原子在单色辐射作用下长时间内的行为研究

建立了原子在单色辐射作用下的模型,用微扰理论方法求解出原子处于两能级的几率.讨论了原子在单色辐射作用下长时间内的行为,得到了原子因辐射场的影响而变化的速率比能级的衰减速率大的情况下,原子在两能级间振荡,原子和辐射场相互作用越强,辐射场能够与原子发生作用的频率区间越宽,而且原子在单色光长时间辐射作用下高、低能级跃迁的速率不随时间而改变的结论.     

Determining the instant of acceleration of protons responsible for the onset of ground-level enhancements of solar cosmic rays

The aim of this work is to determine the instant of acceleration at the Sun of protons responsible for the onset of the ground-level enhancements (GLEs). Using a set of data on peak soft X-ray intensity derivatives and hard X-ray and gamma radiation intensities along with radio burst intensities in the cm/mm range, we the time interval of the maximum solar energy release for flares associated with 45 GLEs (27 through 71). We also determined the times of GLE onset for the same events. In 31 events, the time of GLE onset lagged 2–15 minutes behind the observed maximum of flare energy release. Such brief lags suggest that the effective acceleration of the protons responsible at least for the onset of GLEs occurs typically within the time interval of maximum flare energy release.     

基于脉冲分组的光剂量监控新算法

精确控制脉冲激光加工光剂量是保证加工产品工艺和质量的关键。在对现有的光剂量控制算法进行分析后,提出了基于脉冲分组的光剂量监控新算法,有效提高了光剂量监测精度和反馈控制速度。设计了光剂量监控系统,实现了脉冲激光加工光剂量实时监测及反馈控制。与Ophir公司的StarLab激光能量测量系统相比,500个激光脉冲以内的总能量测量,本系统测量误差不超过±0.1 5%。对一套脉冲最大重复频率为10 kHz、单脉冲最大能量为5 mJ、恒压工作下最大能量波动为±10%的脉冲激光加工系统光剂量进行了监控实验。在本系统的监控下,可将日标光剂量为150 mJ/mm~2以内的加工光剂量控制精度和重复精度分别控制在0.90%和0.100mJ/mm~2以内,同时将光剂量反馈控制速度提高了4倍。     

Measurement of the space–time interval in modified gravity theories in Palatini formalism

There are strong motivations that lead cosmologists to consider alternatives to Einstein’s theory of gravity in Palatini formalism. In addition, there are two distinguishable local frames in this formalism in which one of them is local inertial frame and the equivalence principle is satisfied. Different features of speed of light such as the causal structure constant, electromagnetic and gravitational wave velocities and Einstein velocity will not coincide in this local inertial frame for extended gravity theories in Palatini formalism. On the other hand, both the measurement of time and exchange of a signal between the distant points are required to determine spatial distances. In a particular situation where these aspects of the speed of light do not coincide, the distance determination will become more demanding because light will follow a time-like geodesic of the metric. In modified gravity theories in Palatini approach, theories involve a varying speed of photon. Therefore these kinds of theories must be based on some other technique of measuring spatial distances than radar or some terms should be corrected in the line element in the proposed model. We found out we should consider a coefficient which is proportional to energy density in each era, in the line element in order to be able to use radar for measuring distance in modified gravity theories in Palatini formalism. Analysis of some observational data will be affected by considering this coefficient in the line element.     

Tachyonic Dark Matter

Recent attempts to explain the dark matter and energy content of the universe have involved some radical extensions of standard physics, including quintessence, phantom energy, additional space dimensions, and variations in the speed of light. In this paper I consider the possibility that some dark matter might be in the form of tachyons. I show that, subject to some reasonable assumptions, a tachyonic cosmological fluid would produce distinctive effects, such as a surge in quantum vacuum energy and particle creation, and a change in the conventional temperature–time relation for the normal cosmological material. Possible observational consequences are discussed.     

Theoretical estimates of optimal parameters for quantum cascade lasers

The quantum cascade (QC) laser is a new light source which is based on one type of carrier (electrons) making transitions between energy levels created by quantum confinement. In this paper, focusing on the working conditions which a QC laser should satisfy, we have discussed the subband lifespans in QC laser active regions. The results show that the population inversion condition can be achieved by resonant tunneling associated with an optical phonon, and this population inversion can be facilitated by the short escaping time of electrons from one active region to the neighboring active region. Our calculations also show that the lifespans of levels 3 and 2 are dominated by the phonon scattering time, and the escaping time from one active region to the next active region is determined by the thickness of exit barrier and the proper design of the miniband between the active regions.     

