Catastrophic extinction,noise-stabilized turbulence and unpredictability of competition in a modified Volterra-Lotka model

Spatial coexistence and competition among species is investigated through a modified Volterra-Lotka model which takes into account sexual breeding. This allows the population specific growth rate to depend on the population density. As a result of this modification the degeneracy inherent in the classical model is eliminated and qualitatively novel regimes are observed, as demonstrated by parametric analysis of the model. In the case where the corresponding parameters of competing species do not differ significantly the model can be reduced to a single Ginzburg-Landau type equation. The spatially distributed model is analyzed both in the absence and in the presence of noise mimicking inherent fluctuations in birth and death rates. It is shown that noise can qualitatively change the behavior of the system. Not only does it induce the formation of spatial patterns, but also switches on endless turbulent-like rearrangement of the system. When initially unpopulated habitat is occupied by competing species even a very low-intensity noise makes the final state of the system totally unpredictable and sensitive to any fluctuations. (c) 1996 American Institute of Physics.     

Stochastic fluctuation induced the competition between extinction and recurrence in a model of tumor growth

We investigate the phenomenon that stochastic fluctuation induced the competition between tumor extinction and recurrence in the model of tumor growth derived from the catalytic Michaelis–Menten reaction. We analyze the probability transitions between the extinction state and the state of the stable tumor by the Mean First Extinction Time (MFET) and Mean First Return Time (MFRT). It is found that the positional fluctuations hinder the transition, but the environmental fluctuations, to a certain level, facilitate the tumor extinction. The observed behavior could be used as prior information for the treatment of cancer.     

Spatial bandwidth considerations for optical communication through a free space propagation link

This Letter concentrates on the transverse limitations imposed by a finite aperture optical propagation link that supports free space optical communication. Here it is assumed that a series of states, which are the spatial component of the message, are sent through the communication channel. The spatial bandwidth of the propagation link expressed as bits per transmitted photon is computed as the product of the average link efficiency times the entropy of the link. To facilitate the evaluation, it is assumed that the transmitted states are minimum energy loss orbital angular momentum states expressed in the form of f(nm)(r)exp(imθ), where the radial function is controlled to ensure that, for each quantum number denoted by the values of n and m, the minimum energy loss is obtained. The results illustrate that the bandwidth in units of bits per transmitted photon is very nearly equal to log(2)(N(2)(f)here log(2)(·) denotes the logarithm in base 2 and the Fresnel number, N(f)=(π/4)D(1)D(2)/(λz), where D(1) is the diameter of the transmitting aperture, D(2) is the diameter of the receiving aperture, λ is the wavelength of the light used, and z is the propagation distance.     

Spectral measurement of acceptor-to-donor extinction coefficient ratio in living cells

This report presents a simple method named as sp-ECR to determine the molar extinction coefficient ratio (γ(λ_ex)) of acceptor-to-donor in living cells at excitation wavelength λ_ex, which is closely associated with the acceptor cross-excitation, the hardest issue of FRET quantification. sp-ECR determines γ(λ_ex) by spectrally unmixing the emission spectrum of a donor–acceptor tandem construct under λ_ex excitation without any additional references, such that this method can be performed under optimal imaging condition. We used sp-ECR to measure the γ(458) of Venus/Cerulean in living HepG2 cells on a confocal microscope, and the measured values were consistent with those obtained by lux-FRET method. We also used sp-ECR to measure the γ(458) values of Venus/Cerulean and YFP/CFP as well as YFP/GFP, the commonly used FRET FPs pairs in other two kinds of cancer cell lines on the confocal microscope, and found that the extinction coefficients of FPs depended on cell lines. After predetermining the γ(458) of Venus to ECFP, we used sp-ECR method to monitor the staurosporine (STS)-induced dynamical caspase-3 activation in single live A549 cells expressing SCAT3 by spectrally resolving the absolute FRET efficiency of SCAT3, and found that STS-induced caspase-3 activation in single cells is a very rapid process within 20 min.     

