超小金纳米团簇的电催化氧还原性质（英文）

本文合成了含有2～4个Au原子的超小金纳米团簇并测试了其电催化氧还原性能.通过将前驱AuPPh_3Cl暴露在氨水中一个星期制备了超小的金纳米团簇.运用了ESI质谱、X射线精细结构吸收谱、X射线光电子能谱来测试这些超小金纳米团簇,表明这些超小金纳米团簇含有三苯基膦、羟基和吸附氧分子.将这些超小金纳米团簇负载到玻碳电极上,并用循环伏安法和线性伏安法测试其电催化氧还原性能.循环伏安结果表明,这些超小金纳米团簇电催化氧还原反应的起始电势为0.87 V(相对可逆氢电极),转移的电子数为4.     

纳米铜团簇扩散性质研究

本文通过分子动力学模拟研究了纳米铜团簇的自扩散性质,结果表明Nc8949铜团簇自扩散系数随温度的升高而增大,在温度为1000 K时纳米铜团簇的扩散系数随团簇半径的倒数基本呈线性增加.同时指出在常温下团簇几乎无扩散行为,而某些文献中关于常温下晶粒扩散分子动力学模拟结果是模拟体系宏观转动造成的虚假现象.?     

铜原子纳米团簇热力学性质的分子动力学模拟研究

本文利用分子动力学模拟方法,研究了CuN(N=80、140、216、312、408、500、628和736)纳米团簇在热化和冷凝过程中结构和热力学性质的变化,模型采用的是Johnson的EAM作用势.模拟结果表明:铜团簇的熔点和凝固点随其尺寸线性增加,并逐渐向大块晶体靠拢;所有团簇的凝固点都低于熔点,出现凝固过程中的滞后现象;在熔点和凝固点附近,团簇都具有负热容特性,负热容是由相变前后团簇内部结构突变引起的.     

铜原子纳米团簇热力学性质的分子动力学模拟研究

本文利用分子动力学模拟方法，研究了CuN（N=80、140、216、312、408、500、628和736）纳米团簇在热化和冷凝过程中结构和热力学性质的变化，模型采用的是Johnson的EAM作用势．模拟结果表明：铜团簇的熔点和凝固。点随其尺寸线性增加，并逐渐向大块晶体靠拢；所有团簇的凝固。羔都低于熔点，出现凝固过程中的滞后现象；在熔点和凝固点附近，团簇都具有负热容特性，负热容是由相变前后团簇内部结构突变引起的。     

铜原子纳米团簇热力学性质的分子动力学模拟研究

利用分子动力学模拟方法,研究了CuN(N=80,140,216,312,408,500,628和736)纳米团簇在热化和冷凝过程中结构和热力学性质的变化,模型采用的是Johnson的EAM作用势.模拟结果表明:铜团簇的熔点和凝固点随其尺寸线性增加,并逐渐向大块晶体靠拢;所有团簇的凝固点都低于熔点,出现凝固过程中的滞后现象;在熔点和凝固点附近,团簇都具有负热容特性,负热容是由相变前后团簇内部结构突变引起的.     

包裹团簇的纳米喷射

文章报道了加热包裹团簇（结构为Pb芯/PbO壳）产生纳米喷射.随着温度升高,熔点较低的铅核先熔化并膨胀,冲破氧化层外壳形成蝌蚪状的纳米喷射.温度可变拉曼谱研究表明纳米喷射形成与加热温度密切相关,其本质是与团簇内部压力有关,团簇内核融熔膨胀受到外壳限域而产生极高内压.     

包裹团簇的纳米喷射

文章报道了加热包裹团簇（结构为Pb芯／PbO壳）产生纳米喷射。随着温度升高，熔点较低的铅核先熔化并膨胀，冲破氧化层外壳形成蝌蚪状的纳米喷射。温度可变拉曼谱研究表明纳米喷射形成与加热温度密切相关，其本质是与团簇内部压力有关，团簇内核融熔膨胀受到外壳限域而产生极高内压。     

表面氧钝化碳化硅纳米团簇电子结构和光学性质的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论(DFT)和广义梯度近似(GGA),对氧钝化条件下4H-SiC纳米团簇的电子结构和光学性质进行了研究。计算了不同直径的4H-SiC纳米球氧钝化后的能带结构、电子态密度和光学性质。团簇的尺度在0.4~0.9 nm之间,构建表面仅存在硅氧双键和表面仅存在碳氧双键的两种模型。研究表明硅氧双键和碳氧双键所引起的缺陷态位于原4H-SiC的价带和导带之间,并且缺陷态与价带顶的能量差随纳米团簇颗粒直径的增大而减小;缺陷态主要是由Si原子外层电子和氧原子外层电子轨道杂化引起的。同时,由于氧的存在,对碳化硅的结构产生一定的影响,这也是缺陷态形成的一个原因。另外,碳氧双键和硅氧双键钝化对4H-SiC纳米团簇的光学性质有着不同的影响。在表面仅存在C=O的情况下,4H-SiC纳米团簇表现出各向同性的性质。在表面仅存在Si=O的情况下,4H-SiC纳米团簇表现出各向异性的性质。     

