电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定锆铀合金中微量铪

应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES),采用标准加入法对锆铀合金中微量铪进行了测定.当锆的共存量为8 g·L-1时,铪的测定范围是50～400 μg·g-1.在Zr-U合金的基础上分别加入铪50μg·g-1及400 μg·g-1作回收试验,测得回收率依次为106%及101%,相应的相对标准偏差为5.8%和3.7%.     

TBP柱上分离—ICP—AES法测定二氧化铀中微量杂质元素

用ICP-AES法对二氧化铀中23个微量杂质元素进行了测定.取样量100mg时铝、钡、钙、钴、铬、铜、饵、铁、铪、铟、镁、锰、钼、铌、钛、铅、锡、钽、镍、钒、钇、锌和锆的测定范围是20～800μg·g~(-1),回收率为94%～106%,RSD(n=8)为0.2%～1.6%.     

新显色剂二溴羧基偶氮胂光度法测定锆的研究

介绍了用二溴羧基偶氮胂测定微量锆的方法.在 1.56mol·L~(-1)HCl介质中,试剂与锆形成1:3的蓝色配合物.在640nm波长处,摩尔吸光系数为2.8×10~4,锆量在0～18μg/25ml范围内符合比耳定律,多数离子和三倍量的铪不影响测定.所拟方法简便快速,选择性强,应用于铜合金中锆的直接测定,取得了令人满意的结果.     

高温高压消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定锆钇粉体中钇与6种杂质元素

锆钇粉体样品经高温高压消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定其中钇和6种杂质元素(铝、铁、钠、镁、铪、硅)的含量。选择铝、铁、钠、镁、铪、硅、钇的分析谱线依次为396.152,238.204,589.592,279.553,277.336,288.158,371.029nm。钇的线性范围在75.0mg·L-1以内,6种杂质元素的线性范围均在30.0mg·L-1以内,方法的检出限(3s)在0.2~2μg·g-1之间。方法用于锆钇粉体样品的分析,加标回收率在80.0%~120%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在3.1%~5.2%之间。     

新试剂7-(2,4,6-三羟基苯偶氮)-8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸光度法同时测定微量锆和铪

本文研究了新试剂7-(2,4,6-三羟基苯偶氮)-8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸(THBAQS)与锆、铪的显色反应.酸性条件下锆、铪均可形成 M-THBAQS-CTMAB三元络合物,ε_(315nm)~(Zr)=3. 27×10~4,ε_(515nm)~(HI)=3.8×10~4,适量H_2O_2使锆络合物吸光度显著降低,据此实现了锆铪的同时测定.本法简便快速、适用范围为0～30μgZr/25 mL,0～25μg Hf/25 mL,且X_(Zr)+X_(Hf）<35μg/25 mL.     

二烷基次膦酸改性的SiO2基萃淋树脂的制备及吸附分离锆铪的性能

核级锆铪分离是限制我国核能发展的“卡脖子”难题,溶剂萃取法是应用最为广泛的锆铪分离工艺,但存在污染严重、分离效率低、易产生第三相等问题。萃取色层法分离相似金属离子效率高,优先吸附含量少的铪的萃淋树脂是萃取色层法分离锆铪的关键。本文以亲水性二氧化硅(SiO₂)为基底,合成了优先吸附铪的悬挂二烷基次膦酸官能团的新型萃淋树脂(SiO₂-POOH)。通过FT-IR和SEM-EDS对萃淋树脂SiO₂-POOH进行表征,通过静态吸附实验研究H₂SO₄体系下SiO₂-POOH对锆铪的吸附分离性能。结果表明：(1) H₂SO₄体系下,SiO₂-POOH优先吸附铪。在H₂SO₄浓度0.5～4mol·L^-1范围内,随着H₂SO₄浓度的增大,锆铪的吸附率均降低;(2)低酸度(0.5～1.0mol·L     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定核级海绵锆及锆合金中16种痕量杂质元素北大核心CSCD

取样品0.600 0 g,加入10 mL水润湿后,用5 mL氢氟酸和5 mL硝酸溶解,用水定重至60.0 g。选择灵敏度高且干扰小的同位素,以标准加入法补偿基体效应制作工作曲线,在射频功率1 100 W,雾化气流量0.87 L·min^(-1)等条件下,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定核级海绵锆及锆合金中16种杂质元素的含量。结果表明,16种元素的检出限(3s)为0.007~0.26μg·g^(-1)。测定核级海绵锆样品11次,各元素测定值的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.2%~8.0%。按照标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为90.0%~111%。     

ICP–AES测定铌铪合金中的铪、钛、锆、钨、钽

采用氢氟酸–硝酸溶解铌铪合金样品,建立电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP–AES)测定铌铪合金中铪、钛、锆、钨、钽元素的分析方法。铪、钛、锆、钨、钽的分析谱线分别为232.247,368.519,339.197,224.876,248.870nm,通过基体匹配法消除基体铌的干扰。在优化条件下对铌铪合金样品进行测定,各元素的质量浓度在其线性范围内与其光谱强度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数大于0.998,定量限为0.003 6%~0.007 4%。测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=11)小于1%,回收率为96.8%~105.0%。该方法快速、准确,可以满足实际生产中铌铪合金样品的测定要求。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定锆钛矿中的铪

