硅油的结构和时域介电谱

有机物结构常分级描述．频域介电谱方法只能觉察一级结构的极化，对二和三级结构很不灵敏．时域介电谱方法则可分辨出高级结构的丰富信息．在水和甘油等极性液体中，极谱电流的存在使时域测量无法进行．但苯和正烷系列非极性液体却存在有意义的时域谱[1]．硅油具有强的极性键，     

蓖麻油基AB交联聚合物的介电性质

在-180℃至140℃范围内,用几个频率测定了蓖麻油基AB交联聚合物的介电松弛谱。对这些聚合物的多重松弛和相行为的研究表明,试样中的两组份在介电松弛谱上显现出相容的或近似互容的特征。试样中的次级松弛归因于聚氨酯组份中链段的局部运动。提出了一个描述界面极化的方法,计算了界面极化松弛活化能,它们同试样中组份间的相容性,界面相互作用大小以及分子链的柔曲性有关。     

压力驱动膜过程中浓差极化的介电模型

提出了电导率呈指数型分布的浓差极化层的介电模型. 利用传递方程研究了压力驱动膜过程的介电谱, 并导出层内电导率分布与宏观测量的电容和电导之间定量关系的理论表达式, 得到介电谱高低频特征值与浓差极化模数之间的关系. 计算结果表明, 较之线性分布电导率, 指数型分布电导率能更好地描述浓差极化层的介电谱. 研究表明, 介电谱及其特征值和弛豫强度随浓差极化模数和层厚度显著变化. 对由分离膜、主体溶液和浓差极化层组成的复合体系的介电谱进行了数值模拟, 发现电导较之电容其频率依存关系对浓差极化模数的变化更为敏感, 上述研究为利用介电谱在线监测膜分离过程提供了有价值的理论参考.     

铁电共聚物VDF／TrFE的低温低频介电松弛

在低温低频下用介电松弛方法研究了液氮淬火，熔融慢冷和热处理结晶铁电共聚物ＶＤＦ（７３）／ＴｒＦＥ（２７）的分子运动特征，随结晶度升高，居里点温度降低，铁电－顺电相变区的介电常数增大。室温以下共聚物的频率谱由低频和高频两部分组成。低频部由非晶工区被冻结分子链段的微布朗运动贡献。高频部则由晶区和非晶区分子链段较小尺度的局域运动产生。由两个Ｃｏｌｅ－Ｃｏｌｅ函数对频率谱进行分峰拟合并根据ＷＬＦ方程和Ａｒ     

膜对物质吸附和释放的介电谱研究——弛豫机制和扩散动力学

对壳聚糖膜吸附和缓释水杨酸过程的介电监测显示: 伴随着吸附或释放的进行, 相应膜/溶液体系的介电谱也发生规律性变化. 通过对这一变化的系统分析, 对介电弛豫产生的机制提出了新的看法, 确认了吸附或缓释行为引起的溶液中的浓差极化是介电弛豫产生的根本原因, 进而由浓差极化层电导率梯度、厚度与介电谱弛豫强度之间的理论关系解释了体系介电谱随时间等因素变化的原因. 这一弛豫机制的确立, 有望为建立获得吸附或释放过程体系各相的动态变化参数的理论方法、从而实现介电谱方法对药物控制释放过程的实时监测开辟一个新的途径.     

聚合物中激化的冷冻和热刺激

用等速升温、阶路升温、剩余电荷等方法测量了聚丙烯的热刺激电流。对于α和β峰，冷冻电荷方法有更高的分辨率和对称的线型。热刺激电流包含了快极化和慢极化机构的贡献，但线型主要决定于后者。慢极化涉及聚合物长分子链局部链段的运动与束缚空间电荷的相互作用。     