大尺寸贵金属纳米团簇热力学性质的分子动力学模拟研究

采用分子动力学方法和原子嵌入势模拟了大尺寸金(n=1136～1556)、银(n=1088～1724)、铜(n=1000～1600)、铂(n=1004～1800)原子纳米团簇的熔化过程,得出了相应纳米团簇的势能随温度的变化曲线以及热容量随温度的变化曲线,研究了各种原子纳米团簇熔点与其团簇尺寸的关系.模拟结果表明团簇的熔点随团簇尺寸增大而升高,并逐渐向大块晶体靠拢.所有纳米团簇在熔化过程中在熔点附近都出现负热容现象,通过对团簇熔化前后结构的比较,分析了导致这种现象的原因.     

Ultrasmall Red Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters for Highly Biocompatible and Long-Time Nerve Imaging

A rapidly growing area of neuroscience demands next-generation neurofluorescent probes are fulfilling several stringent criteria, including water solubility, distinct signal-to-background ratio, anti-photobleaching, and low toxicity. Herein, a novel neurofluorescent probe based on gold nanoclusters capped with glutathione (Au-GSH) is introduced and characterized by advanced fluorescence photophysical properties composed of comparative high quantum yield (8.9%), negligible blinking, and bright fluorescence in the red spectral range (E_m = 650 nm) with sub-millisecond-scale lifetime (0.62 ms). Fluorescent performance is tested and demonstrated negligible photobleaching under exposure to ultraviolet light (365 nm, 30 W) over 4 h, immunity to variation of the microenvironment characterized by pH range of 4–10, and colloidal stability in serum over 24 h during the blood circulation. Coupled with 2.4 ± 0.9 nm ultrasmall size and good water solubility, they are superior to fluorescent proteins, quantum dots, and organic fluorescent dyes. Au-GSH are further confirmed that they can be used as a fluorescent label for in vivo nerve and brain imaging, and even after injecting Au-GSH into the rat sciatic nerve for 21 d, the red fluorescence is still preserved. This combination of favorable properties makes Au-GSH a promising candidate for neurofluorescent probes.     

Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Ultrasmall Bimetallic Nanoclusters

Ultrasmall bimetallic nanoclusters (or bi‐MNCs for short) have recently emerged as a new class of multi‐functional nanoparticles due to their ultrasmall size (typically below 2 nm), unique molecular‐like properties (e.g., quantized charging and strong luminescence), controlled cluster compositions (at the atomic level), synergistic physicochemical properties, and rich surface chemistry. Such intriguing properties have motivated the cluster community to develop efficient methods for the synthesis of high‐quality bi‐MNCs, which can also be seen from the quantum increase of reported synthetic protocols for bi‐MNCs. Recent advances in the development of efficient synthesis methods for high‐quality bi‐MNCs also facilitate the application explorations of bi‐MNCs in diverse fields like catalysis, sensors, and biomedicine. This Review article first surveys current progress in the synthesis of bi‐MNCs, especially for those NCs with good control of cluster size and composition, followed by a detailed discussion on some unique physicochemical properties of bi‐MNCs. The intriguing properties of bi‐MNCs have made them ideal platforms for application explorations in catalysis, sensors, and biomedicine, which are discussed in the second section. In the last section, a brief outlook on future developments of functional bi‐MNCs is presented, with a particular focus on the controlled synthesis and practical applications of bi‐MNCs.     

Coassembly of Gold Nanoclusters with Nucleic Acids: Sensing,Bioimaging, and Gene Transfection

Assemblies of biopolymers and nanomaterials have become a powerful tool to build up new architectures with growing application potential. Herein, novel peptide‐stabilized fluorescent gold nanoclusters, K4‐AuNCs, are utilized as building blocks to investigate their coassembly with nucleic acids. K4‐AuNCs possess ultrasmall size (1.8 nm), red fluorescence emission, and positively charged surfaces, which are able to coassemble with DNA or RNA strands through electrostatic interactions to form pitaya‐like hybrid nanoparticles ranging from 30 to 80 nm, accompanied by an up to 3.5‐fold fluorescence enhancement. The coassembly also forms intracellularly, rendering K4‐AuNCs an attractive dye for specific in vivo nucleic acid staining, due to their higher photostability than commercial fluorescent probes such as SYTO 9. This work also demonstrates that the coassembly of K4‐AuNCs with nucleic acids can be applied to gene transfection and to build up a sensing platform to detect DNase/RNase activity or to screen their inhibitors. The new strategy greatly extends the application range of gold nanoclusters into the development of new nucleic acid detection methods and novel hybrid materials.     

