Electroanalytical Oxidation of p‐Coumaric Acid

Abstract

The mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of p‐coumaric acid on a glassy carbon electrode was investigated using cyclic, differential pulse, and square wave voltammetry at different pHs. The oxidation of p‐coumaric acid is irreversible over the whole pH range. After successive scans, the p‐coumaric acid oxidation product deposits on the electrode surface, forming a polymeric film that undergoes reversible oxidation at a lower potential than p‐coumaric acid. This polymeric film increases in thickness with the number of scans, covering the electrode surface, and impeding the diffusion of the p‐coumaric acid and its oxidation on the electrode. The oxidation of p‐coumaric acid is pH dependent up until values close to the pK_a. For pHs higher than pK_a, the p‐coumaric acid oxidation process is pH independent. An electroanalytical determination procedure of p‐coumaric in pH 8.7 0.2 M ammonium buffer was developed, and a detection limit, LOD=83 nM, and the limit of quantification, LOQ=250 nM, were obtained.     

铜-丁二酮肟-四硼酸钠体系络合吸附波的研究

ΠpoxopoBa等曾研究铜-丁二酮肟(DMG)-氨缓冲溶液体系的dc极谱行为。他们认为pH9.35,铜离子浓度3.5×10^-4M,DMG浓度≤7×10^-4M时是个扩散波(E_1/2=-0.3V);当DMG浓度较大时,波呈峰形(E_p=0.5V),是个催化氢波。他们尚未研究该体系的灵敏度及其应用。我们用单扫示波极谱研究了铜-DMG-Na₂B₄O₇,体系的极谱行为。铜一DMG络合物在Na₂B₄0₇缓冲溶液(pH9.4)中还原,产生良好的示波极谱图,E_p=-0.34V(vs.SCE)。其峰电流与铜的浓度在5×10^-8-3×10^-8M范围成正比,并应用于污水中微量铜的测定。用连续变化法确定络合物的络合比Cu(II):DMG=1:2。用循环伏安法等手段研究该波的性质及其机理,并测定了不同铜浓度时体系的吸附量。实验表明,所研究体系的极谱波属于络合吸附波。     

催化动力学分光光度法测定痕量锡(Ⅱ)的研究

在乙酸介质中,痕量α,α‘－联吡啶作催化剂,Ｓｎ＾２＋作活化剂,能灵敏地加速过氧化氢氧化二甲苯胺蓝褪色的指示反应。研究了该反应的最佳条件和动力学参数,建立了一种测定痕量Ｓｎ＾２＋。已用于测定分离钴废液中的Ｓｎ＾２＋。     

电化学氧化法去除苯酚研究

利用氯碱厂报废的DSA电极电解苯酚,结果显示:此电极对一定浓度的苯酚溶液有较好的去除效果.按影响电解效果各主要因素进行筛选,最佳实验条件为:电流密度30mA/cm2,pH10,支持电解质浓度10mg/L,苯酚浓度10mg/L.电解2h后,CODcr的去除率为66.7%,吸光度去除率为90%.     

Determination of palladium in synthetic nuclear wastes by differential pulse voltammetry

A novel method for the determination of palladium in synthetic nuclear waste samples has been developed using a computerized voltammetric analyzer. The electrode system consists of hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE)/glassy carbon/Ag-AgCl electrode. Various experimental conditions including electrolyte type, pH and concentration have been optimized, leading to a detection limit of 40 ng/ml. The mixture of 4^.10^-3M citric acid + 2^.10^-2M ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer + 4^.10^-3M EDTA was used as a supporting electrolyte at pH 9.0. Standard addition method was employed to determine the concentration of palladium present in the nuclear waste sample. The relative standard deviation of the proposed method was found to be 8% at 40 ng/ml of palladium content. The method is direct, simple, rapid and free from any possible interference.     

双波长双指示剂催化光度法测定痕量Mn(Ⅱ)

在硫酸介质中,以氨三乙酸为活化剂,利用痕量Mn(Ⅱ)催化高碘酸钾氧化灿烂绿和酸性铬蓝K褪色的指示反应,分别在430nm和630nm波长下测量催化体系和非催化体系的吸光度,建立了双指示剂双波长催化动力学光度法测定痕量Mn(Ⅱ)的新方法。在优化条件下,测定Mn(Ⅱ)的线性范围为0.00200～0.0300μg/mL,检出限为1.2×10-11 g/mL。方法可用于茶叶和废水中痕量锰的测定。     

Electrochemical oxidation of substituted benzylamines in aquo-acetic acid medium: substituent and solvent effects

Electrochemical oxidation of nine para- and meta-substituted benzylamines in varying mole fractions of acetic acid in water has been investigated in the presence of 0.1 M sulphuric acid as supporting electrolyte. The oxidation potentials correlate well with Hammett’s substituent constants affording negative reaction constants. The correlation of potential values with macroscopic solvent parameters is non-linear suggesting that the operation of both specific and non-specific solvent-solvent-solute interaction mechanisms. Multiple correlation analysis of the experimental data with Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters is employed.     

