On the Well-Posedness of the Spatially Homogeneous Boltzmann Equation with a Moderate Angular Singularity

We prove an inequality on the Kantorovich-Rubinstein distance–which can be seen as a particular case of a Wasserstein metric–between two solutions of the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation without angular cutoff, but with a moderate angular singularity. Our method is in the spirit of [7]. We deduce some well-posedness and stability results in the physically relevant cases of hard and moderately soft potentials. In the case of hard potentials, we relax the regularity assumption of [6], but we need stronger assumptions on the tail of the distribution (namely some exponential decay). We thus obtain the first uniqueness result for measure initial data. In the case of moderately soft potentials, we prove existence and uniqueness assuming only that the initial datum has finite energy and entropy (for very moderately soft potentials), plus sometimes an additionnal moment condition. We thus improve significantly on all previous results, where weighted Sobolev spaces were involved.     

K. Schwarzschild's problem in radiation transfer theory

We solve exactly the problem of a finite slab receiving an isotropic radiation on one side and no radiation on the other side. This problem—to be more precise the calculation of the source function within the slab—was first formulated by K. Schwarzschild in 1914. We first solve it for unspecified albedos and optical thicknesses of the atmosphere, in particular for an albedo very close to 1 and a very large optical thickness in view of some astrophysical applications. Then we focus on the conservative case (albedo=1), which is of great interest for the modeling of grey atmospheres in radiative equilibrium. Ten-figure tables of the conservative source function are given. From the analytical expression of this function, we deduce (1) a simple relation between the effective temperature of a grey atmosphere in radiative equilibrium and the temperature of the black body that irradiates it, (2) the temperature at any point of the atmosphere when it is in local thermodynamical equilibrium. This temperature distribution is the counterpart, for a finite slab, of Hopf's distribution in a half-space. Its graphical representation is given for various optical thicknesses of the atmosphere.     

Spatial Kasner Solution and an Infinite Slab with a Constant Energy Density

We study the solutions of the Einstein equations in the presence of a thick infinite slab with constant energy density. When there is an isotropy in the plane of the slab, we find an explicit exact solution that matches with the Rindler and Weyl-Levi-Civita spacetimes outside the slab. We also show that there are solutions that can be matched with general anisotropic Kasner spacetime outside the slab. In any case, it is impossible to avoid the presence of the Kasner type singularities in contrast to the well-known case of spherical symmetry, where by matching the internal Schwarzschild solution with the external one, the singularity in the center of coordinates can be eliminated.

     

Left-handed materials do not make a perfect lens

By means of an analysis on evanescent waves in left-handed materials (LHM), we show that within a slab of such a medium, sandwiched between two positive refraction media, there is amplification of evanescent waves in ideal lossless, dispersiveless media; however, contrary to previous claims, this is limited to a finite width of the slab so that it prevents their restoration and perfect focusing. We illustrate this by considering their coupling to propagating waves through a tunnel barrier containing a slab of LHM. Further, we show that the effect of absorption, necessarily present in such materials, may drastically change any evanescent amplifying wave into a decaying one.     

Dispersion characteristics of complex refractive-index planar slab optical waveguide by using finite element method

In this paper, finite element method (FEM) mode analyses of planar slab optical waveguide having complicated refractive index profile are presented. We try to estimate the dispersion graph, mode cut-off condition, group delay and waveguide dispersion for the case of α-power and chirped-type refractive index profile. In order to obtain the more accurate result, we have derived the higher-order polynomial, which establishes the suitable relationship between b and V for different profile of optical waveguide. On the basis of the derived polynomials, the waveguide dispersion is analyzed for different type of refractive index profile waveguide. Our study shows that the waveguide dispersion can be substantially reduced when we deployed the optical waveguide having linearly chirped-type refractive index profile. Earlier too, the arbitrary refractive index profile has been analyzed but to the best of our knowledge chirped-type refractive index profile has not been analyzed till date for the case of planar slab optical waveguide.     

Casimir force between doped silicon slabs

We evaluate the Casimir force for the particular case of silicon material including mirror thickness impact and finite conductivity influence. We show a new interesting behavior related to the slab thickness. We compare the results for intrinsic and doped silicon with traditional metals such as gold.     

Mesoscopic photon heat transistor

We show that the heat transport between two bodies, mediated by electromagnetic fluctuations, can be controlled with an intermediate quantum circuit--leading to the device concept of a mesoscopic photon heat transistor (MPHT). Our theoretical analysis is based on a novel Meir-Wingreen-Landauer-type of conductance formula, which gives the photonic heat current through an arbitrary circuit element coupled to two dissipative reservoirs at finite temperatures. As an illustration we present an exact solution for the case when the intermediate circuit can be described as an electromagnetic resonator. We discuss in detail how the MPHT can be implemented experimentally in terms of a flux-controlled SQUID circuit.     

Tensor-virial equations for post-Newtonian relativistic stellar dynamics

We derive the tensor-virial theorem and the angular momentum integral for a system of bodies of finite dimensions in the post-Newtonian approximation of general relativity. For this purpose we first examine the Newtonian case. Then we prove that, if tidal interactions between the bodies are neglected, it is possible in the post-Newtonian approximation and for each body of the system to define a conserved mass and a corresponding center of mass, to provide expressions for the vanishing of the post-Newtonian self-linear momentum, self-force and self-torque, and also to write down an appropriate tensor-virial equation. This, in turn, enables us to write down the tensor-virial theorem and the angular momentum integral for the many-body system, which, when expressed in terms of the above masses and centers of masses, reduce to the corresponding expressions valid for a system of point masses, in the limiting case when the dimensions of the bodies tend to zero.On leave of absence from the Astronomy Department, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.     