应用极化水分子模型研究单分子层受限水的介电性质

受限条件下水的介电性质因测量极具挑战,其在诸多电化学过程与反应输运过程中如何扮演关键角色从未被定量地澄清.本工作利用平衡态分子动力学模拟和受限体系介电性质计算方法,系统性地探索了0.65 nm限域尺寸、5×10⁸ Pa限域压强、不同温度条件下单分子受限冰和受限水的介电性质.详细比较了恒定偶极矩SPC/E水分子模型和可极化的SWM4-NDP水分子模型在描述受限冰、水结构与介电性质上的优劣势,包括统计分析SWM4-NDP模型模拟的单分子层受限水和受限冰的瞬时分子偶极矩概率密度分布,计算每个模拟体系的静态结构因子、静态偶极空间关联函数、静态介电常数、体系偶极时间关联函数和德拜弛豫时间.首次发现了极化水分子模型描述的低维度受限水和受限冰的奇异分子极性变化,并观察到两种模型描述静态结构性质的效果相当, SWM4-NDP模型对于静态介电常数描述的优势会因受限条件的增强而被大幅削减.但在受限水介电极化弛豫动力学性质描述上SWM4-NDP模型明显优于SPC/E模型.我们推断SWM4-NDP模型在探索受限水结构相变动力学以及受限体系离子输运和溶剂化动力学等过程的模拟研究中是比SPC...     

壳聚糖膜对水杨酸吸附及释放过程的实时介电谱法研究

制备了壳聚糖膜,并且测量了壳聚糖膜/水杨酸溶液、含水杨酸的壳聚糖膜/蒸馏水两个膜/液体系的介电谱,在100～700 kHz频率范围,发现两种体系都存在显著的介电弛豫现象,而且该弛豫的特征参数随壳聚糖膜在相应溶液相中浸泡时间的不同而变化.将该体系介电模型化、并利用在Maxwell-Wagner界面极化理论上建立的公式对介电谱进行解析,得到了体系中两相--壳聚糖膜相和溶液相的介电常数和电导率随时间的变化曲线.通过分析电导变化曲线得知,壳聚糖膜对溶液中的水杨酸有吸附现象,而含有水杨酸的壳聚糖膜在蒸馏水中可以缓慢释放出水杨酸;吸附过程包含的机制有氢键的形成、疏水力和扩散;而水杨酸的脱附过程则包含吸附过程几种机制的逆反应.理论分析和解析结果都验证了介电谱方法对吸附和释放过程实时监测的有效性.     

电磁波作用下化学反应体系极化特性表征

近年来,微波促进化学反应引起人们的广泛关注,但是热点和热失控等问题限制了微波化学工业的发展。为了解决这些问题,需要研究电磁波与化学反应体系的相互作用规律。其中,电磁波作用下化学反应体系极化特性的表征是研究电磁波与化学反应体系的相互作用的基础。本文通过改进的SmoluchowskiDebye方程,得到了极性分子反应体系的极化特性的表征。由于电磁波作用下化学反应体系的极化过程实际上是一个线性时变系统的响应,只在一定条件下是马尔可夫过程。本文进一步讨论了极化的时域表征与频域表征的关系以及频域表征的局限性。     

聚吡咯微粒掺入的聚苯乙烯膜在电解质溶液中的介电弛豫谱及其解析

在40 Hz～11 MHz频率范围测量了聚苯乙烯膜以及混入聚吡咯粒子的聚苯乙烯膜和电解质溶液构成的体系的介电谱, 发现了特异的弛豫现象: 纯的和掺入导电性聚吡咯后的聚苯乙烯膜分别显示出单一弛豫和双弛豫的不同模式的介电谱. 在Maxwell-Wagner界面极化概念基础上解释了该弛豫机制: 高、低频弛豫分别由膜-液界面极化和膜相本身的不均一性引起的. 将体系进行了模型化, 并利用Hanai理论方法对谱进行了解析, 获得了内部电性质的诸多参数. 对不同聚吡咯掺入量的膜/溶液体系的介电测量和解析结果表明, 电解质溶液的种类、浓度以及膜中混入聚吡咯的量都影响着膜相的介电响应. 这些结论为利用加入导电粒子改善绝缘高分子聚合物的电性质的研究以及制备既具有导电功能又使基体的力学性能得到提高的高分子复合物提供了重要的线索.     

