稀土(Ⅲ)-冠醚配位作用的热力学性质Ⅱ:臂式15-冠-5和臂式18-冠-6与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐在无水乙腈溶液中配位的量热滴定

本文用量热滴定研究了N-苄基-单氮杂-15-冠-5与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐(La,Ce,Pa,Nd,Sm,En,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Yb)和N-苄基-单氮杂-18-冠-6与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐(La和Ce)在无水乙腈溶液中,298.15K时配位作用的热力学性质、化学计量法表明,所有稀土硝酸盐均与臂式冠醚形成1:1配合物.实验中,由联接的计算机直接算出了配合物 的稳定常数和配位反应的热焓,进而算出了配位自由能和配位熵.从热力学的观点,讨论了冠醚环的尺寸效应、空间构型等对配位稳定性的影响.     

稀土(Ⅲ)-冠醚配位作用的热力学性质Ⅱ:臂式15-冠-5和臂式18-冠-6与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐在无水乙腈溶液中配位的量热滴定

本文用量热滴定研究了N-苄基-单氮杂-15-冠-5与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐(La,Ce,Pa,Nd,Sm,En,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Yb)和N-苄基-单氮杂-18-冠-6与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐(La和Ce)在无水乙腈溶液中,298.15K时配位作用的热力学性质、化学计量法表明,所有稀土硝酸盐均与臂式冠醚形成1:1配合物.实验中,由联接的计算机直接算出了配合物 的稳定常数和配位反应的热焓,进而算出了配位自由能和配位熵.从热力学的观点,讨论了冠醚环的尺寸效应、空间构型等对配位稳定性的影响.     

稀土(Ⅲ)-冠醚配位作用的热力学性质——Ⅱ.臂式15-冠-5和臂式18-冠-6与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐在无水乙腈溶液中配位反应的量热滴定

本文用量热滴定研究了N-苄基-单氮杂-15-冠-5与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐(La,Ce,Pa,Nd,Sm,En,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Yb)和N-苄基-单氮杂-18-冠-6与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐(La和Co)在无水乙腈溶液中,298.15 K时配位作用的热力学性质、化学计量法表明,所有稀土硝酸盐均与臂式冠醚形成1∶1配合物.实验中,由联接的计算机直接算出了配合物的稳定常数和配位反应的热焓,进而算出了配位自由能和配位熵.从热力学的观点,讨论了冠醚环的尺寸效应、空间构型等对配位稳定性的影响.     

双冠醚配位作用的热力学性质 Ⅴ.双(苯并-15-冠-5)与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐在无水乙腈溶液中分子内夹心配位作用

本文用分光光度滴定法测定了双(苯并-15-冠-5)(1)与轻稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐在无水乙腈溶液中,20.0～35.0℃时分子内夹心配位作用的稳定常数,进而计算了配位焓和配位熵,并与母体苯并15-冠-5(2)的实验结果作了比较.化学计量法表明,所有稀土硝酸盐均与双(苯并-15-冠-5)形成了1:1的配合物.从热力学的观点,讨论了双冠醚分子结构、尺寸效应和空间构型等对配位稳定性的影响.研究结果发现,双冠醚(1)对于Eu~(3+)具有较强的配位能力和配位选择性,Nd~(3+)次之.配合物的稳定性主要来自于熵的贡献.     

双冠醚配位作用的热力学性质V. 双(苯并-15-冠-5)与稀土(III)硝酸盐在无水乙腈溶液中分子内夹心配位作用

本文用分光光度滴定法测定了双(苯并-15-冠-5)(1)与轻稀土(III)硝酸盐在无水乙腈溶液中, 20.0-35.0℃时分子内夹心配位作用的稳定常数, 进而计算了配位焓和配位熵, 并与母体苯并15-冠-5(2)的实验结果作了比较。化学计量法表明, 所有稀土硝酸盐均与双(苯并-15-冠-5)形成了1 : 1的配合物。从热力学的观点, 讨论了双冠醚分子结构、尺寸效应和空间构型等配位稳定性的影响。研究结果发现, 双冠醚(1)对于Eu^3^+具有较强的配位能力和配位选择性, Nd^3^+次之。配合物的稳定性主要来自于熵的贡献。     

双冠醚配位作用的热力学性质V. 双(苯并-15-冠-5)与稀土(III)硝酸盐在无水乙腈溶液中分子内夹心配位作用

本文用分光光度滴定法测定了双(苯并-15-冠-5)(1)与轻稀土(III)硝酸盐在无水乙腈溶液中, 20.0-35.0℃时分子内夹心配位作用的稳定常数, 进而计算了配位焓和配位熵, 并与母体苯并15-冠-5(2)的实验结果作了比较。化学计量法表明, 所有稀土硝酸盐均与双(苯并-15-冠-5)形成了1 : 1的配合物。从热力学的观点, 讨论了双冠醚分子结构、尺寸效应和空间构型等配位稳定性的影响。研究结果发现, 双冠醚(1)对于Eu^3^+具有较强的配位能力和配位选择性, Nd^3^+次之。配合物的稳定性主要来自于熵的贡献。     