Ultrasmall Metal Nanoclusters: Multifunctional Materials Used in Medical Research

Ultrasmall metal nanoclusters (NCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their unique characteristics, such as ultrasmall size, fascinating physical and chemical properties, and good biocompatibility, which are desirable for biological and other applications. In recent years, multiple types of NCs have been developed, such as gold NCs, silver NCs, platinum NCs, and copper NCs. These NCs not only play important roles in making chemicals and materials, but some NCs are also used in medical research, showing good prospects due to their advantages. This review summarizes the recent advances in NCs research in the medical field, with particular emphasis on tumor treatment, antimicrobial applications, and bioimaging. Finally, the challenges and outlook of metal NCs in nanomedicine are briefly discussed.     

Gold and Silver Nanomaterial‐Based Optical Sensing Systems

Gold and silver nanomaterials (NMs) such as nanoparticles (NPs) and nanoclusters (NCs) possessing interesting optical properties have become popular sensing materials. With strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption, extraordinary stability, ease in preparation, conjugation, and biocompatibility, Au NPs are employed to develop sensitive and selective sensing systems for a variety of analytes. However, small sizes of Au and Ag NCs with interesting photoluminescence (PL) properties are used in many PL‐based sensing systems for the detection of important analytes. In addition, many bimetallic AuM NMs possessing strong catalytic activity are used to develop highly sensitive fluorescent sensors. This review article is categorized in four sections based on the NMs used in the sensing systems, including Au NPs, bimetallic AuM NMs, Au NCs, and DNA–Ag NCs. In each section, synthetic strategies and optical properties of the NMs are provided briefly, followed by emphasis on their analytical applications in the detection of small molecules, metal ions, DNA, proteins, and cells. Current challenges and future prospects of these NMs‐based sensing systems will be addressed.     

组氨酸、谷胱甘肽混合修饰金纳米团簇的光稳定性研究

金纳米团簇(简称金簇)由几到几百个金原子及修饰试剂组成,由于其尺寸接近于电子费米波长,表现出良好的发光特性及生物相容性,是一类新型纳米标记探针。目前,金纳米团簇在生物检测、细胞成像、癌症诊断及治疗等领域受到研究者的广泛关注。然而,对于光照条件下金簇的稳定性还不清楚。在合成组氨酸、谷胱甘肽混合修饰金簇的基础上,系统研究了光照条件下金簇在不同pH(5.0,7.4和9.0)的荧光变化规律,结果表明,在氙灯强光照射下,金纳米团簇的荧光会随着照射时间的增加逐渐降低,在pH 9.0条件下比pH 5.0及7.4时降低更快,说明金簇在pH 5.0及7.4时光稳定性更好。在此基础上,采用紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外光谱等手段研究了光照前后金簇表面基团的变化规律,发现光照后金簇的紫外可见吸收光谱及红外光谱均发生了明显的变化,说明光照导致金簇表面修饰基团发生了变化。当向体系中通入氮气后,金簇最大发射波长处荧光强度随照射时间的变化明显变慢,说明金簇表面基团与溶液中溶解氧发生了反应,导致金簇表面电荷及修饰试剂状态发生变化,从而导致金簇荧光产生猝灭。相关研究结果对于金纳米团簇在生命科学及分析化学等领域的进一步应用具有一定的参考价值。     

PEGylated Luminescent Gold Nanoclusters: Synthesis,Characterization, Bioconjugation,and Application to One‐ and Two‐Photon Cellular Imaging

Biocompatible, near‐infrared luminescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are synthesized directly in water using poly(ethylene glycol)‐dithiolane ligands terminating in either a carboxyl, amine, azide, or methoxy group. The ≈1.5 nm diameter AuNCs fluoresce at ≈820 nm with quantum yields that range from 4–8%, depending on the terminal functional group present, and display average luminescence lifetimes approaching 1.5 μs. The two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross‐section and two‐photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) properties are also measured. Long‐term testing shows the poly(ethylene glycol) stabilized AuNCs maintain colloidal stability in a variety of media ranging from saline to tissue culture growth medium along with tolerating storage of up to 2 years. DNA and dye‐conjugation reactions confirm that the carboxyl, amine, and azide groups can be utilized on the AuNCs for carbodiimide, succinimidyl ester, and Cu^I‐assisted cycloaddition chemistry, respectively. High signal‐to‐noise one‐ and two‐photon cellular imaging is demonstrated. The AuNCs exhibit outstanding photophysical stability during continuous‐extended imaging. Concomitant cellular viability testing shows that the AuNCs also elicit minimal cytotoxicity. Further biological applications for these luminescent nanoclustered materials are discussed.     

