超热电子能量分布的实验和模拟研究

采用LiF探测器堆测量了飞秒激光-薄膜靶相互作用中超热电子产生的剂量。根据电子在LiF中的质量碰撞阻止本领,理论上计算出了超热电子的能量分布;在相同实验条件下,数值模拟结果与实验测量结果较好地一致,证明了实验测量的可靠性。理论分析显示,共振吸收是激光-薄膜靶相互作用中电子加速的主要机制。     

飞秒激光-薄膜靶相互作用中超热电子产额和激光转化效率

在激光能量130 mJ（靶面）,脉宽60 fs,波长800 nm,对比度1∶10-6,激光与靶法线成45°夹角,P偏振,靶面激光峰值功率密度约为7.0×1017 W·cm-2,无预脉冲的条件下,采用电子谱仪与经γ标准源标定的LiF热释光探测器（TLD）相配合,测量了飞秒激光-薄膜靶相互作用中产生的超热电子能谱。根据所测的能谱,推算出超热电子的产额和激光能量转化为超热电子能量的效率,在靶法线方向分别为1.19×1010/sr和4.55%/sr,在激光反射方向分别为1.83×109/sr和0.76%/sr。结果显示,不同方向的超热电子产额和激光转化效率有所不同,原因在于激光-等离子体相互作用产生的超热电子构成各向异性的分布。     

超短超强激光与固体靶相互作用中超热电子的角分布

用3TW超短超强激光器进行了激光与固体靶相互作用实验。采用电子角分布仪和LiF热释光探测器探测了超热电子的角分布。测量结果显示：能量较高的电子发射的定向性好于能量较低的电子;能量较低的电子呈溅射状发射;能量较高的电子发射出现两个尖锐的发射峰,其中,激光反射方向的超热电子发射峰则由反射激光、有质动力径向分量、侧向拉曼散射等加速机制共同作用的结果,靠近靶法线方向的超热电子发射峰是由其振吸收机制产生,且理论预言与实验结果相吻合。     

超短超强激光与固体靶相互作用中超热电子的角分布

 用3TW超短超强激光器进行了激光与固体靶相互作用实验。采用电子角分布仪和LiF热释光探测器探测了超热电子的角分布。测量结果显示：能量较高的电子发射的定向性好于能量较低的电子；能量较低的电子呈溅射状发射；能量较高的电子发射出现两个尖锐的发射峰，其中，激光反射方向的超热电子发射峰则由反射激光、有质动力径向分量、侧向拉曼散射等加速机制共同作用的结果，靠近靶法线方向的超热电子发射峰是由其振吸收机制产生，且理论预言与实验结果相吻合。     

飞秒激光-薄膜靶相互作用中超热电子产额和激光转化效率

 在激光能量130 mJ（靶面），脉宽60 fs，波长800 nm，对比度1∶10^-6，激光与靶法线成45°夹角，P偏振，靶面激光峰值功率密度约为7.0×10¹⁷ W·cm^-2，无预脉冲的条件下，采用电子谱仪与经γ标准源标定的LiF热释光探测器（TLD）相配合，测量了飞秒激光-薄膜靶相互作用中产生的超热电子能谱。根据所测的能谱，推算出超热电子的产额和激光能量转化为超热电子能量的效率，在靶法线方向分别为1.19×10¹⁰/sr和4.55%/sr，在激光反射方向分别为1.83×10⁹/sr和0.76%/sr。结果显示，不同方向的超热电子产额和激光转化效率有所不同，原因在于激光-等离子体相互作用产生的超热电子构成各向异性的分布。     

激光入射角对靶面方向超热电子发射的影响

实验研究了超短超强激光脉冲与薄膜靶相互作用中产生的超热电子角分布随激光入射角的变化.在靶面方向观测到一束方向性很好的高能超热电子.该高能超热电子束的电子数目随着激光入射角的增大而增大.对结果的分析表明，表面准静态磁场是导致表面电子产生的主要原因. 关键词： 超热电子 表面准静态磁场 超强激光脉冲与等离子体相互作用     

近相对论强度激光与薄膜靶相互作用中靶厚度对超热电子发射方向的影响

研究了近相对论强度的激光脉冲与薄膜靶相互作用中，靶厚度对超热电子发射方向的影响.实验发现，随着靶厚度的增加，靶后超热电子的发射方向向靶的法线方向移动，同时电子束的发散角变大.结果分析表明，靶背面电荷分离场强度的变化是影响电子发射方向的主要原因. 关键词： 飞秒激光脉冲 超热电子 靶厚度     

超热电子的产生与输运背向辐射的实验研究

报道了在100TW fs激光器上采用电子磁谱仪和光学CCD积分成像相机分别对激光-固体靶相互作用在靶背方向产生的超热电子能谱及其光学渡越辐射进行的测量。能谱测量结果显示：超热电子能谱呈单温类-麦克斯韦分布,拟合的温度为107keV;光学渡越辐射(OTR)测量结果显示：OTR是由于超热电子输运穿越固体靶所致,而辐射区域呈圆盘状、有发散角、有光强分布;如果考虑超热电子的产生和加热机制,则占主导地位的加热机制是共振吸收对电子的加热。     

