纳米α-Fe/PS复合材料的制备及其热力学性能研究

 采用油包水(W/O)的微乳液体系制备了粒度为20~100 nm的α Fe。对纳米Fe进行表面有机改性后分散到苯乙烯（St）单体中,得到分散均匀的Fe/St分散体系,用本体聚合的方法制备了纳米Fe/PS复合材料。利用XRD,TEM,FTIR,SEM及TG DSC分别研究了所得纳米Fe的性能、复合材料的结构、纳米Fe在PS中的分散情况以及掺杂量对纳米Fe/PS复合材料的热力学行为的影响。研究结果表明：增加纳米α-Fe的掺杂量能提高PS的降解率,降低降解温度,增大热分解的焓变。     

纳米金属-聚苯乙烯复合材料制备

在2002年度的基础上，通过对纳米金属的表面改性，完成了纳米金属与聚苯乙烯的掺杂纳米金属在PS中的分散规律中研究，从实验过程中找出最佳掺杂配方和工艺，最后采用乳液法制备出纳米复合材料的空心微球。确定了最佳的纳米金属-聚苯乙烯复合材料的合成制备工艺。     

ICF靶材料和靶制备技术研究进展

 主要介绍了中国工程物理研究院ICF靶材料科学与靶制备技术在材料研究、靶丸制备技术、薄膜制备技术、精密微工艺及靶参数测量等方面的主要研究进展。在靶材料研究方面,近年相继研制成功全氘代聚苯乙烯（D-PS）有机材料、微靶掺杂和激光吸收与X射线转换金属纳米或团簇材料;探索了新型有机气凝胶储氢材料,开展了金属小团簇理论研究和纳米金属复合材料的研究工作。在靶制备技术与工艺方面,完成了PS单层、双层和三层塑料空心微球的研制工作;利用低温等离子体聚合涂层技术,建立了微球表面沉积纯CH薄膜以及金属掺杂CH薄膜的工艺和技术;在玻璃微球充氩技术研究中,开展了原子力扫描显微镜对玻璃球壳钻孔工艺研究以及粒子辐照改性充气技术研究,等等。     

聚苯乙烯/纳米铝复合材料的流变特性及纺丝研究

为有效制得Z箍缩氘代聚苯乙烯/纳米铝(DPS/AlNPs)导电丝阵材料，采用PS中掺入AlNPs制备PS/AlNPs复合材料纤维进行模拟研究。研究了温度及剪切速率等因素对PS/AlNPs复合材料流变性能的影响、复合材料熔体的结构变化及流动状态与可纺性能的关系，以及PS/AlNPs纤维的形貌、热稳定性能和力学性能。结果表明:PS/AlNPs熔体属于典型剪切变稀型非牛顿流体，熔体的表观粘度与温度呈现负相关，240~260 ℃时复合材料的非牛顿指数介于0.462~0.546，结构黏度系数介于1.8~2.1，黏流活化能介于77.2~104.6 kJ·mol-1，具有良好的可纺性。PS/AlNPs纤维表面光滑，对AlNPs粒子包覆良好且对其抗氧化非常有利，其中当AlNPs质量分数为1%时纤维的断裂伸长率突出、掺量为5%时其断裂强度较高。     

纳米粘土增强环氧树脂复合材料抗原子氧性能的研究

本文采用激光爆破法高能原子氧束源研究了纳米粘土增强环氧树脂复合材料的抗原子氧性能. 研究了四种样品：纯环氧树脂,纳米粘土含量为1 wt%,2 wt%和4 wt%的纳米粘土增强环氧树脂复合材料,结果表明腐蚀深度随着纳米粘土含量的增加而降低,当掺杂纳米粘土含量为4 wt%时,腐蚀深度为纯环氧树脂腐蚀深度的28%∽37%;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明原子氧轰击后,材料表面C-C/C-H键比例减少,C-O键、酮类比例增加,表面氧化程度增加,掺杂纳米粘土的材料表面生成了新的碳酸盐,掺杂4 wt%纳米粘土的复合材料表面氧化程度增加最小;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示含有纳米粘土的复合材料表面被原子氧轰击后在纳米粘土团簇处形成了“块状”物质,掺杂4 wt%纳米粘土的复合材料,“块状”物质尺寸和分布密度最大;综合腐蚀深度,XPS,以及SEM结果表明,虽然所有表面都一定程度地被原子氧腐蚀和氧化,但掺杂纳米粘土的复合材料表面由于生成了“块状”物质,阻挡了原子氧进一步腐蚀其下的材料,提高了抗原子氧性能.     