Light extinction method for solubility measurement

A novel measurement method for chemical solubility determination is brought forward, in which the advantages of two kinds of traditional methods are united. The results show that the concentration of unsolved particles suspending in the solution can be determined by measuring I/I0 (ratio of the transmission intensity to the incident intensity) of the laser beam permeating through the solution according to Lamben-Beer law. The biggest relative deviation for the solubility data determined is less than 1.5% for the sparingly soluble substances and 0.3% for the opulently soluble substances. By comparison of the experimental solubility data with previous data, the light extinction method is demonstrated to be stable and reliable.     

An extinction theorem for optical scattering

From a many-body theory of optical scattering we derive a relation for the collective behaviour of incoherently scattered light emerging from a molecular fluid. The relation involves a surface integral and has precisely the mathematical form of the Ewald-Oseen extinction theorem; it is exact in the sense of that theorem. We prove from the relation that scattered radiation is refracted and reflected at the surface of the scattering medium according to rules inferred from macroscopic optics. The relation provides a construction of contributions to the scattering with any number of internal reflections; it applies also to scattering restricted by stops. Explicit expressions for the surface dependent scattering in terms of a Fresnel transmissivity correct a previously reported theory of bulk scattering.     

Mixed-cation perovskite solar cells in space

<正>The metal halide perovskite materials demonstrate outstanding performance in photovoltaics because of their excellent optoelectronic properties [1-7]. The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibiting outstanding efficiency [8,9], high power-per-weight [10], and excellent radiation resistance[11-13] are considered to be promising for developing the new-generation energy technology for space application.However, the extreme space environment would impose     

新型空间硅太阳电池纳米减反射膜系的优化设计

结合纳米材料折射率（小于1.4）和AM0太阳光谱特性,对空间硅太阳电池的减反射膜进行了设计分析.分别设计了常规材料和纳米材料的双层、三层减反射膜,得到了最佳的膜系参数,并作出了反射率变化曲线.结果发现,采用低折射率纳米材料的三层减反射膜有着更好的减反射效果,新型纳米减反射膜系与采用常规材料的减反射膜系相比,优化后的最小加权平均反射率减小了15%（双层减反射膜）和24.5%（三层减反射膜）. 关键词： 折射率 减反射膜 纳米材料 空间硅太阳电池     

Rotation of partially coherent beams propagating through free space

The orientation of a general partially coherent beam is described by introducing two pairs of orthogonal axes defined in terms of the second-order coherence features of the field. A general classification scheme for light beams is presented, based on their rotational behaviour under free propagation. This behaviour could be inferred from the values of certain measurable parameters at some plane. As an example of interest, the above classification is applied to Gaussian (coherent) beams with general astigmatism.     

Power counting and regularization through loop integrations for multiple Feynman integrals in Minkowski space

A regularization procedure with a regularization parameter is developed which may be applied to multiple Feynman integrals in Minkowski space. The regularization is carried out inmomentum space and provides a rigorous method for studying Feynman integrals as multiple integrals in real variable theory. The regularized integrals are defined by changing the measure of integration _i dx _i to _i (1+x _i ² )^–/2 dx _i , >0, with a corresponding change defined inMinkowski space. We then develop a power counting convergence criterion for the absolute convergence of the integrals in terms of the parameter as a function of the so-called power asymptotic coefficients of Feynman integrands. An application to quantum electrodynamics is carried out.Work supported by the Department of National Defence Award under CRAD No. 3610-637:F4122.     