飞秒激光-金属薄膜靶相互作用中靶前后超热电子能谱的比较

采用电子谱仪测量了飞秒激光-金属薄膜靶相互作用中靶前和靶后产生的超热电子能谱.结果显示：靶前超热电子能谱的峰出现在约430 keV处，靶后超热电子能谱的峰出现在约175 keV处；靶前超热电子的有效温度分别为218 keV和425 keV，靶后超热电子能谱出现“软化”现象，其有效温度分别为96 keV和347 keV.靶前和靶后超热电子能谱明显不同是由于超热电子输运穿越过密等离子体和冷材料的靶，并在靶后建立Debye鞘，鞘电场使靶后超热电子能谱峰向低能端移动，鞘电场和自生磁场导致靶后超热电子能谱产生“软化”，估算出的鞘电场小于激光电场.     

超热电子的产生与输运背向辐射的实验研究

报道了在100TW fs激光器上采用电子磁谱仪和光学CCD积分成像相机分别对激光-固体靶相互作用在靶背方向产生的超热电子能谱及其光学渡越辐射进行的测量.能谱测量结果显示:超热电子能谱呈单温类-麦克斯韦分布,拟合的温度为107 keV;光学渡越辐射(OTR)测量结果显示:OTR是由于超热电子输运穿越固体靶所致,而辐射区域呈圆盘状、有发散角、有光强分布;如果考虑超热电子的产生和加热机制,则占主导地位的加热机制是共振吸收对电子的加热.     

飞秒激光-等离子体相互作用中快电子能量分布

采用不同量程的电子谱仪与LiF热释光探测器相配合,测量了飞秒激光 等离子体相互作用中产生的快电子能量分布。结果显示快电子能量分布的一致性和多个重要特征与国外同类实验和计算机模拟结果相似。快电子能谱在低能处产生凹陷是由于冷电子的回流产生的;几种加速机制共同作用是能谱在100~350 keV范围内出现平台的原因;快电子的有效温度较好地满足共振吸收的温度定标律是由于反射激光加速与共振吸收机制均是通过朗道阻尼或波破对电子进行加速的。     

飞秒激光-等离子体相互作用中快电子能量分布

 采用不同量程的电子谱仪与LiF热释光探测器相配合,测量了飞秒激光 等离子体相互作用中产生的快电子能量分布。结果显示快电子能量分布的一致性和多个重要特征与国外同类实验和计算机模拟结果相似。快电子能谱在低能处产生凹陷是由于冷电子的回流产生的;几种加速机制共同作用是能谱在100~350 keV范围内出现平台的原因;快电子的有效温度较好地满足共振吸收的温度定标律是由于反射激光加速与共振吸收机制均是通过朗道阻尼或波破对电子进行加速的。     

The effect of multiple electron-electron scattering on the energy distribution of electrons in a correlated pair

A unit event of electron-electron scattering in LiF layers is studied by correlation spectroscopy of scattered electrons. The energy distribution of electrons in a correlated pair when a 15-to 55-eV free electron is scattered by a valence electron of LiF is studied. It is shown that single electron-electron scattering prevails and the distribution is uniform when the energy of the primary electron is below 25 eV. As the energy of the primary electron increases, the formation of correlated pairs of electrons with equal energies becomes the most probable. With the energy of the primary electron above 40 eV, the pairs with substantially different electron energies dominate. Such evolution of the energy distribution of the electrons in the pair stems from the fact that first one and then the other electron of the pair successively takes part in electron-electron scattering. A phenomenological model for the single scattering and double scattering of primary electrons in LiF films is considered. Results obtained indicate that the strengths of single scattering and double scattering channels become comparable at electron energies above 25 eV.     

Influence of cosmic radiation spectrum and its variation on the relative efficiency of LiF thermoluminescent detectors – Calculations and measurements

