Entrance-channel dynamics in the reaction ~(40)Ca+~(208)Pb

The entrance-channel dynamics including capture, fusion, and quasifission processes for the reaction ~(40)Ca+~(208)Pb is investigated in the fully microscopic time-dependent Hartree-Fock(TDHF) theory. The calculations are performed in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate without any symmetry restrictions, in which the full Skyrme energy functional SLy4d and SLy5 are adopted.We study the energy dependence of capture cross sections, and find that the experimental data are well reproduced by the TDHF calculations. Both fusion and quasifission events are observed in the reaction ~(40)Ca+~(208)Pb. The contact time, mass and charge of quasifission fragments show a wide distribution in SLy4d compared with SLy5, implying that more nucleons are transferred in the SLy4d calculations. We find that the total kinetic energy of quasifission fragments in the TDHF calculations is distributed around Viola systematics, indicating that most of the relative kinetic energy is dissipated in quasifission dynamics.     

Comparison of the characteristics of the fusion-fission and quasifission products in reactions with heavy ions

Overlap of quasifission and fusion-fission product mass distributions measured for the ⁴⁸Ca + ¹⁵⁴Sm reaction at near-barrier energies is analyzed. As the incident ion energy increases, the angular distribution of quasifission fragments becomes narrower and they are concentrated near the forward and backward angles. The observed decrease in the yield of quasifission products with increasing collision energy is caused by noncoincidence of the product emission and detector position directions (the latter direction lags behind the beam direction by more than 15°) rather than by a decrease in the number of quasifission events. Our evaluations show that the excitation functions of evaporation residues in the ⁵⁴Cr + ²⁴⁸Cm reaction are several orders of magnitude larger than the excitation functions for the other reactions, ⁵⁸Fe + ²⁴⁴Pu and ⁶⁴Ni + ²³⁸U, used to synthesize a new superheavy element with Z = 120 (A = 302).     

Two distinct quasifission modes in the 32S + 232Th reaction

Comprehensive fission measurements, including mass-angle distributions, for the reaction of 32S with the prolate deformed nucleus 232Th at near-barrier energies show two distinct components in both mass and angle; surprisingly, both have characteristics of quasifission. Their relative probabilities vary rapidly with the ratio of the beam energy to the capture barrier, suggesting a relationship with deformation aligned (sub-barrier), or antialigned (above-barrier), configurations at contact.     

The influence of the entrance channel on the formation and decay of the compound nucleus <Superscript>250</Superscript>No

The mass-energy and angular distributions of binary fissionlike fragments produced in the reactions ⁴⁴Ca + ²⁰⁶Pb and ⁶⁴Ni + ¹⁸⁶W, leading to the same compound nucleus ²⁵⁰No, have been measured at excitation energies of 30 and 40 MeV. The presence of the quasifission component was observed for both systems. But in the case of the ⁶⁴Ni ion, the quasifission process dominates, while in the case of the ⁴⁴Ca ion, the main process is the fusion-fission of compound nucleus ²⁵⁰No. From the angular distributions of reaction fragments, the time scales were found for quasifission and fusion-fission for both reactions.     

Photon statistics and dynamics of fluorescence resonance energy transfer

We report high time-resolution measurements of photon statistics from pairs of dye molecules coupled by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). In addition to quantum-optical photon antibunching, we observe photon bunching on a time scale of several nanoseconds. We show by numerical simulation that configuration fluctuations in the coupled fluorophore system could account for minor deviations of our data from predictions of basic F?rster theory. With further characterization we believe that FRET photon statistics could provide a unique tool for studying DNA mechanics on time scales from 10(-9)-10(-3) s.     

Angular momentum dependence of quasifission dynamics in the reaction ~(48)Ca+~(244)Pu

The quasifission dynamics in the reaction ~(48)Ca+~(244)Pu is investigated in the framework of time-dependent Hartree-Fock(TDHF)theory. The calculations are performed in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate without any symmetry restrictions. The full Skyrme energy functional is incorporated in our TDHF implementation. The quasifission dynamics is quite sensitive to the angular momentum of colliding system. The contact time of quasifission decreases as a function of angular momentum and then forms a plateau with small oscillations. The quasifission process is accompanied by an important multi-nucleon transfer. The quantum shell effect plays a crucial role in the mass and charge of quasifission fragments. The mass-angle distribution of the fragments is calculated, which can be compared directly with future experiments.     