CVD合成的掺杂BNx-石墨烯纳米复合材料:结构和发光性能

用B₄C为硼源,利用CVD系统在N₂-H₂等离子体中合成了掺杂BN_x纳米棒,接着在掺杂BN_x纳米棒表面用CH₄生长了石墨烯纳米片,制备出掺杂BN_x-石墨烯三维纳米复合材料。一系列表征结果说明合成的纳米复合材料由C和O共掺杂的BN_x纳米棒和石墨烯纳米片组成,其形成与碳氢基团的转换和掺杂BN_x纳米棒的形变在石墨烯纳米片中产生的应力有关。室温发光性能表明石墨烯纳米片对掺杂BN_x纳米棒的紫外光和绿光有明显的猝灭作用,起源于掺杂BN_x-石墨烯界面上的电荷转移和电子散射。     

纳米粘土增强环氧树脂复合材料抗原子氧性能的研究（英文）

本文采用激光爆破法高能原于氧束源研究了纳米粘土增强坏氧树脂复合材料的抗原子氧性能.研究了四种样品:纯环氧树脂,纳米粘土含量为1 wt%,2 wt%和4 wt%的纳米粘土增强环氧树脂复合材料,结果表明腐蚀深度随着纳米粘土含量的增加而降低,当掺杂纳米粘土含量为4 wt%时,腐蚀深度为纯环氧树脂腐蚀深度的28%～37%;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明原子氧轰击后,材料表面C-C/C-H键比例减少,C-O键、酮类比例增加,表面氧化程度增加,掺杂纳米粘土的材料表面生成了新的碳酸盐,掺杂4 wt%纳米粘土的复合材料表面氧化程度增加最小;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示含有纳米粘土的复合材料表面被原子氧轰击后在纳米粘土团簇处形成了"块状"物质,掺杂4 wt%纳米粘土的复合材料,"块状"物质尺寸和分布密度最大;综合腐蚀深度,XPS,以及SEM结果表明,虽然所有表面都一定程度地被原子氧腐蚀和氧化,但掺杂纳米粘土的复合材料表面由于生成了"块状"物质,阻挡了原子氧进一步腐蚀其下的材料,提高了抗原子氧性能.     

Ni掺杂提高紫光CsPbCl3钙钛矿纳米晶的发光热稳定性

为了提高紫光CsPbCl_3纳米晶的发光热稳定性,研究了不同掺杂浓度的Ni离子对CsPbCl_3纳米晶的结构和发光性质的影响。通过改变Ni/Pb进料量比,在190℃温度下制备出不同浓度Ni掺杂的CsPbCl_3(Ni∶CsPbCl_3)纳米晶。发现随着Ni/Pb进料量比的增加,Ni∶CsPbCl_3纳米晶的405 nm发光量子效率得到了较大的提高,高达54%,但当Ni/Pb进料比超过4∶1之后,Ni∶CsPbCl_3纳米晶的发光量子效率开始下降,这是由于氯化镍的浓度过高,影响了CsPbCl_3纳米晶的成核和生长过程。还观察到,随着Ni/Pb进料比的增加,Ni∶CsPbCl_3纳米晶的平均尺寸逐渐减小,晶格变得更加有序。通过对不同浓度的Ni∶CsPbCl_3纳米晶的变温光谱测量,发现Ni离子明显地减少CsPbCl_3纳米晶的发光热猝灭,有效地改善了其发光热稳定性。实验结果表明,Ni离子掺杂有效地提高了紫光CsPbCl_3纳米晶的发光效率,可能归因于Ni离子掺杂减少了CsPbCl_3纳米晶中的缺陷。     

Ni纳米团簇修饰的板钛矿TiO2准纳米立方块的制备及其光催化产氢性能

本文采用化学还原法制备了系列Ni纳米团簇(NCs)修饰的板钛矿TiO₂准纳米立方块(Ni/BTN). 结果表明,Ni NCs的负载量和氧化态对Ni/BTN复合材料的光吸收、光催化活性和稳定性均存在显著的影响. 在制备的系列Ni NCs负载产物中,0.1%Ni/BTN复合材料的光催化产氢活性(156 μmol/h)最佳,为单纯的BTN产氢活性(36 μmol/h)的4.3倍. 进一步的研究结果表明,Ni NCs的超细尺寸(∽2 nm)和高分散性有利于快速捕获BTN的光生电子,从而可缩短光生电荷的传输距离和提高BTN 的光催化活性. 结果证明了板钛矿TiO₂是一类潜在的高效光催化材料,为采用低成本Ni基助催化剂进一步提高其光催化性能的研究提供了重要的思路.     

