基于受激发光实验的生物光尾流特性

基于生物受激发光与流场机械刺激间的相关性,构建了库埃特流场刺激下的生物受激发光实验平台,分析了影响生物发光的水动力因素剪应力。实验结果显示：引起多边膝沟藻受激发光的剪应力阈值为0.1 N/m2;当流场中的剪应力大于发光阈值后,生物发光强度随着剪应力的增大而增强。采用FLUENT软件模拟计算了不同航速下某潜艇尾流场中的剪应力,计算结果表明：剪应力随着尾流长度的增加而减小,在近场区域剪应力出现了类似正弦波振荡的减小,且航速越大减幅越大,减速越快;当潜艇航速大于4.1 m/s航行时, 2 000 m处尾流的剪应力仍然大于引起生物发光的剪应力阈值。     

生物受激发光的管流实验研究

构建了管流场刺激下的生物受激发光实验平台,分析了管流场中的水动力特性和影响生物受激发光的水动力因素。采用光子计数器测量了3种腰鞭毛虫在管流刺激下的受激发光特性。实验结果表明:海洋生物体受激发光的水动力影响因素是流场剪应力,引起生物体发光的剪应力存在剪应力阈值,只有当剪应力大于阈值,生物体才能被激发发光。根据生物体种类的不同,刺激生物受激发光的剪应力阈值为0.05~0.29N/m2。通过对实验数据的分析得出了生物受激发光的发光强度与剪应力的关系。     

流场刺激下海洋生物发光的光学特性及数理模型

生物受激发光探测是一种感知水中目标的新技术、新手段。选取多边膝沟藻、夜光虫和月芽形梨甲藻3种典型海洋受激发光生物体为对象,采用光谱仪、光子计数器、库埃特流场旋转圆筒等装置搭建了生物受激发光实验平台,研究了不同刺激下生物体受激发光的光学特性,并在此基础上结合概率论和数理统计理论,建立了流场刺激下的生物发光的数理模型。结果表明:发光藻的发光具有较好的单色谱特性,峰值波长集中在472 nm左右,谱线的半波宽度为30～40 nm。发光藻的发光随着机体的疲劳而变弱,但发光能力随着机体的休息会慢慢恢复。同种刺激条件下,3种藻发光强度的强弱依次为月芽形梨甲藻、夜光虫、多边膝沟藻。     

船舶噪声激励夜光虫发光特性实验研究

对船舶噪声刺激下的生物发光特性展开研究,发光生物为夜光虫。利用声学换能器模拟船舶辐射噪声,在含有发光生物夜光虫的实验水槽中进行生物发光实验。声学换能器发出不同频率,对夜光虫受不同频率噪声激励下的发光特性进行记录。通过对不同激励频率下夜光虫发光图像的分析处理,得到不同频率激发下生物发光点图像,经统计分析得到了夜光虫在船舶噪声激励下的发光特性,得出夜光虫发光点数随频率和声源级的增加而增加的结论。     

海洋发光细菌的发光及其应用

海洋发光细菌是一类在正常的生理条件下能够发射可见光的异养细菌,其发光特性与细菌体内的物质结构、海洋环境要素、水中污染物等多种因素有关。通过对海洋发光细菌发光特性及其应用可能性的论述,如利用发光细菌的发光强度与水中毒物的浓度、毒性的关系检测污染物;利用潜艇航行时激发的生物发光勾画出潜艇涡动的光尾流可跟踪探测潜艇;海洋发光细菌的发光特性还可用以改进水下光通讯与探测、海洋水色遥感、海洋发光细菌分类、发光免疫和抗菌素浓度测定等方面。阐明海洋发光细菌发光特性的重要研究意义并为进一步开展应用研究提供借鉴。     

真实尾流的光学特性

在实验室对模拟尾流气泡幕研究的基础上,设计了用于真实尾流测试的水下实验系统通过对千湖1号船在不同航速下尾流的几何特征进行观察和分析计算,得到了尾流深度、宽度与航速的关系,并且对尾流的水面宽度以及散开角进行了估计.在5km/h,10km/h和15km/h的航速下对尾流不同几何部位的激光透射强度进行了测量,结果与理论计算基本一致.从透射光的相对强度来分析实验结果,可以认为自然光的影响是一个次要因素.     