Dynamics of capture and fusion in heavy ion collisions

The effect of entrance channel on decrease of the complete fusion cross sections and on the yield of reaction products are associated with the quasifission which depends on the mass asymmetry and shell structure of colliding nuclei. In reactions of massive projectile and target nuclei, the competition between complete fusion and quasifission appears at the stage of compound nucleus formation, in addition to the increase of the fission probability. It is shown that the yield of quasifission products may be symmetric or asymmetric in dependence on peculiarities of shell structure of reaction fragments. Marima of mass or charge distributions are connected with the peculiarities of shell structure of reaction fragments.     

Pushing the limits of plasma length in inertial-fusion laser-plasma interaction experiments

We demonstrate laser beam propagation and low backscatter in laser produced hohlraum plasmas of ignition plasma length. At intensities I < 5 x 10(14) W cm(-2) greater than 80% of the energy in a blue (3 omega, 351 nm) laser is transmitted through a L=5-mm long, high-temperature (Te = 2.5 keV), high-density (ne = 5 x 10(20) cm(-3)) plasma. These experiments show that the backscatter scales exponentially with plasma length which is consistent with linear theory. The backscatter calculated by a new steady state 3D laser-plasma interaction code developed for large ignition plasmas is in good agreement with the measurements.     

Angular momentum dependence of quasifission dynamics in the reaction <Superscript>48</Superscript>Ca+<Superscript>244</Superscript>Pu

The quasifission dynamics in the reaction ⁴⁸Ca+²⁴⁴Pu is investigated in the framework of time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) theory. The calculations are performed in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate without any symmetry restrictions. The full Skyrme energy functional is incorporated in our TDHF implementation. The quasifission dynamics is quite sensitive to the angular momentum of colliding system. The contact time of quasifission decreases as a function of angular momentum and then forms a plateau with small oscillations. The quasifission process is accompanied by an important multi-nucleon transfer. The quantum shell effect plays a crucial role in the mass and charge of quasifission fragments. The mass-angle distribution of the fragments is calculated, which can be compared directly with future experiments.     

Disentangling effects of nuclear structure in heavy element formation

Forming the same heavy compound nucleus with different isotopes of the projectile and target elements allows nuclear structure effects in the entrance channel (resulting in static deformation) and in the dinuclear system to be disentangled. Using three isotopes of Ti and W, forming 232Cm, with measurement spanning the capture barrier energies, alignment of the heavy prolate deformed nucleus is shown to be the main reason for the broadening of the mass distribution of the quasifission fragments as the beam energy is reduced. The complex, consistently evolving mass-angle correlations that are observed carry more information than the integrated mass or angular distributions, and should severely test models of quasifission.     

基于双核模型对准裂变产物质量分布的研究

在双核模型基础上引入一维的Kramers公式，计算了⁴⁸Ca+²⁴⁴Pu，⁴⁸Ca+²³⁸U和⁵⁸Fe+²³²Th这三个反应准裂变碎片的质量分布，得到了与实验比较符合的结果.同时提取出了碎片质量分布随时间的演化关系，为理解熔合与准裂变竞争过程提供了非常有用的信息.由于准裂变在重离子熔合反应中起着重要作用，理论计算与实验结果的比较是对现有熔合模型的重要检验. 关键词： 超重元素 熔合反应 准裂变产物 质量产额     

Description of quasifission reactions in the dinuclear system model

The formation and evolution of dinuclear systems in quasifission reactions are investigated. The process of formation of reaction products is analyzed based on the concept of a dinuclear system. Isotopic trends of cross sections of production of superheavy nuclei in quasifission reactions are discussed. The yields of new neutron-rich isotopes of nuclei with Z = 64–80 in quasifission reactions are predicted. The mechanism of production of complex fragments in complete fusion and quasifission reactions is analyzed.     

Combining macroscopic and microscopic diffusion studies in zeolites using NMR techniques

In this study the zero length column (ZLC) technique is extended to the case where the decay of the adsorbed phase concentration is observed directly by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). An adsorption-desorption apparatus compatible with a 400-MHz NMR spectrometer was developed. It operates with nitrogen or helium as the inert purge gas. The column of the adsorbent material is placed in the sensitive region of the superconducting magnet and the rf coil of the NMR spectrometer. The time scales of the adsorption and desorption processes depend on concentration, temperature and crystal shape and are found to be in the range of 1-10 min. From the desorption branch, the non-equilibrium ZLC-NMR measurements yield intracrystalline diffusion coefficients in the range of 10(-13) to 10(-11) m2/s for different alkanes in silicalite-1. These values are always found to be smaller than the values measured by pulsed field gradient NMR under equilibrium condition indicating that there must be additional transport resistance at the external surface of these silicalite-1 zeolite crystals.     

