Spectroscopic investigation of binding of three fluorescent nanomarkers to bionanomolecules of human serum albumin in dependence on pH

The analysis of fluorescent characteristics and degree of molecular association of three fluorescent nanomarkers (eosin, erythrosin and fluorescein) in solutions of human serum albumin (HSA) at different pHs is made. The common features for all three nanomarkers under influence of bionanomolecules of HSA are the quenching of the fluorescence, the red shift of maximum of fluorescence and the decrease of degree of molecular association for every fixed value of pH. The differences in dependences of fluorescence and degree of molecular association on pH between fluorescein and its halogen – derivatives (eosin and erythrosin) are registered. It is established that the quenching of fluorescence by HSA is of compound statically–dynamical type. The electronegativity of lateral atoms in structural formulas of nanomarkers forms the basis of explanation of all features of experimental data in the system “fluorescent nanomarker – protein – buffer solution”.     

Structure of molecular associates of fluorescent probes in solutions of human serum albumin

Spectral-luminescent characteristics and molecular association processes in solutions of human serum albumin are analyzed at different pH values for three fluorescent probes (eosin, erythrosin, and fluorescein). Common features for all three probes in protein solutions are quenching of the fluorescence, a red shift of the fluorescence maximum, a decrease in the degree of association, and an increase in the angle between dipole moments of dye molecules in dimers. This being so, differences between fluorescein and its halogen derivatives (eosin and erythrosin) are observed in the pH dependences of fluorescence, degree of association, and the angle between dipole moments of probe molecules in dimers. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 782–787, November–December, 2008.     

Polarized fluorescence in investigation of rotational diffusion of the fluorescein family markers in bovine serum albumin solutions

The analysis of polarized fluorescence of the fluorescein family markers was conducted and parameters of their rotational diffusion in bovine serum albumin solutions (BSA) were determined. The degree of fluorescence anisotropy of the markers increases in the BSA solutions, as well as the time of rotational relaxation of the markers, while the rotational-diffusion coefficient of the markers decreases. The differences in the rotational-diffusion parameters between the markers are determined by the values of the electronegativity of the atoms in their structural formulas: the increase of the electronegativity of the atoms in the structural formulas of the markers results in the increase of the degree of fluorescence anisotropy, a decrease of the rotational-diffusion coefficient, and in the increase of the rotational-relaxation time both in the solutions without the protein and with BSA.     

Determination of the binding constants of nanomarkers of the fluorescein family to human serum albumin

Using three models, the constant of quenching of fluorescence of nanomarkers of the fluorescein family and the actual constants of its binding to human serum albumin (HSA) at different values of pH are determined. The presence of two mechanisms of binding of nanomarkers of the fluorescein family to HSA and anti-cooperativity are shown. The dependence of the constants of the quenching fluorescence of nanomarkers on pH was found: for fluorescein this was nonlinear, for its halogen derivatives (erythsosine, eosin, and Rose Bengal) it was monotonous and decreased with an increase of pH. It is shown that the electronegativity of the atoms in the structural formulas of nanomarkers of the fluorescein family influences the values of the constants of binding of nanomarkers to HSA.     

Fluorescent characteristics of probes of the fluorescein family in human serum albumin solutions

Differences in human serum albumin solutions of fluorescein family probes in their molecular association, in the type of dependence of fluorescence on pH, and in fluorescence anisotropy have been shown. These are due to the electronegativities of the atoms of the lateral radicals in the structural formula and the pK values of the ionizable groups of the probes.     

Denaturation of bovine serum albumin initiated by sodium dodecyl sulfate as monitored via the intrinsic fluorescence of the protein

The tryptophan fluorescence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) is used to study the denaturation transitions in BSA under the influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at various pH values. The stepwise quenching of BSA tryptophan fluorescence and the gradual increase in the degree of anisotropy of BSA tryptophan fluorescence with increasing SDS concentration in solutions indicate the stepwise nature of denaturation: the first stage is a loosening of protein globules, whereas the second is a complete unfolding of the protein amino acid chain. At pH > pI of BSA, the denaturation BSA proceeds through both stages. At pH > pI of BSA, the denaturation BSA runs poorly and stops after the first stage. A more efficient BSA denaturation under the action of SDS occurs at pH < pI of BSA, with the efficiency of BSA denaturation under the influence of SDS decreasing with increasing pH.     