Simultaneous determination of hexavalent and total chromium in water and plating baths by spectrophotometry

A new spectrophotometric determination method of hexavalent chromium in waste water and plating baths is described based on the oxidation of beryllon III by chromium(VI) in 0.02M sulphuric acid medium. The decrease in the absorbance of beryllon III was measured at 482 nm with an apparent molar absorptivity of 5.15 x 10(4)1.mole(-1).cm(-1). Beer's law was obeyed for chromium(VI) over the range 0-25 mug/25 ml. After the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) by ammonium persulphate, total chromium can be determined. Therefore, chromium(III) can be calculated by subtracting chromium(VI) from total chromium. The detection limit is 0.015 and 0.020 mug/25 ml for chromium(VI) and total chromium, respectively. A sensitive spectrophotometric method for trace Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in waste water and plating baths was developed with good precision and accuracy. The reaction is also discussed.     

Binding Studies of Caffeic and p-Coumaric Acid with α-Amylase: Multispectroscopic and Computational Approaches Deciphering the Effect on Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)

Alpha-amylase (α-amylase) is a key player in the management of diabetes and its related complications. This study was intended to have an insight into the binding of caffeic acid and coumaric acid with α-amylase and analyze the effect of these compounds on the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Fluorescence quenching studies suggested that both the compounds showed an appreciable binding affinity towards α-amylase. The evaluation of thermodynamic parameters (ΔH and ΔS) suggested that the α-amylase-caffeic/coumaric acid complex formation is driven by van der Waals force and hydrogen bonding, and thus complexation process is seemingly specific. Moreover, glycation and oxidation studies were also performed to explore the multitarget to manage diabetes complications. Caffeic and coumaric acid both inhibited fructosamine content and AGE fluorescence, suggesting their role in the inhibition of early and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). However, the glycation inhibitory potential of caffeic acid was more in comparison to p-coumaric acid. This high antiglycative potential can be attributed to its additional –OH group and high antioxidant activity. There was a significant recovery of 84.5% in free thiol groups in the presence of caffeic acid, while coumaric attenuated the slow recovery of 29.4% of thiol groups. In vitro studies were further entrenched by in silico studies. Molecular docking studies revealed that caffeic acid formed six hydrogen bonds (Trp 59, Gln 63, Arg 195, Arg 195, Asp 197 and Asp 197) while coumaric acid formed four H-bonds with Trp 59, Gln 63, Arg 195 and Asp 300. Our studies highlighted the role of hydrogen bonding, and the ligands such as caffeic or coumaric acid could be exploited to design antidiabetic drugs.     

硫化物在乙酰二茂铁修饰碳糊电极上的电化学行为及电分析

研究了S2-在乙酰二茂铁(AFc)修饰碳糊电极(AFc/CPE)上的电催化氧化行为及其电化学分析方法。实验结果表明,AFc/CPE对S2-的电化学氧化具有良好的催化作用。用计时电流法(CA)测定了S2-在AFc/CPE上的电催化氧化反应速率常数k为(2.60±0.05)×105 L.mol-1.s-1。用方波伏安法(SWV)测得催化氧化峰电流与S2-的浓度在5.0×10-5～1.0×10-3 mol.L-1范围内呈良好线性关系,检出限(S/N=3)为1.3×10-7 mol.L-1,同时运用SWV法对造纸废水水样中S2-的含量进行了电化学定量测定。     

Donnan permselectivity in layer-by-layer self-assembled redox polyelectrolye thin films

Redox polyelectrolyte multilayers have been assembled with use of the layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition technique with cationic poly(allylamine) modified with Os(bpy)(2)ClPyCHO (PAH-Os) and anionic poly(styrene)sulfonate (PSS) or poly(vinyl)sulfonate (PVS). Different behavior has been observed in the formal redox potential of the Os(II)/Os(III) couple in the polymer film with cyclic voltammetry depending on the charge of the outermost layer and the electrolyte concentration and pH. The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) has been used to monitor the exchange of ions and solvent with the external electrolyte during redox switching. At low ionic strength Donnan permselectivity of anions or cations is apparent and the nature of the ion exclusion from the film is determined by the charge of the topmost layer and solution pH. At high electrolyte concentration Donnan breakdown is observed and the osmium redox potential approaches the value for the redox couple in solution. Exchange of anions and water with the external electrolyte under permselective conditions and salt and water under Donnan breakdown have been observed upon oxidation of the film at low pH for the PAH-Os terminating layer. Moreover, at high pH values and with PVS as the terminating layer EQCM mass measurements have shown that cation release was masked by water exchange.     