Stability of giant vortices in quantum liquids

We show how giant vortices can be stabilized for strong external potentials in Bose-Einstein condensates. We illustrate the formation of these vortices thanks to the Ginzburg-Landau dissipative dynamics for two typical potentials in two spatial dimensions. The giant vortex stability is studied for the particular case of a rotating cylindrical hard wall. Due to axial symmetry the minimization of the perturbed energy is simplified into a one dimensional relaxation dynamics. Solving this 1D minimization problem, we observe that giant vortices are either never stable, or only stable in a finite frequency range. Finally we obtain the marginal curve for the minimum frequency needed to observe a giant vortex.     

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in massless field theories,finite temperature and criticality

We study the behaviour at finite temperature of massless field theories exhibiting spontaneously broken solutions. We establish the occurence of a phase transition of the first kind at some critical point T_c which can be calculated to any finite order in perturbation theory. Similarly, perturbative methods can be used for thermodynamic functions in all regions, including the critical region. For the case of a gauge theory, we demonstrate the gauge independence of the critical point, the thermodynamic potentials and the order parameter to all orders of perturbation theory.     

Circular arc plasmonic waveguide couplers between two-dimensional dielectric slab waveguides and plasmonic waveguides

We investigate the properties of arc plasmonic waveguide coupler between two-dimensional dielectric slab waveguides and plasmonic waveguides with two-dimensional finite difference time domain methods. The simulation results show that transmission efficiency between high index dielectric slab waveguides with width 300 nm and silver-air-silver waveguides with width 40 nm connected by the coupler can reach to 90.4% at optical communication wavelength. And, by optimizing the shapes near the ends of the coupler, the transmission efficiency can be improved to 98.4%.     

The electromagnetic field in finite crystals

The electromagnetic potentials of a finite crystalline slab of oscillating point charges are separated into parts with distinct properties. One part is the Ewald potential.     

Numerical studies of 2D photonic crystals: Waveguides,coupling between waveguides and filters

In photonic crystals, light propagation is forbidden in a certain wavelength range, the bandgap. In a two-dimensional crystal composed of parallel high-refractive index rods in a low-index background a line defect can be formed by removing a row of these rods, which can act as a waveguide for frequencies in the bandgap of the crystal. In order to get more insight into the main features of such waveguides we have studied a number of properties, using simulation tools based on the finite difference time domain method and a finite element Helmholtz solver. We show conceptually simple methods for determining the bandgap of the crystal as well as the dispersion of a waveguide for wavelengths in this bandgap. For practical applications, it is also important to know how much light can be coupled into the waveguide. Therefore, the coupling of light from a dielectric slab waveguide into the photonic crystal waveguide has been examined, showing that a coupling efficiency of up to 83% can be obtained between a silicon oxide slab and a waveguide in a crystal of silicon rods. Finally, calculations on an ultra-compact filter based on reflectively terminated side-branches of waveguides (similar to tuned stubs in microwave engineering) are shown and discussed.     

Total internal reflection in gain medium slab

The problem of light propagation through a slab of gain medium is studied in terms of the transfer matrix pole distribution. Identifying the lasing by the existence of the poles in the upper half-space of the complex frequencies, we demonstrate that under the condition of total internal reflection lasing may be observed at a finite thickness of the slab; further increase in the thickness results in the quenching of lasing. However, in the latter case the amplification of reflected wave is possible.     

Weakly Bound Systems in the Case of Complex Potentials

We consider weakly bound two-body systems. We study the behavior of the ground state mean square radius as the binding energy tends to zero in the case of complex potentials. We show that the asymptotic law, obtained with real potentials, is modified by the occurrence of a finite width in the case of finite-range potentials. The case of the PT-symmetric potentials is also discussed. We complete our study with few remarks concerning the same problem for three weakly bound particles.     

The coulomb potential in a finite slab: Orthorhombic symmetry

The vanishing exponential method is used to calculate the electrostatic potential of a rectangular crystalline slab composed of a finite, regular array of similar point charges, each charge occupying a lattice site of an orthorhombic bravais lattice. The results are used to discuss (a) the behaviour of the potential at and near the slab surface, (b) the potential of an electrically neutral crystal, (c) the relationship between the space averaged microscopic potential of (b) and the macroscopic potential and (d) the limiting case of an electrically neutral infinite slab. It is also proved for this slab system, that the limit in the vanishing exponential method does not in general commute with limit used to define an infinite crystal.     

Relation between the expansions of an external potential in spherical functions and spheroidal harmonics

Relations between the coefficients of the expansions of external potentials in spherical and spheroidal functions for finite bodies are derived. These formulas have a more compact and convenient form than those obtained by other authors.     

格林函数在计算部分电容中的应用

在工业上和在实验室中,我们都会遇到两个物体之间的电磁屏蔽的问题。在许多应用中,我们只须注意到两个物体之间的静电屏蔽就够了,因而它们之间的相互作用可以从计算它们之间的相互电容来定出。当干扰物体的尺寸很小因而可以认为是一个点电源时,则当它与另一个接地导体(即问题中的电磁屏蔽)共同存在时所生的效应即可由这一个接地导体的格林函数表出。关于格林函数的知识已有很丰富的积累,因而本文中所提出的方法是可以解决多种多样的问题的。文中讨论了扁椭球坐标和长椭球坐标中的格林函数,并对带虚数自变数的勒讓特函数的若干个公式作了推导,因为这些有用的公式在流行的文献中还未见到。导体表面任意形状的小孔的问题是值得讨论的,特别是有限大导体表面上的小孔问题,本文从理论上验证了文献上已经提出来的实验结果。最后我们给出如下两个物体之间的相互电容公式:其中一个是在带小孔的闭合电磁屏蔽体的另一个之内。