Collective and non-collective excitations in antiferroelectric and ferrielectric liquid crystals studied by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and electro-optic measurements

The dynamics of different molecular modes in four antiferroelectric liquid crystal substances have been studied by a combination of spectroscopic methods.The fastest motion is the reorientation around the molecular long axis, here found in the low GHz range by time domain spectroscopy. The reorientation around the short axis has a characteristic frequency of about 10kHz and is detected by frequency domain spectroscopy in the homeotropic configuration. As for the collective excitations, the Goldstone and soft modes, characteristic of the ferroelectric phase, have counterparts in the antiferroelectric phase which appear very different. There are two characteristic peaks in the spectrum, one at high frequency, about 100kHz, the other at low frequency, about 10 kHz. The latter has often been mistaken for short axis reorientation and both have been attributed to soft modes. By combining different experimental techniques and different geometries it can be shown that neither is a soft mode, but both are collective modes of different character: the high frequency mode corresponds to fluctuations where molecules in neighbouring layers are moving in opposite phase, the low frequency mode to phase fluctuations in the helicoidal superstructure. In materials exhibiting a C* phase in addition to the C*a or C* gamma phases, an additional strong peak appears in at least one lower-lying phase adjacent to the C* phase. We show that this peak, which we call a hereditary peak, has nothing to do with the antiferroelectric or ferrielectric order, but is just the Goldstone peak from a coexisting C* phase. In the same way, a Goldstone mode peak from the C* gamma phase may appear in the underlying C* a phase. In a general way, narrow phases like C* gamma, being bounded by first order transitions on both sides (C* a -C* gamma -C*) are likely to show non-characteristic (hereditary) peaks from both adjacent phases.     

Cidep after laser flash irradiation of benzil in 2-propanol. Electron spin polarization by the radical-triplet pair mechanism

Benzil ketyl radicals are generated by laser flash irradiation of benzil in 2-propanol at T = -50 °C and are observed by time-resolved ESR spectroscopy. Their electron spin polarization is found to consist of a fast and slowly rising emissive component. The fast component is due to polarized ketyl radicals formed by a two-photon process from an excited triplet state. The slow one is attributed to ketyl radicals which are generated by a slow photoreduction of benzil in its lowest triplet state. Their emissive polarization stems predominantly from the radical-triplet pair mechanism (RTPM). Rate constants of the relevant processes are determined.     

Pseudo Peak Phenomena in Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography by Using Ionic Surfactant

The origin of pseudo peak was studied by means of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with cetyltrimethylaminium bormide as the pseudo stationary phase.It has been pointed that two peaks may appear for one component under certain conditions.Experiments showed that the relative areas of the two peaks of analyte depended on the time and the temperature of reaction between analyte and surfactant,and the concentration of surfactant in the sample solution.It means that the interaction between the analyte and the surfactant is a slow process,and a stable substance can be produced from the interaction.It is the substance and the analyte that may lead to the formation of two peaks.The fast interaction mechanism between the solute and the micellar should be queried from the experiment result.     

Dynamics of cross polarization in solid state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments of amorphous and heterogeneous natural organic substances

