On Compactness, Domain Dependence and Existence of Steady State Solutions to Compressible Isothermal Navier–Stokes Equations

The steady state system of isothermal Navier–Stokes equations is considered in two dimensional domain including an obstacle. The shape optimisation problem of minimisation of the drag with respect to the admissible shape of the obstacle is defined. The generalized solutions for the Navier–Stokes equations are introduced. The existence of an optimal shape is proved in the class of admissible domains. In general the solutions are not unique for the problem under considerations.     

Axisymmetric Solutions of the Euler Equations for Polytropic Gases

We construct rigorously a three‐parameter family of self‐similar, globally bounded, and continuous weak solutions in two space dimensions for all positive time to the Euler equations with axisymmetry for polytropic gases with a quadratic pressure‐density law. We use the axisymmetry and self‐similarity assumptions to reduce the equations to a system of three ordinary differential equations, from which we obtain detailed structures of solutions besides their existence. These solutions exhibit familiar structures seen in hurricanes and tornadoes. They all have finite local energy and vorticity with well‐defined initial and boundary values. These solutions include the one‐parameter family of explicit solutions reported in a recent article of ours. (Accepted October 29, 1996)     

The Generalized Proudman�CJohnson Equation Revisited

We demonstrate the existence of solutions to the inviscid generalized Proudman–Johnson equation for parameters a lying in the open interval (−5,−1) which develop singularities in finite time; moreover, we show that there are solutions which exist for all times if a = −1. Finally, a simple blow-up criterion for solutions arising from a special class of initial data is given.     

Young‐Measure Solutions for a Viscoelastically Damped Wave Equation with Nonmonotone Stress‐Strain Relation

We study the viscoelastically damped wave equation with a nonmonotone stress‐strain relation σ. This system describes the dynamics of phase transitions, which is closely related to the creation of microstructures. In order to analyze the dynamic behavior of microstructures we consider highly oscillatory initial states. Two questions are addressed in this work: How do oscillations propagate in space and time? What can be said about the long‐time behavior? An appropriate tool to deal with oscillations are Young measures. They describe the local distribution or one‐point statistics of a sequence of fast fluctuating functions. We demonstrate that highly oscillatory initial states generate in a unique fashion an evolution in the space of Young measures and we derive the determining equations. Further on we prove a generalized dissipation identity for Young‐measure solutions. As a consequence, it is shown that every low‐energy solution converges to a Young‐measure equilibrium as t→∞. This is a generalization of G. Friesecke's & J. B. McLeod's [FM96] convergence result for classical solutions to the case of Young‐measure solutions. (Accepted November 12, 1997)     

Generalized Solutions of the Capillary Problem

It was pointed out by Finn [2] that the capillary problem in zero gravity has not always a classical (smooth) solution in the case that the bounded domain Ω⊂ℝ² contains cusps or corners. Here, ω denotes the cross section of a given cylinder, in which a liquid is contained. If special energy terms could become infinite the variational formulation is not free of limitations as well. Therefore, the concept of generalized solutions, which can be traced back to Miranda [11], has been developed and could be a way out. We want to prove an existence result for such solutions under very weak preconditions. The proof is closely related to Giusti's paper [6], but we do not require full smoothness of the boundary. The major new difficulty is that we also want to consider domains with non-Lipschitz boundary. This excludes the application of some theorems. On the other hand, we use special geometric conditions in ℝ² and consequently, the proof cannot easily be generalized to a higher dimension. Furthermore, we construct some generalized solutions explicitly.     

On the Large Time Behavior of Solutions of Hamilton–Jacobi Equations Associated with Nonlinear Boundary Conditions

In this article, we study the large time behavior of solutions of first-order Hamilton–Jacobi Equations set in a bounded domain with nonlinear Neumann boundary conditions, including the case of dynamical boundary conditions. We establish general convergence results for viscosity solutions of these Cauchy–Neumann problems by using two fairly different methods: the first one relies only on partial differential equations methods, which provides results even when the Hamiltonians are not convex, and the second one is an optimal control/dynamical system approach, named the “weak KAM approach”, which requires the convexity of Hamiltonians and gives formulas for asymptotic solutions based on Aubry–Mather sets.     