有机金属化学气相沉积法制备的Ni/Al2O3纳米复合材料的氢吸附

研究了通过有机金属化学气相沉积技术及单源分子前躯体方法制备的Ni/Al₂O₃纳米复合材料的氢吸附(存储). 在冷壁的有机金属化学气相沉积反应器中,通过降解Ni(acac)₂粉末基底上的[H₂Al(OtBu)]₂制备的Ni/Al₂O₃纳米复合材料. 通过X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜以及能量色散型X射线荧光光谱等技术表征该复合材料. 采用自制Sievert's设备研究该复合材料的氢吸附(存储),可以储存约2.9%(重量比)的氢.     

NiCoP/rGO复合材料的合成及其性能研究

以六水合氯化镍、七水合硫酸钴、氧化石墨烯(GO)和赤磷为原料,利用原位水热法,在不添加任何表面活性剂的情况下,合成了磷化钴镍/还原氧化石墨烯(NiCoP/rGO)纳米复合材料,并通过XRD、SEM、TEM、IR、Raman等对该复合材料进行了表征.结果表明,所得复合材料由NiCoP纳米颗粒和还原氧化石墨烯片层结构组成,NiCoP纳米颗粒尺寸大约为20 nm,均匀分布在rGO片层结构表面上,同时探讨了复合材料的形成过程.另外,复合材料的吸附脱除实验表明,所得复合材料对多种染料都具有非常好的吸附作用,因此,在污水处理方面有较大的应用价值.     

Synthesis and investigation of the structure of nanocomposites based on nickel nanoparticles dispersed in a phthalocyanine matrix

A method based on doping of pure nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) with a polycrystalline potassium powder at relatively low temperatures (300°C) has been proposed for the synthesis of a magnetic nanocomposite containing nickel nanoparticles stabilized in the NiPc matrix. The structural analysis of the synthesized nanoparticles and changes in the NiPc initial matrix has been performed using X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It has been found that, at the doping level used in this study, the synthesized samples of the K_xNiPc nanocomposites contain from 9 to 18% Ni in the form of metallic magnetic nanoparticles with an average size of more than 40 nm. It has been shown that the formation of nanoparticles is accompanied by a relative misorientation of persistent NiPc molecules with the unchanged structure of each of these molecules. The stabilization of nickel nanoparticles by the phthalocyanine matrix leads to the fact that the synthesized nanocomposites acquire time-conserving magnetic properties.     

Polymer-templated mesoporous carbons synthesized in the presence of nickel nanoparticles, nickel oxide nanoparticles, and nickel nitrate

Mesoporous carbon composites, containing nickel and nickel oxide nanoparticles, were obtained by soft-templating method. Samples were synthesized under acidic conditions using resorcinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursors, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock co-polymer Lutrol F127 as a soft template and nickel and nickel oxide nanoparticles, and nickel nitrate as metal precursors. In addition, a one set of samples was obtained by impregnation of mesoporous carbons with a nickel nitrate solution followed by further annealing at 400 °C. Wide angle X-ray powder diffraction along with thermogravimetric analysis proved the presence of nickel nanoparticles in the final composites obtained using nickel and nickel oxide nanoparticles, and Ni(NO₃)₂ solution. Whereas, the impregnation of carbons with a nickel nitrate solution followed by annealing at 400 °C resulted in needle-like nickel oxide nanoparticles present inside the composites’ pores. Low-temperature (−196 °C) nitrogen physisorption, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed good adsorption and structural properties of the synthesized nickel-carbon composites, in particular, the samples possessed high surface areas (>600 m²/g), large total pore volumes (>0.50 cm³/g), and maxima of pore size distribution functions at circa 7 nm. It was found that the composites were partially graphitized during carbonization process at 850 °C. The samples are stable in an air environment below temperature of 500 °C. All these features make the synthesized nickel-carbon composites attractive materials for adsorption, catalysis, energy storage, and environmental applications.     

The effect of annealing on structural,optical and electrical properties of ZnS/porous silicon composites

ZnS films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on porous silicon (PS) substrates. This paper investigates the effect of annealing temperature on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of ZnS/PS composites by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) and I–V characteristics. It is found that the ZnS films deposited on PS substrates were grown in preferred orientation along β-ZnS (111) direction, and the intensity of diflraction peak increases with increasing annealing temperature, which is attributed to the grain growth and the enhancement of crystallinity of ZnS films. The smooth and uniform surface of the as-prepared ZnS/PS composite becomes rougher through annealing treatment, which is related to grain growth at the higher annealing temperature. With the increase of annealing temperature,the intensity of self-activated luminescence of ZnS increases, while the luminescence intensity of PS decreases, and a new green emission located around 550 nm appeared in the PL spectra of ZnS/PS composites which is ascribed to the defect-center luminescence of ZnS. The I-V characteristics of ZnS/PS heterojunctions exhibited rectifying behavior, and the forward current increases with increasing annealing temperature.     