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments on carbon-13 in the solid state were done with cross polarization (CP) and magic angle spinning (MAS) in order to overcome the low NMR sensitivity of (13)C and the chemical shift anisotropy, respectively. In the present research, CPMAS (13)C-NMR spectra were collected by modulating the contact time needed for cross polarization (variable contact times experiments, VCT) on two different humic acids (a soil-HA and a coal-HA). VCT data were fitted by a model containing either a monotonic or a non-monotonic cross polarization term. The non-monotonic model, which fitted the experimental results better than the monotonic one, provided two cross-polarization rates, thereby suggesting that two different mechanisms for the energy transfer from protons to carbons arise in amorphous and heterogeneous humic substances. The first mechanism was a fast proton-to-carbon energy transfer due to protons directly bound to carbons. The second mechanism was related to a slow transfer mediated by local segmental motions. Different domains in the humic acids were identified. Soil-HA was made of rigid domains, containing mainly aromatic and carboxylic moieties, and fast moving domains, containing alkyl, C-O and C-O groups. Coal-HA showed a rigid aromatic domain that was differentiated from a very mobile domain made of alkyl and COOH groups.     

浓碱溶液中铜阳极产物的阴极还原行为研究I: Cu(I)产物的阴极还原

采用特定的电势扫描程序测出了浓碱溶液中Cu(I)阳极产物的多重还原电流峰。根据各峰之间转化或竞争的关系, 提出了亚铜氧化物的吸附成相和溶解沉淀两种途径共存的形成机理。为确定各阴极峰的归属, 本文采用了将阴极电流峰与XRD和XPS特征峰进行半定量对比的方法。     

Probing Invisible,Excited Protein States by Non‐Uniformly Sampled Pseudo‐4D CEST Spectroscopy

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studies of slow timescale protein dynamics. Typical experiments are based on recording a large number of 2D data sets and quantifying peak intensities in each of the resulting planes. A weakness of the method is that peaks must be resolved in 2D spectra, limiting applications to relatively small proteins. Resolution is significantly improved in 3D spectra but recording uniformly sampled data is time‐prohibitive. Here we describe non‐uniformly sampled HNCO‐based pseudo‐4D CEST that provides excellent resolution in reasonable measurement times. Data analysis is done through fitting in the time domain, without the need of reconstructing the frequency dimensions, exploiting previously measured accurate peak positions in reference spectra. The methodology is demonstrated on several protein systems, including a nascent form of superoxide dismutase that is implicated in neurodegenerative disease.     

Probing Invisible,Excited Protein States by Non‐Uniformly Sampled Pseudo‐4D CEST Spectroscopy

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studies of slow timescale protein dynamics. Typical experiments are based on recording a large number of 2D data sets and quantifying peak intensities in each of the resulting planes. A weakness of the method is that peaks must be resolved in 2D spectra, limiting applications to relatively small proteins. Resolution is significantly improved in 3D spectra but recording uniformly sampled data is time‐prohibitive. Here we describe non‐uniformly sampled HNCO‐based pseudo‐4D CEST that provides excellent resolution in reasonable measurement times. Data analysis is done through fitting in the time domain, without the need of reconstructing the frequency dimensions, exploiting previously measured accurate peak positions in reference spectra. The methodology is demonstrated on several protein systems, including a nascent form of superoxide dismutase that is implicated in neurodegenerative disease.     

The double melting behavior of a liquid crystalline polyimide derived from PMDA and 1,3‐bis[4‐(4′‐aminophenoxyl) cumyl] benzene

The double melting behavior of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polyimide was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light microscopy (PLM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). This liquid crystalline polyimide exhibited a normal melting peak around 278 °C and transformed into a smectic A phase. The smectic A phase changed to nematic phase upon heating to 298 °C, then became isotropic melt around 345 °C. The samples annealed or isothermally crystallized at lower temperature showed double melting endotherms during heating scan. The annealing‐induced melting endotherm was highly dependent on annealing conditions, whereas the normal melting endotherm was almost not influenced by annealing when the annealing temperature was low. Various possibilities for the lower melting endotherm are discussed. The equilibrium melting points of both melting peaks were extrapolated to be 283.2 °C. Combined analytical results showed that the double melting peaks were from the melting of the two types of crystallites generated from two crystallization processes: a slow and a fast one. Fast crystallization may start from the well‐aligned liquid crystal domains, whereas the slow one may be from the fringed or amorphous regions. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 3018–3031, 2000