Study of Lorentz violation in INTEGRAL gamma-ray bursts

We search for possible time lags caused by quantum gravitational effects using gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by INTEGRAL. The advantage of this satellite is that we have at our disposal the energy and arrival time of every detected single photon, which enhances the precision of the time resolution. We present a new method for seeking time lags in unbinned data using a maximum likelihood method and support our conclusions with Monte Carlo simulations. The analysis establishes a conservative lower bound on the Lorentz invariance violation scale, which is several orders of magnitude below the Planck mass, whose value may however increase if better statistics of GRBs were available. Furthermore, we disagree with previous studies in which a non-monotonic function of the redshift was used to perform a linear fit.     

基于动力学同步的复杂网络结构识别速度研究

基于动力学同步的复杂网络结构识别是探测复杂网络拓扑性质的重要方面, 其中识别速度是一个重要但鲜有讨论问题. 首先对弱耦合条件下耦合非线性振子网络结构识别速度的问题进行了研究. 发现识别速度随耦合强度成正比增长. 通过解析讨论, 肯定了这一关系是普适的. 之后基于我们最近提出的反复驱动识别方法, 将处于同步稳定态的耦合区域也纳入研究范围. 在这种情形下存在一个最佳的时间片段的长度使识别速度达到极值. 这些结论加深了对时间序列中蕴含的拓扑结构信息量的理解.     

Measuring the speed of sound of quintessence

Quintessence, a time-varying energy component that may account for the accelerated expansion of the universe, can be characterized by its equation of state and sound speed. In this paper, we show that if the quintessence density is at least 1% of the critical density at the surface of last scattering the cosmic microwave background anisotropy can distinguish between models whose sound speed is near the speed of light versus near zero, which could be useful in distinguishing competing candidates for dark energy.     

Deformed special relativity in position space

We investigate how deformations of special relativity in momentum space can be extended to position space in a consistent way, such that the dimensionless contraction between wave-vector and coordinate-vector remains invariant. By using a parametrization in terms of an energy dependent speed of light, and an energy dependent Planck's constant, we are able to formulate simple requirements that completely determine the active transformations in position space. These deviate from the standard transformations for large velocities of the observed object. Some examples are discussed, and it is shown how the relativistic mass gain of a massive particle is affected. We finally study the construction of passive Lorentz-transformations.     

Action and reaction in the theories of direct interparticle action

Newton's third law of motion is examined in the context of the theories of direct interparticle action. In such theories, interactions between particles travel backward and forward in time at speeds not exceeding the speed of light. It is shown that while in the flat spacetime the equality of action and reaction can be clearly demonstrated, the situation is considerably more complicated in the curved spacetime. The phenomenon of gravitational scattering intervenes to destroy the equality of action and reaction. Nevertheless, when gravitation is taken into account, there is no violation of the conservation law of energy and momentum. These results are discussed in the framework of general relativity for the case of the electromagnetic interaction.     

Solutions of Maxwell's equations for charge moving with the speed of light

It is shown that Maxwell's equations admit solutions for charge moving with the speed of light. These are globally regular, but if the charge is one of sign only, the total energy is infinite. However, if equal amounts of positive and negative charge are present, the total energy can be finite, and such solutions seem physically unobjectionable.     

深海海底反射区声场的相干结构及其有源声呐估距

有源声呐在探测深海海底反射区的目标时,由于声线大掠射角弯曲且声速沿声线传播路径不断变化,造成了常规估距方法产生较大的误差。有效声速法是减小常规估距方法误差的有效途径,但由于需要预先计算空间每一位置点的"声线时延有效声速"对,复杂度高,实时性差。针对有效声速法的实时性问题,本文基于深海海底反射区声场的相干结构,提出一种改进的有效声速估距方法.首先指出深海声场能量沿声源出射角强弱相间变化及其引起的海底反射区离散声呐可探测区现象,并利用深海近水面声源的声线干涉效应解释了该现象的物理机理,建立了声呐可探测区与高能量声线的量化关系。在此基础上,计算声呐可探测区边界位置的"声线时延-有效声速"对,并线性拟合出可探测区所有位置点对应的值。经仿真验证,该方法与传统的有效声速法均可实现对常规估距方法估距误差的有效校正。虽然该方法估距精度较传统的有效声速法略有增大,但计算复杂度和计算时间显著减小,实时性好,具有良好的工程应用前景。      

New representation for energy-momentum and its applications to relativistic dynamics

In this paper we introduce the concept counterpart of rapidity and define energy and momentum of the relativistic particle as functions of the counterpart of rapidity. Formulae of the relativistic mechanics defined in such a way are regular near the zero-mass and speed of light state. This representation admits to attain a correct limit of the formulae of the relativistic mechanics, including the Dirac equation, at zero-mass point and explains violation of the parity at this state. On the other hand, the representation for energy-momentum can be realized as a mapping from the massless state onto the massive one which looks like a “q deformation”. Hypothesis on quantization of the energy-momentum and the velocity near the light speed is suggested. The group of transformations using the counterpart of rapidity as a parameter of transformation is constructed.     