低聚壳聚糖衍生物与BSA的作用研究

研究了具有生物相容性的低聚壳聚糖衍生物与活性药物牛血清白蛋白(BSA)之间的作用。合成了聚合度为20的窄分子量分布低聚壳聚糖 (NLCS₂₀)的3种衍生物：N-马来酰化低聚壳聚糖(MNLCS)、N-羧甲基低聚壳聚糖(CNLCS)和N-琥珀酰化低聚壳聚糖(SNLCS)。通过紫外光谱(UV)、荧光光谱和等温滴定微量热仪(ITC)研究了NLCS₂₀衍生物与BSA之间的相互作用。结果表明,BSA的构象在NLCS₂₀衍生物溶液微环境中没有发生变化,活性也没有受到影响。NLCS₂₀衍生物与BSA的作用过程是放热的且是自发进行的,主要作用力是氢键和疏水作用。说明低聚壳聚糖衍生物能够作为潜在的亲水药物如活性医药蛋白或氨基酸的运输载体。     

The fluorescence characteristics and the molecular association of the Rose Bengal nanomarker in human serum albumin solutions

The decrease in the degree of molecular association of the Rose Bengal nanomarker in solutions with the addition of human serum albumin (HSA) has been revealed. It has been observed that in solutions with the addition of HSA the fluorescence quenching and the shifting of the fluorescence spectrum peaks of Rose Bengal to the red take place. It has been shown that the dependence of the effective binding constant of binding Rose Bengal to HSA steadily decreases with an increase in the pH value. It has been established that the values of the molecular association degree of Rose Bengal and the values of the effective constant of its binding to HSA depend on the magnitude of the electronegativity of the atoms in its structural formula, as well as on the pK values of its ionizable groups.     

Denaturation Mechanism of BSA by Urea Derivatives: Evidence for Hydrogen-Bonding Mode from Fluorescence Tools

Urea and alkyl urea derivatives, which posses a free N-H moiety in the urea molecular framework is responsible for the fluorescence quenching of BSA. Fluorescence quenching accompanied with a blue initially and subsequently a red shift in the emission maximum of BSA is observed on the addition of urea derivatives containing N-H moieties. On the contrary, a fluorescence enhancement accompanied with a shift in the emission maximum towards the blue region is observed on the addition of tetramethylurea (TMU). Urea derivatives, which posses a free N-H moiety acts as a perfect denaturant by direct hydrogen-bonding interaction with BSA resulting in the unfolding process. The unfolding of the buried tryptophan moieties to the aqueous phase does not occur, when all the N-H moieties in the urea are methyl substituted (TMU). Fluorescence spectral techniques reveal that the direct hydrogen-bonding interaction of the N-H moiety of urea molecular framework with the carbonyl oxygen moieties of BSA results in the unfolding of the tryptophan moieties to the aqueous phase, while that of the carbonyl oxygen of urea with the N-H moieties of BSA is definitely not involved in the denaturation process. Steady state and time-resolved fluorescence studies illustrate that the extent of protein folding occurs at a relatively lower concentration of unsymmetrical alkyl urea derivatives (butyl urea (BU) and ethyl urea (EU)), compared to that of urea.     

几种荧光素衍生物的合成及其生物荧光活性的研究

本文报导了几种荧光素衍生物酯的合成,测定了酯酶(从肝癌中提取)作用下所得的荧光,讨论了相对荧光强度与分子结构的关系,还研究了pH和温度对酯分解反应的影响.     

一种环境友好型的PAEs荧光光谱衍生分子修饰方法

传统的PAEs荧光检测法主要是借助与具有荧光光谱特征的牛血清蛋白反应而进行的间接荧光检测。以六种被列入环境优先控制污染物的PAEs为例,对其苯环上4号位进行分子修饰,以期获得具有高荧光光谱强度的PAEs衍生物,利于直接荧光检测,同时利用分子对接的方法模拟PAEs分子与牛血清蛋白的结合,计算与牛血清蛋白结合后的PAEs分子荧光光谱强度,并将其与PAEs衍生物的荧光光谱强度进行比较,筛选荧光光谱显著增强的PAEs衍生物,为PAEs衍生物的检测提供理论支持。研究结果显示：共设计出30种PAEs衍生物,其中18种PAEs衍生物的荧光光谱强度增强显著（100%～1850%）,说明PAEs衍生物直接荧光检测的强度相较于PAEs分子间接荧光检测的强度具有显著增强作用;18种PAEs衍生物的功能特性（以稳定性、绝缘性作为代表）受到的影响较小,且PAEs衍生物的环境持久性均有所降低,生物富集性无明显变化,迁移性和毒性有不同程度的降低。此外,PAEs衍生物之间、与其他具有荧光特性的物质（多环芳烃）之间不存在干扰（最小波数差大于荧光光谱检测分辨率0.30 nm）,占用轨道能量及最正密立根氢原子电荷数是导致PAEs衍生物具有荧光光谱特性的主要控制因素。     

