Experimental and numerical analysis of cylindrical turbulators in a double pipe heat exchanger under turbulent flow conditions

In the present work, the use of cylindrical turbulators in a double pipe heat exchanger has been investigated. Cylindrical fin type of turbulators has been placed circumferentially separated by 90° on the outer side of an inner pipe at a regular pitch. Experimental studies were undertaken for different air flow rates in a turbulent regime whose Reynolds number range between 2500 and 10000. Heat transfer characteristics like Nu and friction factor have been experimentally determined. Parametric studies were conducted by changing the pitch and also the orientation of the turbulators. Nu and friction factor were found to increase as the pitch is reduced. A model with alternatively changed orientation outperformed others by exhibiting highest Nu and reduced friction factor.     

电子转移速率理论研究：运动谱窄化所导致的非马尔可夫电子转移过程

严格的速率方程理论得到的总是非马尔可夫的，可是大部分实验都可以用马尔可夫的、即传统的速率常数基础上的反应动力学方程来描述．针对这一问题研究了电子转移过程中的马尔可夫/非马尔可夫特性．以最简单的两态电子转移反应为体系，以其在德拜溶剂中的严格动力学解为标定，采用光谱领域著名的Kubo运动谱窄化线型函数及其特性参数来描述电子转移过程中的马尔可夫/非马尔可夫本质．该马尔可夫特性参数是相干转移耦合与溶剂环境涨落相互影响共同作用的结果，以它为基础说明了大部分实验确实可以通过传统的速率方程来描述，而非马尔可夫速率过程最     

Intrinsic pulse-width dependence of third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility in the femtosecond regime

We demonstrate that the second-order coupling of local polarizations contributes significantly to the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility chi((3)) through cascaded processes, as much as does direct third-order coupling. Temporal analysis of nonlinear polarization shows that chi((3)) depends intrinsically on pulse width if the pulse width is shorter than about 10 times the relaxation time of nonlinear polarization. Analysis of the pulse-width dependence of the third-order polarization in a femtosecond regime may differentiate the second-order local cascading process and the direct third-order process.     

Short-pulse ablation rates and the two-temperature model

A numerical simulation of the two-temperature model has been performed for Au, Ag, Cu and Al. Based on findings in the numerical simulation, an analytical model for the ablation rates in the high fluence regime is proposed. Furthermore, it is shown that a temperature-dependent electron-lattice coupling must be introduced to have qualitative agreement with the logarithmic growth in the low fluence regime. For aluminum, experimental ablation rates with varying fluence is presented and compared with the numerical simulation.     

Adsorbate motions induced by vibrational mode coupling

Adsorbate motions are discussed with a primary attention focused on the coupling between a vibrational mode excited by ultrafast laser heated hot-electrons or by inelastic tunneling electrons with scanning tunneling microscope and the reaction coordinate (RC) mode. Recent experimental results have demonstrated an efficient reaction pathways involving an indirect excitation of a frustrated translational mode, rather than its direct excitation for adsorbate hopping on surfaces. Elementary processes are briefly described for hopping of CO molecules on a laser heated stepped Pt surface, where excitation of the frustrated rotation mode has been found to plays an indispensable. Calculation of the inelastic tunneling current (ITC) for excitation of the C-O stretch mode of a CO molecule is combined with a theory of anharmonic mode coupling to activate the frustrated translation mode above the barrier. The hopping rate as a function of the bias voltage agrees with the experimental result. An unified theory of single-, and two-electron processes for ITC-induced motions induced by an indirect excitation of the RC-mode via mode coupling is also applied to reproduce a crossover from hopping to desorption of a single NH₃ molecule on Cu(1 0 0) with an increase in the tunneling current.     

Quantum friction controlled by plasmons between graphene sheets

We theoretically study quantum friction between two infinite graphene sheets, which is controlled by plasmons excited at the interfaces of graphenes and dielectrics. In near-field regime, quantum friction can be enhanced due to the coupling of plasmons between two graphene sheets. Dependences of friction coefficient on distance, chemical potential of graphene, temperature of environment, and dielectric constant of substrate have been investigated in detail. Friction coefficient can be increased by increasing temperature or dielectric constants of substrates, and can be reduced by increasing distance or chemical potential.     

Correlation between flow characteristics and interfacial friction behaviour of a Zr-based metallic glass during micro-extrusion

The interfacial friction behaviour of Zr₃₅Ti₃₀Be_26.75Cu_8.25 metallic glass during micro-extrusion was investigated at various strain rates and temperatures in the supercooled liquid region. A friction mechanism map that distributes adhesion regime, furrow regime and mechanical engagement regime was constructed. These regimes respectively correspond to Newtonian flow, non-Newtonian flow and inhomogeneous flow by comparing with the typical deformation map. The correlation between flow characteristics and interfacial friction behaviour is well analysed by combining the viscosity theory with the finite-element simulations.     