近红外无创生化分析中集光椭球反射镜参数设计与优化

近红外光谱技术检测速度快,不破坏样品,可在线分析,是血液无创生化分析能够获得应用的最具潜力的方法之一。但是由于人体血液的吸收光谱信号微弱,而常规光谱仪器在近红外无创生化分析中的光能利用率较低,给无创检测技术应用在临床分析上带来了困难。为了解决此问题,利用椭球反射镜的聚光特性,从几何光学角度出发,分析了椭球镜像点位置分布情况,并采用光线追迹方法优化其初始结构,从而将手指漫反射光高效收集到探测器上。通过仿真分析计算,该椭球反射镜的光能利用率比常规无收集装置的利用率提高了近5倍,增强了仪器检测血液吸收光谱信号的能力,有助于提高仪器信噪比。     

光在介质中的折射

研究了光的磁场在光与介质相互作用中的行为,建立了电子云导体模型,即介质中一个电子的电子云可以看作是一个微小导体,光变化的磁场与电子云导体间的电磁感应作用导致光与电子云导体之间的能量交换。光在介质中速度减慢起因于这种能量交换。应用电子云导体模型和能量守恒原理,导出了介质折射率表达式,并利用这个表达式计算了几种介质的折射率,计算结果与实测值符合得很好。解释了折射率的各向异性,以及静电场或静磁场对介质折射率的影响。     

Slow diffusion of light in a cold atomic cloud

We study the diffusive propagation of multiply scattered light in an optically thick cloud of cold rubidium atoms illuminated by a quasiresonant laser beam. In the vicinity of a sharp atomic resonance, the energy transport velocity of the scattered light is almost 5 orders of magnitude smaller than the vacuum speed of light, reducing strongly the diffusion constant. We verify the theoretical prediction of a frequency-independent transport time around the resonance. We also observe the effect of the residual velocity of the atoms at long times.     

Casimir energy for a dielectric cylinder

In this paper, we calculate the Casimir energy for a dielectric-diamagnetic cylinder with the speed of light differing on the inside and outside. Although the result is in general divergent, special cases are meaningful. The well-known results for a uniform speed of light are reproduced. The self-stress on a purely dielectric cylinder is shown to vanish through second order in the deviation of the permittivity from its vacuum value, in agreement with the result calculated from the sum of van der Waals forces. These results are unambiguously separated from divergent terms.     

Two-photon-excited photoluminescence and heating of gold nanorods through absorption of supercontinuum light

Most of lasers used for imaging and heating gold nanorods are single-wavelength lasers and their efficiency to interact with different gold nanorods is limited. In this study, we demonstrated that supercontinuum light could be a fast, effective and energy efficient excitation source for heating of gold nanorods. The photothermal effect and the heating speed of gold nanorods illuminated by a supercontinuum light and femtosecond pulses through two-photon excitation are experimentally studied through using transmission electron microscopy images and photoluminescence images of gold nanorods. It is found that the supercontinuum light improves the heating speed by 39 %, and melts 30 % more of gold nanorods compared with the femtosecond pulse excitation approach. The heating speed of gold nanorods by supercontinuum light depends not only on its polarization states, but also on the pulse width and numerical aperture of its focused beam. It has been found that the supercontinuum is more efficient in heating of gold nanorods, making it potentially valuable for clinical applications.     

Prototype Demonstration of Discrete Correlation Processor-2 Based on High-Speed Optical Image Steering for Large-Fan-Out Reconfigurable Optical Interconnections

We present a discrete correlation processor-2 (DCP-2), which is an optical processor with reconfigurability of interconnection patterns for large-fan-out optical interconnection systems. To our knowledge, there is no reconfigurable optical processor satisfying the requirements for large fan-outs such as high-speed reconfiguration of interconnection pattern, high optical efficiency, and high contrast ratio, because existing spatial light modulators (SLM#x0027;s) lack at least one of these features. The DCP-2 architecture fulfills the requirements by using a hybrid configuration composed of a high-speed image steerer and a spatial light modulator, which work in a complementary manner to shorten the setup time of the SLM. We constructed two kinds of prototype demonstrators based on this architecture. In the experiment, reconfiguration speed of the DCP-2 prototype with shift-invariant optical interconnections, in which a liquid crystal SLM cooperated with a two-dimensional acousto-optic beam deflector, was about 26,000 times faster than that of the standalone SLM at the cost of 50#x0025; energy loss by the deflector.