Effect of annealing on structural, optical and electrical properties of ZnS/porous silicon composites

ZnS films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on porous silicon (PS) substrates. This paper investigates the effect of annealing temperature on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of ZnS/PS composites by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) and I--V characteristics. It is found that the ZnS films deposited on PS substrates were grown in preferred orientation along β-ZnS (111) direction, and the intensity of diffraction peak increases with increasing annealing temperature, which is attributed to the grain growth and the enhancement of crystallinity of ZnS films. The smooth and uniform surface of the as-prepared ZnS/PS composite becomes rougher through annealing treatment, which is related to grain growth at the higher annealing temperature. With the increase of annealing temperature, the intensity of self-activated luminescence of ZnS increases, while the luminescence intensity of PS decreases, and a new green emission located around 550~nm appeared in the PL spectra of ZnS/PS composites which is ascribed to the defect-center luminescence of ZnS. The I--V characteristics of ZnS/PS heterojunctions exhibited rectifying behavior, and the forward current increases with increasing annealing temperature.     

The effect of PS porosity on the structure,optical and electrical properties of ZnS/PS

ZnS films were deposited on porous silicon (PS) substrates with different porosities by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The crystalline structure, surface morphology of ZnS films on PS substrates and optical, electrical properties of ZnS/PS composites were studied. The results show that, ZnS films deposited on PS substrates were grown in preferred orientation along β-ZnS (111) direction corresponding to crystalline structure of cubic phase. With the increase of PS porosity, the XRD diffraction peak intensity of ZnS films decreases. Some voids and cracks appear in the films. Compared with as-prepared PS, the PL peak of PS for ZnS/PS has a blueshift. The larger the porosity of PS, the greater the blueshift is. A new green light emission located around 550 nm is observed with increasing PS porosity, which is ascribed to defect-center luminescence of ZnS. The blue, green emission of ZnS combined with the red emission of PS, a broad photoluminescence band (450–750 nm) is formed. ZnS/PS composites exhibited intense white light emission. The I–V characteristics of ZnS/PS heterojunctions showed rectifying behavior. Under forward bias conditions, the current density is large. Under reverse bias conditions, the current density nearly to be zero. The forward current increases with increasing PS porosity. This work lay a foundation for the realization of electroluminescence of ZnS/PS and solid white light emission devices.     

Surface modification of magnetic metal nanoparticles through irradiation graft polymerization

To tailor the interfacial interaction in magnetic metal nanoparticles filled polymer composites, the surfaces of iron, cobalt and nickel nanoparticles were grafted by irradiation polymerization. In the current report, effects of grafting conditions, including irradiation atmosphere, irradiation dose and monomer concentration, on the grafting reaction are presented. The interaction between the nanoparticles and the grafted polymer was studied by thermal analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. It was found that there is a strong interfacial interaction in the form of electrostatic bonding in the polymer-grafted nanoparticles. The dispersibility of the modified nanoparticles in chloroform was significantly improved due to the increased hydrophobicity.     

Growth and morphology of carbon nanostructures on nickel oxide nanoparticles in catalytic chemical vapor deposition

The present study explores the conditions favorable for the growth of cylindrical carbon nanostructures such as multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and carbon nanofiber by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) method using nickel oxide-based catalyst nanoparticles of different average sizes as well as different levels of doping by copper oxide. The role of doping and the average size have been related to the observed melting behavior of nanoparticles of nickel oxide by thermal and diffraction analysis, and the importance of melting has been highlighted in the context of growth of cylindrical nanostructures. In the reducing environment prevailing in the CCVD chamber due to decomposition of flowing acetylene gas at elevated temperature, there is extensive reduction of oxide nanoparticles. Lack of melting and faster flow of carbon-bearing gases favor the formation of a carbon deposit cover over the catalyst nanoparticles giving rise to the formation of nanobeads. Melting allows rapid diffusion of carbon from the surface to inside catalyst particles, and reduced flow of gas lowers the rate of carbon deposit, both creating conditions favorable for the formation of cylindrical nanostructures, which grows around the catalyst particles. Smaller particle size and lower doping favor growth of MWCNT, while growth of fiber is commonly observed on larger particles having relatively higher level of doping.     

Controlled synthesis of monodispersed superparamagnetic nickel ferrite nanoparticles

Nickel ferrite nanoparticles have been prepared through a gentle chemistry route, starting from iron nitrate, nickel nitrate and stearic acid. The nickel ferrite crystalline phase, the particle size and shape, and the homogeneity of the resulting nanoparticles were studied by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared techniques were used to study the composition characteristics of the as-prepared sample. Magnetization studies at room temperature showed superparamagnetic behavior for the nanoparticles. Magneto-optic rotation studies at different wavelengths of He-Ne lasers reveal non-linear behavior.