Series solutions of unsteady MHD flows above a rotating disk

The series solutions of unsteady flows of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid caused by an impulsively rotating infinite disk are given by means of an analytic technique, namely the homotopy analysis method. Using a set of new similarity transformations, we transfer the Navier–Stokes equations into a pair of nonlinear partial differential equations. The convergent series solutions are obtained, which are uniformly valid for all dimensionless time 0 ≤ τ < ∞ in the whole spatial region 0 ≤ η < ∞. To the best of our knowledge, such kind of series solutions have never been reported. The effect of magnetic number on the velocity is investigated.     

Stable Configurations in Superconductivity: Uniqueness, Multiplicity, and Vortex‐Nucleation

. We find new stable solutions of the Ginzburg‐Landau equation for high κ superconductors with exterior magnetic field h _ex. First, we prove the uniqueness of the Meissner‐type solution. Then, we prove, in the case of a disc domain, the coexistence of branches of solutions with n vortices of degree one, for any n not too high and for a certain range of h _ex; and describe these branches. Finally, we give an estimate on the nucleation energy barrier, to pass continuously from a vortexless configuration to a configuration with a centered vortex. (Accepted October 29, 1998)     

Lack of Uniqueness for Weak Solutions of the Incompressible Porous Media Equation

In this work we consider weak solutions of the incompressible two-dimensional porous media (IPM) equation. By using the approach of De Lellis–Székelyhidi, we prove non-uniqueness for solutions in L ^∞ in space and time.     

Navier–Stokes Equations with Navier Boundary Conditions for an Oceanic Model

We consider the Navier–Stokes equations in a thin domain of which the top and bottom surfaces are not flat. The velocity fields are subject to the Navier conditions on those boundaries and the periodicity condition on the other sides of the domain. This toy model arises from studies of climate and oceanic flows. We show that the strong solutions exist for all time provided the initial data belong to a “large” set in the Sobolev space H ¹. Furthermore we show, for both the autonomous and the nonautonomous problems, the existence of a global attractor for the class of all strong solutions. This attractor is proved to be also the global attractor for the Leray–Hopf weak solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations. One issue that arises here is a nontrivial contribution due to the boundary terms. We show how the boundary conditions imposed on the velocity fields affect the estimates of the Stokes operator and the (nonlinear) inertial term in the Navier–Stokes equations. This results in a new estimate of the trilinear term, which in turn permits a short and simple proof of the existence of strong solutions for all time.     

Non-Existence of Global Solutions For a Quasilinear Benney System

Benney introduced in 1977 (cf. Stud Appl Math 56:81–94, 1977) a general strategy for deriving systems of nonlinear PDEs describing the interaction between long and short waves. In Dias et al. (CR Acad Sci Paris I 344:493–496, 2007) we have studied the local existence and unicity of solutions to a quasilinear version of these systems. In the present paper we prove that in some important cases global strong solutions do not exist.     

Existence and Non-linear Stability of Rotating Star Solutions of the Compressible Euler–Poisson Equations

We prove the existence of rotating star solutions which are steady-state solutions of the compressible isentropic Euler–Poisson (Euler–Poisson) equations in three spatial dimensions with prescribed angular momentum and total mass. This problem can be formulated as a variational problem of finding a minimizer of an energy functional in a broader class of functions having less symmetry than those functions considered in the classical Auchmuty–Beals paper. We prove the non-linear dynamical stability of these solutions with perturbations having the same total mass and symmetry as the rotating star solution. We also prove finite time stability of solutions where the perturbations are entropy-weak solutions of the Euler–Poisson equations. Finally, we give a uniform (in time) a priori estimate for entropy-weak solutions of the Euler–Poisson equations.     

Some properties of three-dimensional Biltrami flows

The investigation of Beltrami flows is important for the research on the mechanism of turbulent structure. In this paper the general solutions of the Beltrami flows are given, which depend explicitly on the solutions of three independent Helmholtz equations with scalar unknowns. Velocity fields of Beltrami flows can then be obtained explicitly after the application of some curl operations on the solutions of Helmholtz equations. On the basis of the exact solutions of Euler equations given above, we obtain one kind of exact solutions of non-steady Navier-Stokes equations which are also the Beltrami flows. Some interesting examples of Beltrami flows other than “ABC flows”, “Kolmogolov flows”, “Rayleigh-Bernard flows”, “Q-flows” are given. The detailed analytic results of these examples will be published in the near future.     

