Laser-induced nano-patterning by means of interference subpatterns generated by microspheres

Interference patterns generated by a regular lattice of SiO₂ microspheres on a transparent support are used for the surface patterning of polyimide (PI) foils. Using 248 nm excimer-laser radiation, thousands to millions of holes with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 160±40 nm can be generated with a single laser pulse. Received: 1 March 2002 / Accepted: 4 March 2002 / Published online: 10 September 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +43-732/2468-9242, E-mail: dieter.baeuerle@jku.at     

Structure of Lennard-Jones nanowires encapsulated by carbon nanotubesStructure of Lennard-Jones nanowires encapsulated by carbon nanotubesStructure of Lennard-Jones nanowires encapsulated by carbon nanotubesStructure of Lennard-Jones nanowires encapsulated by carbon nanotubesStructure of Lennard-Jones nanowires encapsulated by carbon nanotubes

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the structures of Lennard-Jones （LJ） nanowires （NWs） encapsulated in carbon nanotubes （CNTs）. We find that the structures of NWs in a small CNT only adopt multi-shell motifs, while the structures of NWs in a larger CNT tend to adopt various motifs. Among these structures, three of them have not been reported previously. The phase boundaries among these structures are obtained regarding filling fractions, as well as the interaction between NWs and CNTs.     

Alignment of Anisotropic Particles by Magnetic Field as Seen by NMR

We applied ¹³C and ²⁰⁵Tl NMR for studying alignment of particles of graphene and high temperature superconductor (Tl_0.5Pb_0.5)(Ba_0.2Sr_0.8)₂Ca₂Cu₃O_y caused by magnetic field. These compounds have layered structure and reveal anisotropic magnetic susceptibility. We found that the field of 8 T causes minor alignment of powder graphene and somewhat better alignment of fluffy graphene particles. Herewith the effect of alignment is well pronounced in ²⁰⁵Tl spectra of the superconducting particles fixed in epoxy in the field of 8 T. This effect is reflected in the ²⁰⁵Tl line shape measured in a magnetic field of 1.17 T and becomes much more pronounced in measurements made in high magnetic field of 8 T. Spectra simulations allow determining the degree of the particles’ alignment.     

电缆X射线辐射感应电导率引起的非线性效应北大核心CSCD

对电缆X射线辐照非线性响应进行了数值模拟。分析了电缆X射线辐照的物理过程,针对同轴电缆和屏蔽多导体电缆,建立了基于有限元方法的二维电缆模型诺顿等效电流源计算方法,着重描述了二维模型下电缆介质辐射感应电导率效应求解方法,模拟了电缆X射线辐照非线性效应,给出了诺顿等效电流源非线性响应规律,并依据物理过程进行了合理性分析。模拟结果显示,由于辐射感应电导率的存在,随着X射线注量的增加,电缆响应幅度会存在明显的饱和现象。对特定类型的电缆,响应电流随着X射线注量增加,依次出现3个时间位置不同的电流峰值。     

Growth of GaAs nanostructures by area selective epitaxy by migration-enhanced epitaxy

We have carried out area selective epitaxial growth of GaAs nanostructures using solid source molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) which makes it possible to achieve ‘damage-free’ structures. However, area selective epitaxy by MBE is very difficult unless the substrate temperature is very high. This problem has been solved by using migration-enhanced epitaxy (MEE) deposition sequence. To achieve well-defined nanostructures, lateral growth beyond the SiO₂ mask boundaries has to be strictly prohibited. By MEE method, uniform two-dimensional lattice structures with vertical sidewalls can be fabricated without shrinking holes, even though the mask diameter is as small as 30 nm with a dot density as high as 5.0×10⁹ cm⁻². Also uniform one-dimensional channel structures have been successfully grown.     

Efficiency of energy transfer by resonance in quenching of protein fluorescence by dyes

Considering the quenching of tryptophan fluorescence of bovine serum albumin by various dyes as an example, it is shown that overlap of radiation and absorption spectra does not necessarily lead to energy transfer by resonance. No correlation is revealed between the limiting quenching and the Forster overlap integral. Quenching can occur even in the absence of overlap. The magnitude of energy transfer is markedly lower than that of quenching owing to competing processes, namely, excitation deactivation by the dye and, probably, by the protein itself which undergoes conformation upon sorption of the dye. Negatively charged and neutral dyes posses, on the average, a higher quenching activity relative to albumin than do positively charged dyes. Institute of the Biophysics of Cells of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142292, Moscow Region, Russia. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 290–293, March–April, 1998.     