Lithium fluoride thermoluminescent detectors (TLD) were used for cosmic radiation dosimetry already in early 1960s. Since that time they have been constantly applied in numerous space missions for personal dosimetry, area monitoring, phantom measurements and dosimetry for biological experiments. The relative efficiency of TLDs, defined as the ratio of their response to a given radiation and to a reference radiation, is not constant, but depends on ionization density. This raises a question about the relative efficiency of TLDs exposed to the complex cosmic radiation spectrum encountered in Earth's orbit, which consists of a variety of particles, including heavy ions, the spectrum of which covers an extremely broad energy range. The present work is an attempt to find an answer to this question.The particle energy spectra were calculated for realistic flight conditions of the International Space Station (ISS). The calculation of the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) component was based on the input spectra generated with the DLR model for solar minimum (2009) and solar maximum (2000) conditions. Contributions of trapped protons were estimated based on the AP8 model for solar minimum and maximum taking into account the altitude variations of the ISS. The interactions of the primary particles with the ISS were simulated with GEANT4 using a shielding geometry derived from the mass distribution of the Columbus Laboratory of the ISS and several constant aluminum shieldings. The calculated spectra were convoluted with the experimental data on the relative TL efficiency measured for ions ranging from H to Xe at various particle accelerators for two commonly applied TL-materials, namely LiF:Mg,Ti and LiF:Mg,Cu,P.The results showed the differences in the average TL-efficiency for these two TL-materials. For LiF:Mg,Ti the relative efficiency is within a few percent from unity for any of the analyzed values of shielding, altitude and solar cycle conditions. This means that one can assume cosmic radiation doses measured in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with LiF:Mg,Ti detectors to be correct within such uncertainty. LiF:Mg,Cu,P underestimates the cosmic radiation doses by more than 15% in all cases. Altitude and solar cycle were found to have a very weak influence on the TL efficiency. In contrast, the influence of shielding thickness is quite significant. The reason for this is a change of contributions of radiation field components: trapped protons dominate at low shielding (97% of dose at 1 g/cm²), but are negligible above 60 g/cm², as well as changes within GCR spectrum (increase of dose due to lower LET secondaries for higher shielding). Shielding thickness affects both TLD types in different ways: the efficiency of LiF:Mg,Cu,P increases with increasing shielding thickness, while the efficiency of LiF:Mg,Ti shows some fluctuations, with a weak minimum for 60 g/cm². The response ratio of these TLDs decreases monotonically with the shielding thickness and could be used as an indicator for the average shielding conditions in which the TLDs were exposed.     

用于电子能谱测量的LiF热释光探测器标定

 用γ标准源对LiF热释光探测器（TLD）的灵敏度因子、线性吸收系数、离散性、重复性进行了测定。在此基础上建立了电子质量阻止本领的修正模型，理论上计算出电子等效质量阻止本领，给出单能电子的注量。由LiF TLD阵列可测量激光等离子体相互作用中发射的超热电子能谱（能量-注量关系）。     

用于电子能谱测量的LiF热释光探测器标定

用γ标准源对LiF热释光探测器（TLD）的灵敏度因子、线性吸收系数、离散性、重复性进行了测定。在此基础上建立了电子质量阻止本领的修正模型,理论上计算出电子等效质量阻止本领,给出单能电子的注量。由LiF TLD阵列可测量激光等离子体相互作用中发射的超热电子能谱（能量-注量关系）。     

Anregung von Kristallgitterschwingungen durch Elektronenstrahlen

The interaction of electrons with lattice vibrations in thin films of LiF, NaF, MgO, and Al₂O₃ has been studied by means of high resolution electron energy spectroscopy. Just above the excitation energy of the transversal optical modes small bands in the energy loss spectrum are observed. According to the dielectric theory of an unbounded medium only longitudinal optical modes should be excited. The observed energy loss spectrum may be explained by the excitation of surface lattice vibrations. A theoretical energy loss spectrum of LiF has been computed taking into account the surface effects. It is in excellent agreement with the experimental spectrum. Apart from electrons with energy loss also electrons with energy gain were observed. The intensity distribution of the energy gain spectrum is equivalent to the energy loss spectrum. Energy loss and gain spectra of fast electrons by excitation of lattice vibration are corresponding to the Stokes- and Antistokes lines of spectroscopy of light optics.     

Environmental gamma-ray dose rate measurement by using ultra-high sensitive LiF:Mg,Cu,Si TLD

Environmental gamma-ray dose rates were measured by using ultra-high sensitive LiF:Mg,Cu,Si thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) during short-term burial. The resultant gamma-ray dose rates were compared with those measured by using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of Al₂O₃:C and assessed by using HPGe spectrometer. Regardless of the short-term burial and the change of environmental conditions as well as the mismatch of the effective atomic number (Z_eff) with the soil (mainly SiO₂), good agreement was observed between the doses measured by TLDs and OSL dosimeters or the assessed doses. LiF:Mg,Cu,Si TLD has been found to be an effective alternative for the measurement of environmental gamma-ray annual dose rates for use in optical dating.     

High-dose characterization of different LiF phosphors

The dose response of three LiF TLDs: standard LiF:Mg,Ti (denoted MTS), high-sensitive LiF:Mg,Cu,P (MCP) and a recently developed in Kraków version of LiF:Mg,Ti with modified activator composition (MTT) and increased high-LET response was measured. The TLDs have been exposed to ⁶⁰Co gamma-rays, up to dose of 10 000 Gy, i.e. beyond saturation dose of the main dosimetric peaks, which corresponds to ca. 1000 Gy. The measured glow-curves were deconvolved into separate peaks with first order kinetic function (using self-developed GlowFit software). The dose response of the main peaks was found to be supralinear for MTS and sublinear for MCP detectors, as expected. The dose response of MTT was found to be even more supralinear than that of MTS. An interesting effect has been observed with regard to glow-curve shape of MCP detectors. Up to a dose of 1 kGy it remains practically unchanged, while for higher doses a strong growth of high-temperature peaks is observed. In the same dose region a decrease of the main peak of MCP with increasing dose is observed, unlike LiF:Mg,Ti detectors.