导体特性,其带隙随带宽(宽度为4～12个碳原子)的增加而振荡性减小.当施加电场后,BAGNRs的带隙随着电场强度的增加而逐渐减小,带隙越大对电场值的变化越敏感.当电场值为0.5 V/?时,所有BAGNRs的带隙都为零. BAGNRs具有各向异性的光学性质,其介电函数在垂直极化方向为半导体特性,而在平行极化方向为金属特性.在外加电场的作用下,BAGNRs的介电函数、吸收系数、折射系数、反射系数、电子能量损失系数和光电导率,其峰值向低能量区域移动,即产生红移现象.电场增强了能带间的跃迁几率.纳米带宽度对这些光学性质参数具有不同程度的影响.研究结果解释了电场调控BAGNRs光学性质的规律和微观机理.     

Experimental study on the effect of applying a crossed electric field on the breakdown behavior of low vacuum

The paper presents experimental results on the effect of applying a transverse electric field on the breakdown behavior of low vacuum. The results show that the breakdown voltage BDV increases as the transverse voltage TV increases. But on the other hand the leakage current decreases as TV increases. The increase in BDV of the main gap MG is large for AC TV rather than under DC TV. The effect of TV on the breakdown characteristics shows dependence on the separation of MG and the transverse gap as well as the type of applied TV, and the air pressure of vacuum gap.     

Circuit modeling of a vacuum gap during breakdown

In this paper several aspects of circuit modeling of a vacuum gap during breakdown are improved or introduced for the first time. More accurate perveance formulas are derived by the method of tracing electron trajectories in the self-consistent electric field calculated by the finite element method. The formula for maximum anode current density is also derived by the same method. A practical model of anode heating is proposed, by which transient anode temperature is calculated coupled with gap voltage and current, providing more accurate modeling of anode plasma initiation. The circuit model of a vacuum gap during breakdown incorporating all these features is implemented as a subcircuit element in the PSPICE     

Method of improving the dielectric strength of vacuum insulation

At low field strength insufficient for field emission of electrons, processes arise at defect sites on the surface of high-voltage electrodes that produce prebreakdown currents, initiating microdischarges, and eventually breakdown of the vacuum gap (vacuum arc). These processes may be suppressed by lowering the gas saturation of the electrodes. It is suggested that high-voltage electrodes be made of metallic beads, which are degassed much more rapidly than all-metal electrodes. This aids in improving the dielectric strength of the vacuum gap.     

Experimental observation of high-voltage, low-current vacuum arcs

A poorly explored type of discharge has been investigated in high vacuum (10^-7 to 10^-6 torr), with a DC high voltage across 0.2- to 0.8-mm gaps. The discharge has been found to be quite different from other widely known types of vacuum and gas discharges by the combination of its voltage-current characteristics (hyperbola-type), source and carriers of current (mostly electrons), and spatial potential distribution (a considerable electric field across the gap and a steep potential fall near the cathode)     

Electron field emission from single-walled carbon nanotube nonwoven

Field emission from single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) nonwoven has been investigated under high vacuum with different vacuum gaps. A low turn-on electric field of 1.05\,V/$\mu $m is required to reach an emission current density of 10 $\mu $A/cm$^{2}$. An emission current density of 10 mA/cm$^{2}$ is obtained at an operating electric field of 1.88\,V/$\mu $m. No current saturation is found even at an emission current of 5\,mA. With the vacuum gap increasing from 1 to 10 mm, the turn-on field decreases monotonically from 1.21 to 0.68\,V/$\mu $m, while the field amplification is augmented. The good field-emission behaviour is ascribed to the combined effects of the intrinsic field emission of SWNT and the waved topography of the nonwoven.     

Electron-optical study of the initial phase of subnanosecond pulsed electric breakdown of gas-filled gaps

The glow accompanying the breakdown of gas gaps with a strong overvoltage by voltage pulses with 1-ns and shorter fronts is studied by electron optics methods. The filling of the gap with glow was accompanied by the development of ionization wave processes originating in the bulk of the gas and controlling the first stage of the breakdown. The dynamics of evolution of ionization waves in the electrode gap was analyzed in the 1D approximation. The results of calculations are in qualitative agreement with experiment. This leads to the conclusion that breakdown can be initiated from the bulk of the gas rather than from the surface of the electrodes. At this stage, the electrodes are mainly required for producing the electric field in the gap.