Detection of gravitational waves by the method of light scattering by elastic oscillations

The scheme of gravitational wave detection which uses the phenomenon of light scattering by the elastic wave these waves cause is discussed when the presence of the gravitational waves can be judged by the presence of fine components of the scattered light spectrum. Estimates carried out show the possibility of an experimental realization of the proposed scheme.Translated from Izvestiya VUZ, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 23–27, March, 1973.     

Photon statistics of fields generated by interference of modes correlated by parametric processes

As a model to correlate light modes we consider the nondegenerate three-wave interaction in parametric approximation. The correlated modes are made to interface with each other and the photon statistics of the resulting field is investigated. A possible enhancement of photon antibunching is clearly shown and discussed.     

Plasma radiation emitted by dense mixtures of rare gases excited by an electron beam and by a discharge

An experimental investigation was made of the radiation emitted from a plasma formed by rare gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) excited by a beam of electrons with different parameters and by discharge pulses (P= 0.1–0.5 atm, I=1 kA, U=10–15 kV, C=0.25 F). An investigation was made of the spectral composition and time characteristics of the radiation, and of their dependences on the excitation conditions. New molecular bands were observed in the near-ultraviolet and visible ranges. The uniquely large widths of these bands could be of interest in the amplification of light in a wide spectral range.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 56–73, January, 1992.     

以理论为先导以实践促提高

探讨在现行电子类实验教学大纲下的验证性实验如何与实际电子制作相结合，使学生由被动实验转为主动实验。通过制作发现问题、分析问题并解决问题，进一步巩固和加深对相关理论的理解，培养学生的实践能力。     

基于泵浦脉冲诱导等离子体通道的空心光束产生

利用飞秒脉冲诱导生成的具有渐变折射率分布的等离子体通道产生空心光束.当飞秒脉冲在非线性介质中传输时将电离产生等离子体通道,该等离子体通道具有渐变的折射率分布,等离子体通道中激光束只能在电子密度低于临界等离子体密度的区域传播,故当探测光束在等离子体通道边缘传输时将偏转形成空心光束.当泵浦光束功率为8mW时,探测光束转变为典型的空心光束结构;当泵浦光束的入射功率、重复率或等离子体通道中轴向电子密度改变时,等离子体通道中可供探测光束通过的区域将随之发生改变,这将导致空心光束中黑斑的面积发生变化.因此通过调节泵浦光束的入射功率和重复率可以控制产生空心光束的黑斑大小.     

Activation of zinc sulfide luminescence by modifying its surface by organic solvents

The influence of the properties of the environment interacting with the surface of crystal phosphor on its radiative recombination has been considered. The influence of treatment with hexane and toluene on the state of the surface of powdery ZnS:Cu:Cl has been investigated. It has been shown that treatment with hexane and toluene leads to an increase in the photoluminescence intensity of the luminophor under investigation. On the basis of the analysis of the luminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectra, a model explaining the change in the concentration of radiationless recombination centers on the surface of powdery ZnS:Cu:Cl is proposed. It has been shown that the interaction between the above organic liquids and the luminophor surface leads to its passivation and improvement of the luminescent properties of the luminophor. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 72, No. 6, pp. 799–804, November–December, 2005.     

The recognition of vowels differing by a single formant by cochlear-implant subjects

The ability to recognize synthetic, two-formant vowels with equal duration and similar loudness was measured in five subjects with the Cochlear and five subjects with the Symbion cochlear implants. In one set of test stimuli, vowel pairs differed only in the first-formant frequency (F1). In another set, vowel pairs differed only in the second-formant frequency (F2). When F1 differed, four of five Cochlear subjects and four of five Symbion subjects recognized the vowels significantly above chance. When F2 differed, two of five Cochlear subjects and three of five Symbion subjects scored above chance. These results suggest that implanted subjects can utilize both "place" information across different electrodes and "rate" information on a single electrode to derive information about the spectral content of the stimulus.     