锆钛矿组成成分复杂,存在耐高温的锆、钛化合物,不易分解,且铪以类质同象进入锆矿物,导致锆钛矿中的铪含量不均,因此完全分解锆钛矿并准确测定其中含量不同的铪成为一个难题。本文建立了碳酸钠-硼砂高温熔融,以178Hf为分析同位素及50 ng/mL185Re为内标,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定锆钛矿中铪的新方法,可准确锆钛矿中含量不均的铪。实验研究了锆钛矿成分及其熔融方法,结果表明碳酸钠-硼砂高温熔融效果最好,可完全溶解耐高温难分解的锆钛矿,当碳酸钠-硼砂质量配比为2:1时熔融效果最佳。电感耦合等离子体质谱法具有检出限低、灵敏度高、线性范围宽等优势,可用于测定锆钛矿中含量不均的铪,ICP-MS蠕动泵转速为45 rpm、雾化流量为1.06 L/min时雾化效率最优。在选定的实验条件下,HfO2质谱强度与其质量浓度在0.01～250 ng/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9997,背景等效浓度为0.029 ng/mL,方法检出限为0.0032 ng/mL。按实验方法对中国国家标准物质中的HfO2进行测定,测定值与认定值一致,相对标准偏差在1.6%~3.2%之间。按实验方法对锆钛矿样品中的HfO2进行测定并进行加标回收率实验,测定结果的相对标准偏差（RSDs,n=9）在0.9～3.4%之间,加标回收率在96%～106%之间,满足国家地质矿产行业标准DZ/T 0130—2006的要求。     

碰撞反应池-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定锆基合金中痕量镉

用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定锆基合金中痕量镉。以氧气作为碰撞反应气,消除锆基体中多原子离子ZrOH对镉测定的影响。镉元素的质量浓度在5.0μg·L-1以内与其峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3σ)为0.122μg·L-1。在0.5μg·L-1镉(Ⅱ)的水平上进行精密度试验,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)为2.8%。     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

计量数比规则与等物质的量规则的比较

指出了计量数比规则存在的缺陷:不利于贯彻有关物质的量及其单位摩尔的SI规定,不能继承当量定律的数据资料,不能表示反应的性质,不能正确表达水硬度、碱度、树脂交换容量及电解定律,缺乏科学的导出过程及计量关系表达式,计算过程繁杂。而等物质的量规则继承和发展了当量定律,使整个滴定分析计算简单规范。     

从科学哲学的视角分析科学课堂教学——以“质量守恒定律”为例

以“质量守恒定律”为例,选取科学革命、科学问题、科学实验、归纳与重复、解释与预测等几个视角对科学课堂教学的各个环节进行了分析。通过分析,各环节中所蕴含的科学哲学内容得以显现,对科学课堂教学的认识更为全面,对科学本质的认识更加深刻。     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

对离子反应发生条件中“放出气体”的再认识

离子反应发生条件中的“放出气体”,与其他资料中对生成物的描述不一致,也与有关反应事实不符。“放出气体”的出现,使教材中对气体生成物的描述时此时彼,没有时序性、规律性。对其与化学反应的关系及其与“生成气体”的区别进行了论述,并提出了修改的建议。     

Thermodynamics of vaporization of gallium trichloride

The unsaturated and saturated pressures of gallium trichloride vapor were measured by the static method with membrane-gauge manometers in wide pressure (0.2–760 Torr) and temperature (313–1071 K) intervals. Scanning calorimetry was used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of GaCl₃ fusion. The thermodynamic characteristics were obtained for sublimation, fusion, vaporization, and association in the vapor of GaCl₃ molecules. The enthalpies of formation and the absolute entropies of GaCl₃ in the liquid and gaseous phases and Ga₂Cl₆ in the gaseous phase were calculated using literature data. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1266–1269, July, 2007.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases V. Enthalpies of hydration of N-methylated adenines

Enthalpies of solution in water, H _sol ^o , and of sublimation, H _subl ^o , were determined experimentally for a number of crystalline N-methyl adenines: m⁶Ade, m ₂ ^6,6 Ade, m⁹Ade, m ₂ ^6,9 Ade, and m ₃ ^6,6,9 Ade. Derived standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o , were corrected for the calculated cavity terms H _cav ^o to yield enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells. The increments of H _int ^o per unit area of the water-accessible molecular surface S _B , H _int ^o (CH₃)/S _B (CH₃), for the particular methyl groups: is considered to be the net effect of the gain in the energy resulting from van der Waals' interactions and of the loss in the energy due to polar interactions upon methyl substitution. It proved to vary somewhat numerically in agreement with the theoretically predicted hydration schemes of adenine. Comparison of H _int ^o /S _B value for adenine with those previously determined for uracil and thymine indicates that the aminopurine moiety is less hydrated than the diketopyrimidine ring.     

Effect of specific adsorption of anions on the kinetics of the current relaxation after pulsed anodic activation of dissolution of hydrophilic metals

Based on the model of spatial separation of the dissolution and passivation of hydrophilic metals, the effect of strong specific adsorption of anions on the shape of curves for the relaxation of anodic current of metals in acid solutions after switching an anodic activation pulse off is considered by using iron as an example.