Determination of the diffusion and viscosity coefficients from the properties of dual fluorescence of molecules in solutions

We have proposed and substantiated an approach that makes it possible to determine the diffusion and microviscosity coefficients in solutions from characteristics of the dual fluorescence of molecular probes. This approach uses the Stern-Volmer constants obtained upon fluorescence dynamic quenching in solutions. The relations that follow from the balance equations in terms of the formalism of two-level reactions in the excited state for the case of photoreactions of the kinetic character yield the dependences of the intensity ratio of the fluorescence bands of the normal form and tautomer on the degree of quenching. In accordance with these dependences, the dynamic quenching of the diffusion character (including the temperature quenching) changes the intensity distribution, and, based on these dependences, the Stern-Volmer constants and the bimolecular quenching constants can be determined, from which, using appropriate models, the diffusion and viscosity coefficients can be found. The merit of the method is its simplicity and availability, since it is based on the use of the data of steady-state measurements of fluorescence spectra with widespread standard instruments.     

Spectral and fluorescent indication of the acid-base properties of biopolymer solutions

Methods of absorption and fluorescent spectroscopy and fluorescent chronoscopy are used to investigate aqueous fluorescein solutions with pH values increasing from 1.79 to 11.67. For each method, the calibration curves are drawn for the fraction of dianion fluorescein species, quantum fluorescence yield, and amplitude dianion contribution to the fluorescence intensity on the pH values of aqueous solutions. The calibration curves allow the pH values of aqueous fluorescein solutions with gelatin (pH = 6.4 ± 0.1, 6.6 ± 0.2, and 6.6 ± 0.1), starch (pH = 6.3 ± 0.1, 6.3 ± 0.2, and 6.4 ± 0.1), and acid-soluble chitosan additions (pH = 5.4 ± 0.1, 5.6 ± 02, and 5.8 ± 0.1) to be estimated by these three methods. The pH values of biopolymer solutions obtained by the potentiometer method for starch (6.51) and gelatin (6.69) and by the three spectral and fluorescent methods are close; they are significantly underestimated (3.85) for chitosan solutions.     

巴洛沙星与牛血清白蛋白相互作用的研究

应用荧光法研究了在不同酸度条件下,巴洛沙星(balofloxacin,BLFX)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的荧光猝灭现象,利用荧光猝灭双倒数图计算了巴洛沙星与牛血清白蛋白之间的结合常数,根据Frster非辐射能量转移机制计算出巴洛沙星在牛血清白蛋白上的结合距离,并根据热力学参数确定了巴洛沙星与牛血清白蛋白之间的作用力类型,同时采用同步荧光技术考察了巴洛沙星对BSA构象的影响。     

染料木素酯化修饰物与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

在模拟人体生理条件下(pH＝7.4),利用荧光光谱和紫外分光光度法研究了染料木素7-乙酰阿魏酸酯(1)和染料木素7,4’-二-乙酰阿魏酸酯(2)两种新型染料木素酯化修饰物,与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用。实验表明：两种染料木素阿魏酸酯均能有效猝灭BSA的内源荧光,低浓度时为静态猝灭过程。考察了不同温度下化合物与BSA的结合常数和结合位点数。根据反应热力学参数确定了BSA与1之间主要为静电力作用,与2之间主要为氢键和范德华力作用。根据Frster 非辐射能量转移理论,BSA(给体)与化合物(受体)间的结合距离r分别为2.63和2.92 nm。同步荧光光谱法研究表明,染料木素乙酰阿魏酸酯与BSA的结合不影响蛋白质的构象,结合位点更接近于色氨酸。     

Raman spectroscopy in investigations of secondary structure of human serum albumin at binding of nanomarkers of fluorescein family

The influence of binding of nanomarkers of fluorescein family to HSA on secondary structure of this protein at different values of pH was investigated by Raman spectroscopy method. The greatest changes in secondary structure of HSA, consisting in decreasing of α-helix sites, at binding of fluorescein to HSA occur at pH 5–6. The greatest changes in secondary structure of HSA, consisting in decreasing of α-helix sites, at binding of eosin or erythrosin to HSA take place at values of pH, smaller 5. The differences in changes in secondary structure of HSA at binding of these three nanomarkers are explained by dependences of binding of nanomarkers to HSA on pH which determined by value of electronegativity of atoms of lateral radicals in structural formulas of nanomarkers and, therefore, by value of pK of their ionized groups.     