Anomalous diffusion in living yeast cells

The viscoelastic properties of the cytoplasm of living yeast cells were investigated by studying the motion of lipid granules naturally occurring in the cytoplasm. A large frequency range of observation was obtained by a combination of video-based and laser-based tracking methods. At time scales from 10(-4) to 10(2) s, the granules typically perform subdiffusive motion with characteristics different from previous measurements in living cells. This subdiffusive behavior is thought to be due to the presence of polymer networks and membranous structures in the cytoplasm. Consistent with this hypothesis, we observe that the motion becomes less subdiffusive upon actin disruption.     

Measurement of diffusion in the presence of shear flow

We demonstrate here a method whereby molecular diffusion coefficients may be measured in the presence of the deformational flow field of a rheo-NMR cell. The method, which uses a repetitive CPMG train of rf pulses interspersed with magnetic field gradient pulses, allows the anisotropic diffusion spectrum to be directly probed. We focus on the cylindrical Couette cell, for which the radial, tangential, and axial directions correspond to the hydrodynamic velocity gradient, velocity, and vorticity directions. While ideal Couette flow does not perturb the vorticity direction, it does perturb diffusion measurements for the velocity gradient direction, and to a lesser extent, the velocity direction. We show that with closely spaced gradient pulses operating in a flow-compensating mode, there exists a diffusion limit below which one cannot measure, that scales as T(2)gamma(4), where gamma is the shear rate and T the gradient pulse repetition period. For a typical rheo-NMR cell, and for the more challenging velocity gradient direction, diffusion rates above 10(-12) m(2) s(-1) can be accurately measured (to 1% error) at shear rates up to 3s(-1). We demonstrate the use of the method in measuring the diffusion spectrum of a lyotropic lamellar phase under shear.     

Irradiation-induced magnetism in carbon nanostructures

Nitrogen (15N) and carbon (12C) ion implantations with implant energy of 100 keV for different doses were performed on nanosized diamond (ND) particles. Magnetic measurements on the doped ND show ferromagnetic hysteresis behavior at room temperature. The saturation magnetization (M(s)) in the case of 15N implanted samples was found to be higher compared to the 12C implanted samples for dose sizes greater than 10(14) cm(-2). The role of structural modification or defects along with the carbon-nitrogen (C-N) bonding states for the observed enhanced ferromagnetic ordering in 15N doped samples is explained on the basis of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements.     

Necessity of dark matter in modified Newtonian dynamics within galactic scales

To test modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) on galactic scales, we study six strong gravitational lensing early-type galaxies from the CASTLES sample. Comparing the total mass (from lensing) with the stellar mass content (from a comparison of photometry and stellar population synthesis), we conclude that strong gravitational lensing on galactic scales requires a significant amount of dark matter, even within MOND. On such scales a 2 eV neutrino cannot explain the excess of matter in contrast with recent claims to explain the lensing data of the bullet cluster. The presence of dark matter is detected in regions with a higher acceleration than the characteristic MOND scale of approximately 10(-10) m/s(2). This is a serious challenge to MOND unless lensing is qualitatively different [possibly to be developed within a covariant, such as Tensor-Vector-Scalar (TeVeS), theory].     

Scale dependence and localization of the deformation of Arctic sea ice

A scaling analysis of the deformation of Arctic sea ice over a 3-day time period is performed for scales of 10 to 1000 km. The deformation field is derived from satellite radar data; it allows us to study how a very large solid body-the Arctic sea-ice cover-deforms under the action of heterogeneous forcing winds and ocean currents. The deformation is strongly localized at small scales, and can be characterized as multifractal. This behavior is well known for turbulent flows, and is here also observed for a deforming solid. A multiscaling extrapolation to the meter scale (laboratory scale) shows that, at the 3-day time scale, about 15% of the deformation is larger than 10(-4) s(-1), implying brittle failure, over 0.2% of the total area.     

Spin diffusion of correlated two-spin states in a dielectric crystal

Reciprocal space measurements of spin diffusion in a single crystal of calcium fluoride (CaF2) have been extended to dipolar ordered states. The experimental results for the component of the spin diffusion rate parallel to the external field are D(parallel)(D)=29+/-3x10(-12) cm(2)/s for the [001] direction and D(parallel)(D)=33+/-4x10(-12) cm(2)/s for the [111] direction. The measured diffusion rates for dipolar order are faster than those for Zeeman order and are considerably faster than predicted by simple theoretical models. It is suggested that constructive interference in the transport of the two-spin states is responsible for this enhancement. As expected, the anisotropy in the diffusion rates is observed to be significantly less for dipolar order compared to the Zeeman case.