The impact of N2 micro-jets on the V-to-M flame shape transition in a premixed swirl burner

Injection of N₂ through micro-jets located on the dump plane of a lean premixed swirl stabilized combustor is investigated as a new method for mitigating combustion instabilities. This study focuses on the chemical and fluid dynamic processes by which the N₂ micro-jets impact the flame dynamics. An experimental and numerical investigation is performed to characterize the combustion instability during the V-to-M flame shape transition in a swirl burner fueled with premixed CH₄/air, at an equivalence ratio of 0.62. Reasonable agreements have been found between the experimental measurements and simulation results. Both of them present that the flame changes from V-shape to M-shape periodically, and a low-frequency instability around 10 Hz is observed accordingly. It is confirmed that intermittent flame extinction in the outer recirculation zone (ORZ) is the source of the combustion instability. Furthermore, injection of N₂ through micro-jets located on the combustor dump plane, into the outer recirculation zone, results in a stable V shape flame. It is clearly seen that the ORZ dilution can eliminate the combustion instability without inhibiting the combustion efficiency. A special focus is placed on the impact of the diluent injection on the local flame-flow interaction. The nitrogen micro-jets increase the local nitrogen concentration by 7% on average, lowering the flame speed and extinction strain rates by 27% and 17% respectively. Moreover, the micro-jets increase the turbulence intensity in the ORZ, leading to a significant increase in the Karlovitz number and transferring the local combustion regime from the thin reaction zone regime to the broken reaction zone regime. Hence, the nitrogen micro-jets impact on both the turbulence and the chemical reaction rates prevents flame propagation into the ORZ and results in a stable flame.     

Chaotic synchronization in coupled spatially extended beam–plasma systems

The appearance of the chaotic synchronization regimes has been discovered for the coupled spatially extended beam–plasma Pierce systems. The coupling was introduced only on the right bound of each subsystem. It has been shown that with coupling increase the spatially extended beam–plasma systems show the transition from asynchronous behavior to the phase synchronization and then to the complete synchronization regime. For the consideration of the chaotic synchronization we used the concept of time-scale synchronization described in work [A.E. Hramov, A.A. Koronovskii, Chaos 14 (3) (2004) 603] and based on the introduction of the continuous set of phases of chaotic signal. In case of unidirectional coupling the generalized synchronization regime has been observed in the spatially extended beam–plasma systems. The generalized synchronization appearance mechanism has been analyzed by means of the offered modified system approach [A.E. Hramov, A.A. Koronovskii, Phys. Rev. E 71 (6) (2005) 067201].     

Direct observation of whispering gallery mode polaritons and their dispersion in a ZnO tapered microcavity

We report direct observation of the strong exciton-photon coupling in a ZnO tapered whispering gallery (WG) microcavity at room temperature. By scanning excitations along the tapered arm of the ZnO tetrapod using a micro-photoluminescence spectrometer with different polarizations, we observed a transition from the pure WG optical modes in the weak interaction regime to the excitonic polariton in the strong coupling regime. The experimental observations are well described by using the plane wave model including the excitonic polariton dispersion relation. This provides a direct mapping of the polariton dispersion, and thus a comprehensive picture for coupling of different excitons with differently polarized WG modes.     

Sound Wave of Spin-Orbit Coupled Bose-Einstein Condensates in Optical Lattice

We study the phonon mode excitation of spin-orbit(SO) coupled Bose-Einstein condensates trapped in a one-dimensional optical lattice. The sound speed of the system is obtained analytically. Softening of the phonon mode,i.e., the vanishing of sound speed, in the optical lattice is revealed. When the lattice is absent, the softening of phonon mode occurs only at the phase transition point, which is not influenced by the atomic interaction and Raman coupling when the SO coupling is strong. However, when the lattice is present, the softening of phonon modes can take place in a regime near the phase transition point. Particularly, the regime is widened as lattice strength and SO coupling increase or atomic interaction decreases. The suppression of sound speed by the lattice strongly depends on atomic interaction, Raman coupling, and SO coupling. Furthermore, we find that the sound speed in plane wave phase regime and zero-momentum phase regime behaves with very different characteristics as Raman coupling and SO coupling change. In zero-momentum phase regime, sound speed monotonically increases/decreases with Raman coupling/SO coupling, while in plane wave phase regime, sound speed can either increase or decrease with Raman coupling and SO coupling, which depends on atomic interaction.     

Couette flow regimes with heat transfer in rarefied gas

Based on numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation by direct statistic simulation, the Couette flow with heat transfer is studied in a broad range of ratios of plate temperatures and Mach numbers of a moving plate. Flow regime classification by the form of the dependences of the energy flux and friction stress on the Knudsen number Kn is proposed. These dependences can be simultaneously monotonic and nonmonotonic and have maxima. Situations are possible in which the dependence of the energy flux transferred to a plate on Kn has a minimum, while the dependence of the friction stress is monotonic or even has a maximum. Also, regimes exist in which the dependence of the energy flux on Kn has a maximum, while the dependence of the friction stress is monotonic, and vice versa.     