三电极等离子体合成射流激励器工作特性参数影响实验

采用放电测量和光学诊断技术对三电极等离子体合成射流激励器放电特性及流场特性进行了实验研究,分析了放电电容、激励器腔体体积和射流出口直径对三电极等离子体合成射流流场分布及速度特性的影响.实验结果表明:三电极等离子体合成射流激励器放电过程包含触发、放电增强、放电衰减和电弧熄灭4个阶段,表现出典型的欠阻尼放电特征;等离子体合成射流流场包含射流主流、"前驱激波"和复杂的反射波系.放电电容、腔体体积和射流出口直径均存在一阈值,当电容和出口直径小于阈值、腔体体积大于阈值时,"前驱激波"以当地声速（约345 m/s）恒速传播,否则"前驱激波"则以大于345 m/s的速度传播,且与射流速度呈现相同的变化趋势,即随着放电电容和出口直径的增加而增大,随着腔体体积的增加而减小.      

水下武器发射时流噪声研究

水下鱼雷武器发射噪声是潜艇的特殊噪声源。为直观详尽地描述发射系统内鱼雷出管的具体情况,本文建立了潜艇水下鱼雷安静发射普遍采用的液压平衡式发射装置内部及外部流场的有限元分析模型。基于FLUENT的动网格技术进行数值模拟,计算分析了发射过程的速度场和压力场,以及由此引起的发射流噪声特性。探讨了发射速度、发射管内外压力、潜艇航速或外部流场、水深等多种因素对鱼雷水下发射噪声的影响。     

飞秒激光激发空气电离的阈值研究

报道在脉宽50fs—22ps，波长800nm脉冲激光作用下的空气电离阈值的研究结果.利用探测等离子体发光信号的方法，实验测量了激发空气电离所需的阈值激光强度.结果表明，当激光脉冲宽度从50fs增加到22ps时，阈值光强I_th从8.7×10¹⁴W/cm²下降到2.7×10¹³W/cm²；I_th经历了由迅速降低逐渐发展为缓慢降低的过程.在50fs—1p     

水的低频受激拉曼散射

利用532 nm的脉冲激光进行了水的受激拉曼散射研究. 水的低激发光能量下主要表现为受激Stocks和反Stocks 3426 cm^-1谱线; 在能量大于140 mJ时出现低频率313 cm^-1受激Stocks谱线, 同时出现后向3389和3268 cm^-1 的受激Stocks谱线. 实验结果表明, 在较强的激光作用下, 水的结构表现为冰的Ⅷ相.     

Electro–magnetic control of shear flow over a cylinder for drag reduction and lift enhancement

In this paper, the electro-magnetic control of a cylinder wake in shear flow is investigated numerically. The effects of the shear rate and Lorentz force on the cylinder wake, the distribution of hydrodynamic force, and the drag/lift phase diagram are discussed in detail. It is revealed that Lorentz force can be classified into the field Lorentz force and the wall Lorentz force and they affect the drag and lift forces independently. The drag/lift phase diagram with a shape of ＂8＂ consists of two closed curves, which correspond to the halves of the shedding cycle dominated by the upper and lower vortices respectively. The free stream shear （K 〉 0） induces the diagram to move downward and leftward, so that the average lift force directs toward the downside. With the upper Lorentz force, the diagram moves downwards and to the right by the field Lorentz force, thus resulting in the drag increase and the lift reduction, whereas it moves upward and to the left by the wall Lorentz force, leading to the drag reduction and the lift increase. Finally the diagram is dominated by the wall Lorentz force, thus moving upward and leftward. Therefore the upper Lorentz force, which enhances the lift force, can be used to overcome the lift loss due to the free stream shear, which is also obtained in the experiment.     

On the boundary slip of fluid flow

For hundreds of years, in all the textbooks of classical fluid mechanics and lubrica- tion mechanics it is assumed that there was no wall slip (boundary slip) at a liquid-solid interface, i.e. no relative motion between liquid and solid at the interface. This is the no-slip boundary condition. It has been widely applied to engineering and experiments and to almost all the rheology or viscosity measurements of fluids. Rheology is one of the most important bases for fluid mechanics and lubricati…     

Asymmetry of the wall shear stress in a stimulated ascendant flow of a liquid with monodisperse bubbles

Results of an experimental investigation of the two-phase wall shear stress averaged over the tube perimeter and the pulsation of wall shear stress in a stimulated ascendant flow with monodisperse bubbles with an average diameter of 1.2 and 2.2 mm are presented. Regimes with various hydrodynamic parameters such as high shear stress on the wall, low and negative wall shear stress, a high level of shear stress pulsation on the wall, and possible decrease in this level of pulsation are found. An increase in the void gas fraction results in a monotonic increase of perturbation of the single-phase flow. The dependences of the ratio of two-phase and single-phase wall shear stresses for two average bubble diameters seem to be qualitatively similar. The analysis of data revealed a complex dependence of the shear stress pulsation on the bubble diameter. The averaged flow characteristics quantitatively change upon the decrease in the bubble diameter. A further decrease in the average bubble diameter at the same void gas fraction will probably increase the heat-and mass-transfer characteristics of the flow. This is an issue for the futures study.     