Smoothing Effects for Classical Solutions of the Full Landau Equation

In this work, we consider the smoothness of the solutions to the full Landau equation. In particular, we prove that any classical solutions (such as the ones obtained by Guo in a “close to equilibrium” setting) become immediately smooth with respect to all variables. This shows that the Landau equation is a nonlinear and nonlocal analog of an hypoelliptic equation.     

Divergence‐Measure Fields and Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

. We analyze a class of vector fields, called divergence‐measure fields. We establish the Gauss‐Green formula, the normal traces over subsets of Lipschitz boundaries, and the product rule for this class of fields. Then we apply this theory to analyze entropy solutions of initial‐boundary‐value problems for hyperbolic conservation laws and to study the ways in which the solutions assume their initial and boundary data. The examples of conservation laws include multidimensional scalar equations, the system of nonlinear elasticity, and a class of systems with affine characteristic hypersurfaces. The analysis in also extends to . (Accepted July 16, 1998)     

Analyticity and Decay Estimates of the Navier–Stokes Equations in Critical Besov Spaces

In this paper, we establish analyticity of the Navier–Stokes equations with small data in critical Besov spaces . The main method is Gevrey estimates, the choice of which is motivated by the work of Foias and Temam (Contemp Math 208:151–180, 1997). We show that mild solutions are Gevrey regular, that is, the energy bound holds in , globally in time for p < ∞. We extend these results for the intricate limiting case p = ∞ in a suitably designed E _∞ space. As a consequence of analyticity, we obtain decay estimates of weak solutions in Besov spaces. Finally, we provide a regularity criterion in Besov spaces.     

Some Flows in Shape Optimization

Geometric flows related to shape optimization problems of the Bernoulli type are investigated. The evolution law is the sum of a curvature term and a nonlocal term of Hele–Shaw type. We introduce generalized set solutions, the definition of which is widely inspired by viscosity solutions. The main result is an inclusion preservation principle for generalized solutions. As a consequence, we obtain existence, uniqueness and stability of solutions. Asymptotic behavior for the flow is discussed:we prove that the solutions converge to a generalized Bernoulli exterior free-boundary problem.     

Viscosity Solutions of a Degenerate Parabolic-Elliptic System Arising in the Mean-Field Theory of Superconductivity

In a Type‐II superconductor the magnetic field penetrates the superconducting body through the formation of vortices. In an extreme Type‐II superconductor these vortices reduce to line singularities. Because the number of vortices is large it seems feasible to model their evolution by an averaged problem, known as the mean-field model of superconductivity. We assume that the evolution law of an individual vortex, which underlies the averaging process, involves the current of the generated magnetic field as well as the curvature vector. In the present paper we study a two‐dimensional reduction, assuming all vortices to be perpendicular to a given direction. Since both the magnetic field H and the averaged vorticity ω are curl‐free, we may represent them via a scalar magnetic potential q and a scalar stream function ψ, respectively. We study existence, uniqueness and asymptotic behaviour of solutions (ψ, q) of the resulting degenerate elliptic‐parabolic system (with curvature taken into account or not) by means of viscosity and weak solutions. In addition we relate (ψ, q) to solutions (ω, H) of the mean‐field equations without curvature. Finally we construct special solutions of the corresponding stationary equations with two or more superconducting phases. (Accepted August 8, 1997)     

Regularity Results for Two-Dimensional Flows of Multiphase Viscous Fluids

Global regularity results for weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional multiphase incompressible fluids are proved under suitable conditions on the viscosity without assuming positive lower bounds on the initial density. As an application, we deduce regularity properties for the integral curves of the corresponding velocity field. Finally, we prove regularity results “in the small” for strong solutions. (Accepted October 10, 1995)     

Two-phase Entropy Solutions of a Forward–Backward Parabolic Equation

This article deals with the Cauchy problem for a forward–backward parabolic equation, which is of interest in physical and biological models. Considering such an equation as the singular limit of an appropriate pseudoparabolic third-order regularization, we consider the framework of entropy solutions, namely weak solutions satisfying an additional entropy inequality inherited by the higher order equation. Moreover, we restrict the attention to two-phase solutions, that is solutions taking values in the intervals where the parabolic equation iswell-posed, proving existence and uniqueness of such solutions.