Specific heat measurement of the layered nitride superconductor Li(x)ZrNCl

Specific heat has been investigated in a layered nitride superconductor, Li(0.12)ZrNCl, with T(c)=12.7 K. The obtained data have shown a marked dichotomy: The specific heat jump at T(c) (DeltaC/gamma(n)T(c)=1.8) and the superconducting gap ratio (2Delta/k(B)T(c)=4.6-5.2) have indicated an intermediate to a strong coupling of electrons, while the upper limit of the electron-phonon coupling constant lambda has directly been estimated to be 0.22, which belongs to a weak coupling regime. Furthermore, the rapid increase of gamma as a function of magnetic field suggests that the present material has an anisotropic s wave gap.     

Storage of Entangled States with Multiple Trapped Ions in Thermal Motion

This paper presents an alternative scheme to realize the storage of entangled states for multiple trapped ions including W state, Bell states, and GHZ states even with ions which exchange vibrational energy with a heating surrounding. Our scheme requires that the ions be simultaneously excited by two laser beams with different frequencies.In this scheme the vibrational degrees of freedom are only regarded as intermediate states and the ions exchange energy via the mediation of the vibration of the vibrational mode in coupling processes. The scheme is insensitive to both the initial vibrational state and heating if the system remains in the Lamb-Dicke regime. Since the effective Rabi frequency has a small dependence on the vibrational quantum number the heating will have no direct effect on the internal state evolution.     

2-碘代硒苯与2-唑烷酮在CuI催化下的C-N偶联反应机理的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-311G*水平下研究了铜催化剂作用下2-唑烷酮与2-碘代硒苯发生C-N偶联的反应机制。优化了反应过程中的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物,通过能量和振动分析结果证实了中间体和过渡态的真实。计算研究结果显示该反应是一个较为复杂的过程,催化是通过铜与2-唑烷酮上氮配位开始,整个过程中铜催化剂为偶联反应起到了一种桥梁作用,避免了无催化剂作用时直接偶联的四元环高张力的过渡态从而降低了反应的活化能,使反应更易进行。计算结果与实验结果一致,证明了过渡金属催化剂有利于这类反应反应的进行,并揭示了有效催化作用产生的机制。     

2-碘代硒苯与2-唑烷酮在CuI催化下的C-N偶联反应机理的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-311G*水平下研究了铜催化剂作用下2-唑烷酮与2-碘代硒苯发生C-N偶联的反应机制。优化了反应过程中的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物,通过能量和振动分析结果证实了中间体和过渡态的真实。计算研究结果显示该反应是一个较为复杂的过程,催化是通过铜与2-唑烷酮上氮配位开始,整个过程中铜催化剂为偶联反应起到了一种桥梁作用,避免了无催化剂作用时直接偶联的四元环高张力的过渡态从而降低了反应的活化能,使反应更易进行。计算结果与实验结果一致,证明了过渡金属催化剂有利于这类反应反应的进行,并揭示了有效催化作用产生的机制。     

Stick-slip regime of melting of boundary lubrication taking into account spatial inhomogeneity

The processes of boundary friction between two atomically smooth solid surfaces with an ultrathin layer of lubricant between them are studied in the context of the model of the first-order phase transitions, taking into account the spatial inhomogeneity. The stick-slip regime of motion, which is often observed experimentally for such systems, is considered. Such a regime is represented as the periodic first-order phase transitions between the structural states of the lubricant. It is shown that during motion, the lubricant tends to assume a homogeneous structure over the sliding plane, which results in the periodicity of time dependences of the basic parameters in the stick-slip regime. The dependence of the order parameter on the shear rate is analyzed and it is shown that this dependence has the same shape for all the regions on the contact plane.     

Inter-dot coupling effects on transport through correlated parallel coupled quantum dots

Transport through symmetric parallel coupled quantum dot system has been studied, using non-equilibrium Green function formalism. The inter-dot tunnelling with on-dot and inter-dot Coulomb repulsion is included. The transmission coefficient and Landaur-Buttiker like current formula are shown in terms of internal states of quantum dots. The effect of inter-dot tunnelling on transport properties has been explored. Results, in intermediate inter-dot coupling regime show signatures of merger of two dots to form a single composite dot and in strong coupling regime the behaviour of the system resembles the two decoupled dots.      

Cotunneling current and shot noise in quantum dots

We derive general expressions for the current and the shot noise, taking into account non-Markovian memory effects. In generalization of previous approaches, our theory is valid for an arbitrary Coulomb interaction and coupling strength and is applicable to quantum dots and more complex systems such as molecules. A fully consistent diagrammatic expansion up to second order in the coupling strength, taking into account cotunneling processes, allows for a study of transport in an intermediate coupling strength regime relevant to many current experiments. We discuss a single-level quantum dot as a first example, focusing on the Coulomb-blockade regime where the cotunneling processes dominate. We find super-Poissonian shot noise due to inelastic spin-flip cotunneling processes at an energy scale different from the one expected from first-order calculations.