Density functional theory study of the role of anions on the oxidative decomposition reaction of propylene carbonate

The oxidative decomposition mechanism of the lithium battery electrolyte solvent propylene carbonate (PC) with and without PF(6)(-) and ClO(4)(-) anions has been investigated using the density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d) level. Calculations were performed in the gas phase (dielectric constant ε = 1) and employing the polarized continuum model with a dielectric constant ε = 20.5 to implicitly account for solvent effects. It has been found that the presence of PF(6)(-) and ClO(4)(-) anions significantly reduces PC oxidation stability, stabilizes the PC-anion oxidation decomposition products, and changes the order of the oxidation decomposition paths. The primary oxidative decomposition products of PC-PF(6)(-) and PC-ClO(4)(-) were CO(2) and acetone radical. Formation of HF and PF(5) was observed upon the initial step of PC-PF(6)(-) oxidation while HClO(4) formed during initial oxidation of PC-ClO(4)(-). The products from the less likely reaction paths included propanal, a polymer with fluorine and fluoro-alkanols for PC-PF(6)(-) decomposition, while acetic acid, carboxylic acid anhydrides, and Cl(-) were found among the decomposition products of PC-ClO(4)(-). The decomposition pathways with the lowest barrier for the oxidized PC-PF(6)(-) and PC-ClO(4)(-) complexes did not result in the incorporation of the fluorine from PF(6)(-) or ClO(4)(-) into the most probable reaction products despite anions and HF being involved in the decomposition mechanism; however, the pathway with the second lowest barrier for the PC-PF(6)(-) oxidative ring-opening resulted in a formation of fluoro-organic compounds, suggesting that these toxic compounds could form at elevated temperatures under oxidizing conditions.     

A solid composite electrode for the determination of the electrochemical oxygen demand of aqueous samples

A composite electrode containing graphite, paraffin, AgO and CuO is described for the determination of the electrochemical oxygen demand (EOD) of waste waters. The oxidation of dissolved organic compounds at the electrode is based on a heterogeneous chemical reaction of AgO/CuO with the organic constituents of the waste water. This chemical reaction can be followed by a solid state electrochemical oxidation of the formed Ag₂O/Cu₂O. The method has been tested with various organic compounds and applied to real samples of sewage water. The EOD values correlate well to BOD and COD values.     

Electrochemical behavior of the bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)copper(II) complex immobilized on a self-assembled monolayer modified electrode for L-ascorbic acid detection

Modification of a gold electrode has been achieved by immobilizing a bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)copper(II) complex in a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 3-mercaptopropionic acid. The electrostatic interaction of the negatively charged SAM with a di-positive copper complex allowed the attachment. The modified electrode exhibited excellent redox behavior. The dependence of the modified electrode response was investigated in terms of pH, supporting electrolyte and ionic strength. Moreover, it showed good electrocatalytic activity for ascorbic acid oxidation, allowing convenient quantification at levels down to 8.1 x 10(-8) mol l(-1). The [Cu(bipy)2]/SAM modified electrode under optimized operational conditions (PIPES buffer 0.01 mol l(-1) at pH 6.8 and 200 mV vs. SCE) presented a linear response range between 1.0 micromol l(-1) and 100.0 micromol l(-1) for ascorbic acid. This modified electrode also presented an excellent repeatability, showing a relative standard deviation of 2.1% for a series of 12 successive measurements of a 5.0 micromol l(-1) ascorbic acid solution. Furthermore, the electroactivity was maintained over a long period (e.g., 92% after 100 determinations).     

Determination of chromium in waste-water and cast iron samples by fluorescence quenching of rhodamine 6G

A new simple, selective and sensitive fluorescence quenching method was developed to determine chromium with rhodamine 6G. The method is based on the oxidation of rhodamine 6G by chromium(VI) in sulfuric acid solution. The linear calibration graph was obtained in the range 8-80 ng ml(-1) chromium(VI). The detection limit is 0.8 ng ml(-1). The method was applied successfully to the determination of chromium in waste water and cast iron samples.     