Positioning of small particles by an ultrasound field excited by surface waves

A method for the controlled positioning of small particles in one or two dimensions by an ultrasound field excited by a surface wave is presented. Particles of a diameter between 10 and 100 microm placed on a surface can be concentrated at certain locations and moved over the surface. In other approaches it is possible to let the particle levitate freely in the fluid. However for the use of ultrasonic positioning in for example microassembling it is necessary to move particles over a surface as well as to let them levitate over the surface. Physical principle: A two- or three-dimensional ultrasound field is excited in a fluid filled gap between a rigid surface at the bottom and a vibrating surface of a solid at the top. The height of the gap varies between 0.1 and 2 mm. A one-dimensional sinusoidal vibration of the upper surface excites a two-dimensional ultrasound field in the fluid. Particles that are arbitrarily distributed on the lower surface will be concentrated in lines by the ultrasound field. First the calculation of the field of forces on particles in the fluid layer is presented. Then the dispersion relation of a vibrating plate which is in contact with a fluid on one side is derived. The technical setup will be introduced. Finally the experiments are shown and compared to the theoretical results.     

Elongation rate measurements of nanofilms by microbump method induced by laser pulse

A laser pulse-induced microbump method that aims to measure the elongation rate of nanofilms is proposed. The sample structure is designed as “substrate/active layer/nanofilm” and the laser pulse is used as energy source to heat the active layer and to create microbump. These cause the nanofilm to expand and elongate. The surface area and length change of nanofilm is calculated by measuring the deflections and diameters of the microbumps, as well as to obtain the elongation rate of the nanofilms. A series of microbumps with different deflections are obtained. The deflections are measured precisely by atomic force microscopy (AFM) by taking AgO_x and ZnS-SiO₂ as the active layer and nanofilm, respectively, and by controlling pulse laser parameters. The line elongation rate and plane elongation rate of ZnS-SiO₂ nanofilm are measured at thickness of only 10 nm. Results show that both the two elongation rates linearly increases with laser power from 3.2 to 5.2 mW. Plane elongation rate is a little higher than the line elongation rate at the same laser power. The rupture at 5.4 mW laser power corresponds to fracture strength of the film. The maximum line elongation rate and plane elongation rate are 13.241% and 19.766%, respectively. This method applies a reproducible and efficient method for its applications in the near future.     

Ellipsometric measurements by use of photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric downconversion

We present a novel interferometric technique for performing ellipsometric measurements. This technique relies on the use of a nonclassical optical source, namely, polarization-entangled twin photons generated by spontaneous parametric downconversion from a nonlinear crystal, in conjunction with a coincidence-detection scheme. Ellipsometric measurements acquired with this scheme are absolute; i.e., they do not require source and detector calibration.     

Recognition of nonsense syllables by hearing-impaired listeners and by noise-masked normal hearers

In the present study, speech-recognition performance was measured in four hearing-impaired subjects and twelve normal hearers. The normal hearers were divided into four groups of three subjects each. Speech-recognition testing for the normal hearers was accomplished in a background of spectrally shaped noise in which the noise was shaped to produce masked thresholds identical to the quiet thresholds of one of the hearing-impaired subjects. The question addressed in this study is whether normal hearers with a hearing loss simulated through a shaped masking noise demonstrate speech-recognition difficulties similar to those of listeners with actual hearing impairment. Regarding overall percent-correct scores, the results indicated that two of the four hearing-impaired subjects performed better than their corresponding subgroup of noise-masked normal hearers, whereas the other two impaired listeners performed like the noise-masked normal listeners. A gross analysis of the types of errors made suggested that subjects with actual and simulated losses frequently made different types of errors.     

GaAs光导开关飞秒激光点触发实验及分析

针对光导开关阵列和光纤分束耦合的实际应用环境,提出一种新的实验方案,用于测试当触发光源相对于开关光敏面为点光源时入射位置对输出脉冲的影响.实验证明,不同的入射位置对开关输出脉冲有很大的影响.在入射光从负极向正极扫描过程中输出脉冲逐渐增强,在正极附近输出达到峰值,但在电极边缘处有所减弱.分析表明,这一现象和开关体内电场的分布有密切联系.     

FT-IR分析航天诱变育种番茄品系种子

本文首次采用傅立叶变换红外光谱法(FT-IR),对航天诱变育种番茄品系种子和系统法选育的番茄品系种子进行了对比研究,比较了它们红外光谱的异同。番茄种子的红外光谱主要由蛋白质的吸收带和碳水化合物的吸收带组成,经航空诱变后的番茄种子红外光谱的主要吸收峰的峰位、峰形与系统法选育的番茄种子基本相同,表明其主要成分和基本结构并未发生变化。发生变异的地方是:果实中维生素C和糖分含量显著增加的两份太空番茄种子,在1162cm-1~1099cm-1峰处的吸收均比两种普通种子的大。此外太空小番茄种子在1162cm-1峰处的吸收特别显著,表明经航空诱变后太空番茄种子中的碳水化合物的含量增加了。