Metallophilic Bond‐Induced Quenching of Delayed Fluorescence in Au25@BSA Nanoclusters

The metallophilic bond is a weak interaction between closed‐shell ions and has been widely used a probe for various sensing of toxic chemicals for environmental safety concerns. Here, the interaction between Au nanoclusters (NCs) and metallic ions (mercury (Hg²⁺) and copper (Cu²⁺) ions) is explored using steady‐state and time‐resolved luminescence and transient absorption measurements. For Hg²⁺ ions, the delayed fluorescence (DF) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) protected Au₂₅ (Au₂₅@BSA) NCs is quenched via an effective triplet state electron transfer through the metallophilic bond. However, the Cu²⁺ ions do not alter the DF in Au₂₅@BSA NCs because of the absence of the metallophilic interaction. Furthermore, for Au₈@BSA and Au₁₀@histidine, in which there are no Au⁺ ions on the surface, the fluorescence is not quenched by Hg²⁺ ions. Such a novel triplet electron transfer process through metallophilic bonds are observed and reported for the first time. The reduction of the reverse intersystem crossing is the crucial for Hg²⁺ ion sensing in the fluorescent Au₂₅@BSA NCs.     

大尺寸硫醇配体保护金团簇的激发态动力学研究

纳米金团簇作为桥梁连接了金纳米粒子和单个金原子,对于揭示表面等离子激元共振和金属键的来源具有重要意义。有机配体保护的纳米金团簇为理解金纳米粒子从金属性质到非金属性质的转变提供了理想的研究对象,而处于转变区域的金团簇的激发态动力学还尚待研究。在本文中,我们总结了表现出分子性质,并且尺寸较大（大于100 个金原子）的纳米金团簇的激发态动力学,同时将其与表现出金属性质的金纳米粒子的激发态动力学进行比较。本文通过对处于转变区域的金团簇的电子和振动动力学的描述,进一步讨论了其电子结构。对大尺寸纳米金团簇激发态弛豫机理的深入理解,将有助于理解金属纳米团簇和纳米粒子的光学性质,从而进一步推动这一类功能材料的设计和应用。     

基于聚腺嘌呤单链DNA-金纳米簇的荧光法高灵敏快速检测汞离子

聚腺嘌呤-金纳米簇（聚A-AuNCs）制备简单,快速,且具有优良的荧光性能和光学稳定性。基于聚A单链DNA为模板合成的金纳米簇,构建了一种灵敏、简单、快速的新传感方法用于检测汞离子。以柠檬酸钠为还原剂,通过水浴加热法合成金纳米簇。用荧光光谱仪和透射电镜对金纳米簇的荧光性能和微观形貌进行了表征。结果表明：合成的金纳米簇为球形,分散性良好,平均粒径约为7 nm。金纳米簇在280 nm紫外光激发下,于471 nm处发射出强烈的蓝色荧光,且金纳米簇的光学稳定性良好。溶液在4 ℃下避光保存1个月,金纳米簇的荧光强度变化很小。当汞离子存在时,汞离子与纳米金之间的高亲和力,可以有效地猝灭金纳米簇的荧光。文中讨论了反应体系中缓冲溶液pH值和反应时间对传感器性能的影响,发现缓冲溶液pH值对该方法的影响不大。汞离子对金纳米簇的荧光猝灭反应非常迅速,1 min之内就可以完成,所以后续反应仅需简单的混合即可进行荧光的测定。在最优化实验条件下,对一系列汞离子浓度进行了检测,线性方程为：y=-335.57x+541.35,检测线性范围在0.01~1 μmol·L-1之间,相关系数为0.992 6。根据空白的三倍标准偏差原则确定检测下限为3 nmol·L-1。该方法选择性好,通过9种金属离子的加入对金纳米簇的荧光信号并无明显影响,验证了金纳米簇对汞离子检测的特异性。用该方法检测了环境水样中的汞离子,加标回收率在95.33％~103.8％之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）不大于4%,可用于实际样品中Hg2+的检测。该法仅需将溶液简单混合即可实现对汞离子的检测,具有操作简便、快速、灵敏度高和选择性好等优点。