Catalytic Kinetic Determination of Trace Amounts of Iron(III) With Polarographic Detection

Abstract

This method is based on the catalytic effect of Fe³⁺ on the oxidation reaction between Acid Chrome Blue K and potassium bromate in sulfuric acid medium at 100deg;C, and in 0.08 mol/L NH₄OH - 0.01 mol/L (NH₄)₂ SO₄ supporting electrolyte, Acid Chrome Blue K exhibits a sensitive polarographic wave at -0.55V vs. SCE, and change of concentration is traced by a polarographic detection technique. The linear range of Fe³⁺ is 10–100ng/mL. This new catalytic method has been applied to the determination of iron in natural water and food with satisfactory results.     

Determination of tocopherols by reverse-phase liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection at a surface-oxide modified platinum microelectrode, without added electrolyte

The reverse-phase separation and electrochemical detection of alpha-, gg-, and delta-tocopherol at a potential of +0.90 V vs. a gold pseudo-reference electrode is possible down to 10(-7)M concentrations, with surface-modified platinum microdisc electrodes in a methanol/water (95:5) solvent mixture. The use of microclectrodes with radii of 10-70 mum, rather than electrodes of conventional size, minimizes problems associated with iR drop and obviates the need for deliberately added electrolyte. These features simplify the analytical procedure. The background response of an untreated platinum microelectrode in the methanol/water (95:5) system at positive potentials is characterized by processes arising from adsorption/oxidation of methanol and formation of surface oxides. Amperometric detection is of little use under these conditions. However, preoxidation of the electrode surface in 2M nitric acid inhibits the methanol adsorption/oxidation reaction but not the tocopherol response and therefore allows highly sensitive amperometric detection.     

The role of 70-80% perchloric acid as oxygen donor and the oxidation potentials made available

A study has been made of the probable oxidation potentials provided by perchloric acid in the concentration range 70-80 %. The effect of acid concentration and temperature on the oxidation of chromium, vanadium, cerium, and manganese has been investigated. Available oxidation potentials appear to be 2.0-2.1 V or higher. The monohydrate of perchloric acid, HClO(4).H(2)O, containing 84.6% of perchloric acid, has been made commercially available and authorized for distribution by common carrier. It can be diluted to give acid concentrations from 73.6% (corresponding to HClO(4).2H(2)O) upwards. Perchloric acid mixed with sulphuric acid is equivalent to high concentrations of perchloric acid and can be used for dissolution of ores and destruction of organic matter.     

基于亚硝化反应的极谱法测定亚硝酸根的研究

提出了一种基于在酸性介质中甲基紫与亚硝酸根发生亚硝化反应，极谱法测定亚硝酸根的新体系。亚硝化产物在－０．７５Ｖ（ｖｓ．ＳＣＥ）处２．５次微分波的波高与ＮＯ２－的质量浓度在２．０×１０－３～２．０×１０－２ｍｇ／Ｌ（Ｓ＝４μＡ），４．０×１０－３～１．６×１０－１ｍｇ／Ｌ（Ｓ＝０．０２ｍＡ）范围内成直线关系。该法重复性好，且大多数常见的阴、阳离子不干扰，用于污水中痕量ＮＯ２－的测定，结果满意。     

Preparation and characterization of RuO2/polyaniline composite electrodes

RuO₂–polyaniline (PANI) composites have been prepared by a novel method resulting in a composite material at the electrode surface. The method is based on the utilization of the chemical oxidation of aniline by the RuO₂ attached to the gold substrate in acid media. Electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance combined with cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric measurements was used to study the oxidative deposition process as well as the exchange of ions and solvent molecules during cycling. The chemical reaction between RuO₂ and aniline results in a surface mass increase at the open circuit, and it also manifests itself in the substantial decrease of the open-circuit potential after addition of aniline into the supporting electrolyte. The potential range, the nature of the electrolyte, and the pH have been varied. The results of the piezoelectric nanogravimetric studies obtained for the redox transformation of RuO₂ and the composites are elucidated by the transport of ions and water molecules. It has been shown that the behavior of RuO₂ as well as of the composites strongly depends on the spontaneous and potential-dependent solvent sorption, the nature of the electrolyte, and the potential range. It has been found that the value of the specific capacitance was substantially increased by the polyaniline present without any significant deterioration of stability of the capacitor.