Heat transfer and shear stress in a gas-liquid flow in an inclined flat channel

Results of experimental investigation of a bubbly gas-liquid flow in an inclined flat channel are presented. Themeasurements were carried out in the range of superficial liquid velocities of 0.3–1.1 m/s and with different values of the volumetric gas flow rate ratio. The hydrodynamic structure wasmeasured bymeans of an electrochemical method using miniature shear stress probes. Values of average shear stress and heat transfer coefficient for different orientation of the channel were found. It is shown that in a bubbly gas-liquid flow the shear stress and heat transfer depend substantially on the channel inclination angle.     

Experimental measurement of wall shear stress in strongly disrupted flows

Mean and fluctuating wall shear stress is measured in strongly disrupted cases generated by various low-porosity wall-mounted single- and multi-scale fences. These grids generate a highly turbulent wake which interacts with the wall-bounded flow modifying the wall shear stress properties. Measurement methods are validated first against a naturally growing zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer showing accuracies of 1% and 4% for extrapolation and direct measurement of the mean shear stress respectively. Uncertainty associated with the root mean square level of the fluctuations is better than 2% making it possible to measure small variations originating from the different fences. Additionally, probability density functions and spectra are also measured providing further insight into the flow physics. Measurement of shear stress in the disrupted cases (grid+TBL) suggest that the flow characteristics and turbulence mechanisms remain unaltered far from the grid even in the most disrupted cases. However, a different root mean square level of the fluctuations is found for different grids. Study of the probability density functions seem to imply that there are different degrees of interaction between the inner and outer regions of the flow.     

Shear-flow-induced unfolding of polymeric globules

The behavior of a single collapsed polymer under shear flow is examined using hydrodynamic simulations and scaling arguments. Below a threshold shear rate gamma[.]{*}, the chain remains collapsed and only deforms slightly, while above gamma[.]{*} the globule exhibits unfolding/refolding cycles. Hydrodynamics are crucial: In the free draining case, gamma[.]{*} scales with the globule radius R as gamma[.]{*} approximately R{-1}, while in the presence of hydrodynamic interactions gamma[.]{*} approximately R. Experiments on the globular von Willebrand protein confirm the presence of an unfolding transition at a well-defined critical shear rate.     

具有多孔介质覆面层的柱体绕流流场分析

建立多孔结构覆面柱体绕流模型, 采用含Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer作用力项的格子Boltzmann方程对覆盖多孔介质层的方柱绕流进行数值模拟, 研究多孔介质对钝体绕流流场特性的影响。结果表明: 相比于不可渗透壁的柱体, 引入合适参数的多孔介质覆面层后可以有效降低其升力脉动幅值, 但阻力有所增加。同时, 较高雷诺数下多孔方柱的数值模拟表明: 多孔介质壁面使得尾迹区域的剪切层相距更远, 降低了尾流处湍动能, 并将雷诺应力的峰值移动到尾迹区域, 抑制了方柱两侧的动量交换, 使动量交换的位置发生在尾迹区域, 继而使得尾迹的涡街更加规则化。     

Influence of bubbly clusters on the characteristics of the two-phase gas-liquid flow in a flat channel

Results of experimental investigation of a bubbly gas-liquid flow in horizontal and weakly inclined (from −20° to +20°) flat channel are presented. These measurements were carried out within the 0.2–1 m/s range of superficial velocities and volumetric gas flow rate ratio of up to 0.2. The hydrodynamic structure was measured by the electrochemical method with application of wall shear stress and conductivity microprobes. During the experiments signals of shear stress on the upper channel wall and local gas flow rate ratio were recorded completely. After numerical treatment of recorded signals the profiles of local gas flow rate ratio were obtained, average shear stress and its relative mean square pulsations on the upper channel wall were determined. It is shown that under the studied regimes the bubbles are grouped into clusters, and the bubbly flow is presented by alternation of bubbly clusters and single-phase liquid with separate bubbles and without them. Average wall shear stress and absolute shear stress pulsations in the range of bubbly clusters and beyond them were determined. Histograms of probability density distribution were obtained for the wall shear stress on the upper wall. It is shown that average shear stress and absolute pulsations in clusters are significantly higher than those in the flow zone free from bubbles. The work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (No. 07-08-00405a).