同步荧光光谱法结合分子对接研究金雀花碱与牛血清白蛋白间相互作用

金雀花碱(Cy)是一种生物碱,主要存在于豆科毒豆属植物种子中。Cy具有较强的生物活性,特别是作为戒烟药物已得到广泛应用。在模拟生理条件下,应用荧光光谱法研究了Cy同牛血清白蛋白(BSA)之间的相互作用以及Cy猝灭BSA荧光发射的机理。详细考查了水浴温度、水浴时间以及溶液pH等因素对荧光猝灭的影响,并且通过Stem-Volmer方程计算了Cy与BSA间的结合类型、结合位点数目以及结合常数。结果表明,Cy与BSA可形成摩尔比为1∶1的非共价复合物,其结合常数为5.6×103,其猝灭类型为静态猝灭。同步荧光光谱研究结果表明,Cy的结合主要影响BSA 的Trp残基的荧光发射。进一步应用分子对接研究表明,氢键与疏水作用是Cy与BSA形成复合物的主要推动力。Cy与BSA中Trp213及其周围的氨基酸残基间存在氢键与疏水作用,这种作用将改变Trp213所处微环境的疏水情况,从而导致BSA的荧光发生猝灭。     

荧光光谱法研究新型碳硼烷金属有机衍生物与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

通过荧光光谱法,研究了在模拟生理条件下,二茂铁-碳硼烷衍生物(FcSB1,FcSB2和FcSBCO)、芳烃钌(Ⅱ)-碳硼烷衍生物(RuBFc和RuBCOOH)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)之间的相互作用。结果表明,五种碳硼烷衍生物与BSA形成非荧光性复合物而猝灭了BSA的荧光。二茂铁-碳硼烷衍生物FcSB1,FcSB2和FcSBCO显著地影响BSA的构象,使BSA的三级结构变得更紧凑,并显著使酪氨酸残基附近微环境的极性(位于ⅠA,ⅠB和ⅡA结构域)降低,疏水性增强。而芳烃钌(Ⅱ)-碳硼烷衍生物RuBFc和RuBCOOH对BSA构象的影响小于二茂铁-碳硼烷衍生物。揭示了新型金属碳硼烷衍生物对蛋白结构和构象的影响,为含碳硼烷、二茂铁等多功能基团的新型药物的设计与筛选提供一定的实验依据。     

荧光光谱法研究2-硝基苯胺与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

采用荧光光谱法研究了不同酸度下,2-硝基苯胺与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)间的相互作用。实验结果表明,2-硝基苯胺对BSA的猝灭机制属于静态猝灭过程。经研究得到了不同酸度和不同温度下2-硝基苯胺与BSA反应的结合常数、结合位点数。根据热力学常数确定了二者间的作用力类型为氢键和疏水作用力。同步荧光结果表明,2-二硝基苯胺的存在改变了牛血清白蛋白的分子构象。     

光谱法研究纳米二氧化硅(SiO_2)催化超声波照射对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的损伤

利用紫外-可见(Uv-Vis)光谱和荧光光谱研究了超声波照射激活纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)粒子对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)分子的损伤,并考查了超声波照射时间、纳米SiO2粉末加入量、溶液酸度和超声波照射功率等因素对BSA分子损伤程度的影响.结果表明,对于体系温度为(37.0±0.2)℃和浓度为1.0×10-5mol·-1的BSA溶液,UV-Vis光谱显示,随着超声波照射时间,纳米SiO2粉末加入量,溶液pH值和照射功率的增大呈现出越来越明显的增色效应.然而,BSA溶液的荧光光谱却随着上述因素的增大呈现出越来越明显的猝灭现象.此外,还初步探讨了超声波照射激活纳米siO2粒子对BSA分子损伤的机理,认为是声致发光或高热激发使纳米siO2粒子产生·OH自由基,进而损伤溶液中的BSA分子.这一研究结果对声催化方法应用于临床治疗肿瘤以及纳米药物的开发具有一定的指导意义.