Piloted ignition and extinction for solid fuels

Piloted ignition of solid fuels is investigated by simulating the transport and chemical reaction in a counter-flow arrangement where a known fuel (methane) is supplied through a porous burner and the power and the location of the igniter are varied. The porous burner arrangement simulates a pyrolyzing solid fuel at constant temperature by separating the gas phase from the solid conduction and pyrolysis phenomena. An Arrhenius one-step global reaction and a simplified transport model with Lewis number equal to one were used in the simulation. Only quasi-steady conditions are considered for the gas phase in this work because the response time for the solid phenomena is, in general, much larger than the response diffusion time for the gaseous phenomena. The relation of piloted ignition to extinction is also investigated. The effect of Damköhler number on ignition and extinction and the effect of the igniter on ignition are presented through a characteristic S curve obtained by plotting the evolving maximum temperature as a function of fuel mass flux. Based on the S-shaped curve (representing the maximum temperature in the system versus the mass flux of fuel), the relationship between the piloted ignition and extinction turning points and mass fluxes has been demonstrated in this paper. The piloted ignition turning point gradually approaches the extinction turning point with increasing Damköhler number and also with increasing power of the igniter. The ignition mass flux is found to depend basically on three parameters, Damköhler number, the location of the igniter and the power of the igniter all expressed in dimensionless forms.     

光纤型偏振器消光比测试方法研究

介绍了单模光纤偏振器和保偏光纤偏振器 (包括研磨型保偏光纤偏振器和线圈型保偏光纤偏振器 )消光比的基本测试方法。单模光纤偏振器的基本测试方法有偏振控制器法和旋转波片法 ;研磨型保偏光纤偏振器的基本测试方法有起偏器 45°法和消偏法 ;线圈型保偏光纤偏振器的基本测试方法有偏振控制器法和消偏法。对每种方法的优点和缺点以及在测试过程中可能会出现的问题进行了详细分析 ,并通过实验进行了验证     

光模块消光比的补偿方法

提出了一种新型光模块消光比补偿方法。该方法首先根据不同温度下驱动芯片上报电流的大小,结合光功率和消光比的计算公式,模拟出激光器光功率随电流及电压的变化曲线。然后根据要求调整激光器调制电流的大小,以保持消光比的稳定。该补偿方式有效地解决了光器件一致性较差的问题,可以将原来斜效率的指标适当放宽10%,从而提高了利用率和成品率,降低了模块生产成本。     

光模块消光比的补偿方法

提出了一种新型光模块消光比补偿方法。该方法首先根据不同温度下驱动芯片上报电流的大小,结合光功率和消光比的计算公式,模拟出激光器光功率随电流及电压的变化曲线。然后根据要求调整激光器调制电流的大小,以保持消光比的稳定。该补偿方式有效地解决了光器件一致性较差的问题,可以将原来斜效率的指标适当放宽10%,从而提高了利用率和成品率,降低了模块生产成本。     

大气气溶胶消光系数检测系统设计

利用半导体激光器照射大气气溶胶试样后光强衰减得到大气气溶胶消光系数。光束经过气溶胶后检测透射方向的光强值,经光电转换、信号调理、AD采样后根据朗伯比尔定理计算气溶胶消光系数。采用双通道测量气溶胶消光系数的方法,减小了由于半导体激光器光强不稳定和大气分子对测量结果的影响。对设计的系统以不同浓度的气溶胶进行了检测,其线性度良好,相对误差小于4%。所设计的大气气溶胶检测装置体积小、操作简单、探测速度快,对监测大气污染和能见度等有一定的应用价值。     

探测大气气溶胶消光系数的便携式米散射激光雷达

 介绍了一种新型的便携式米散射激光雷达的总体结构及其各部分的功能，分析讨论了该激光雷达在夜晚与白天探测大气气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线的性能。其夜晚的探测高度达到15km左右，白天的探测高度达到10km左右。还可对卷云进行探测，获得卷云的厚度及其峰值消光系数。该激光雷达具有结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻、自动化程度高、探测速度快等优点。     

纳米碳纤维红外消光数值计算

为探讨纳米碳纤维作为烟幕粒子的红外消光特性,基于电磁场理论建立了细直的纳米碳纤维感应电流积分方程,并利用矩量法进行了求解,导出了纳米碳纤维散射场及吸收、散射和消光截面的计算式.通过与变分法的计算结果相比较,表明了该方法的有效性.利用该方法数值分析了纳米碳纤维红外消光截面与入射场波长、入射角、纤维长度和半径的关系,计算结果为纳米碳纤维用于红外烟幕干扰提供了理论依据.