稀土(III)-冠醚配位反应的热力学性质I:稀土(III)高氯酸盐与苯-15-冠-5-在乙腈溶液中配位反应的量热滴定研究

用量热滴定法于298.15K测定了除钪、钷以外的全部十五种稀土(III)高氯酸盐与苯并-15-冠-5在乙腈溶液中的配位作用。借助计算机算出了配合物的稳定常数和配位焓, 进而算出了配位自由能和配位熵。结果表明:十五种稀土(III)离子与苯并-15-冠-5都可以配位, 配位焓为正值;La^3^+配合物最稳定, Ce^3^+次之, 其余稀土(III)离子配合物稳定性变小, 但彼此差别不大, 在Tb处有突变;熵在配合物形成时起稳定化作用。     

稀土(III)-冠醚配位反应的热力学性质I:稀土(III)高氯酸盐与苯-15-冠-5-在乙腈溶液中配位反应的量热滴定研究

用量热滴定法于298.15K测定了除钪、钷以外的全部十五种稀土(III)高氯酸盐与苯并-15-冠-5在乙腈溶液中的配位作用。借助计算机算出了配合物的稳定常数和配位焓, 进而算出了配位自由能和配位熵。结果表明:十五种稀土(III)离子与苯并-15-冠-5都可以配位, 配位焓为正值;La^3^+配合物最稳定, Ce^3^+次之, 其余稀土(III)离子配合物稳定性变小, 但彼此差别不大, 在Tb处有突变;熵在配合物形成时起稳定化作用。     

稀土(Ⅲ)-冠醚配位反应的热力学性质 Ⅰ.稀土(Ⅲ)高氯酸盐与苯并-15-冠-5在乙腈溶液中配位反应的量热滴定研究

用量热滴定法于298.15K测定了除钪、钷以外的全部十五种稀土(Ⅲ)高氯酸盐与苯并-15-冠-5在乙腈溶液中的配位作用.借助计算机算出了配合物的稳定常数和配位焓,进而算出了配位自由能和配位熵.结果表明:十五种稀土(Ⅲ)离子与苯并-15-冠-5都可以配位,配位焓为正值;La~(3+)配合物最稳定,Ce~(3+)次之,其余稀土(Ⅲ)离子配合物的稳定性变小,但彼此差别不大,在Tb处有突变;熵在配合物形成时起稳定化作用.     

稀土冠醚配合物的研究 Ⅸ.苯并-15-冠-5及4′-硝基苯并-15-冠-5对稀土离子的配合作用

冠醚稀土固体配合物的研究已有些报道,我们亦曾合成了苯并-15-冠-5的衍生物的稀土盐固体配合物,而关于冠醚对于稀土离子在溶液中的配合反应的研究尚较少.本工作采用离子选择性电极测定冠醚配合物稳定常数的方法,研究了苯并-15-冠_5(L_1)及4’-硝基苯并-15-冠-5(L_2)在甲醇溶液中对十种稀土离子的配合反应,按形成1∶1配合物计算了它们的稳定常数,并就与稀土离子半径相近的钙离子、钠离子在相同的实验条件下的竞争配合能力进行了讨论.     

冠醚与金属离子配位作用的扩环效应

在冠醚与阳离子配位作用的热力学性质研究中，含苯并冠醚与金属离子配伍作用的能力低于母体冠醚[1]．一般认为，这是由于苯环的吸电子效应降低了邻近二个供电氧原子的电荷密度所致，而很少注意引入亚甲基降低苯环的吸电子效应对冠醚配伍作用的影响．我们近来的研究表明，在较阶队骨格冠醚分子中引入额外的亚甲基，与母体冠醚相比，对于键和钠离子具有高度的选择性．这对于设计和合成具有高选择性的功能冠醚，可作为一个较有力的。具［2-4］．为了进一步探索在给定供电氧原子的情况下，冠醚的扩环效应，我们研究了含二苯并冠醚（化合物I-m）…     

稀土冠醚配合物的激光拉曼和红外光谱

本文观察了各个硝酸稀土与15-冠-5(1)、18-冠-6(2)生成的配合物的激光拉曼和红外光谱。配位体的C-O-C红外伸缩振动频率向红移,提供了两者发生配位的迹象。轻、重稀土配合物的不同光谱特征主要取决于配合物水合与否的不同空间构型。875cm~(-1)附近峰属于稀土离子与冠氧原子配位后的金属-氧环伸缩振动,它仅存在于轻稀土无水配合物中。     

Complexation of Macrocyclic Compounds with Nicotinamide in Dimethylsulphoxideand its Water Mixture

The complexation behavior of nicotinamide with macrocyclic polyethers viz, 15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, dibenzo-24-crown-8, 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiacyclooctadecane, monoaza-15-crown-5, 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diaza-cyclopentadecane, 5,6,14,15-dibenzo-1,4-dioxa-8,12-diazacyclopentadecane, 7,16-dibenzyl-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane, 1,4,7-tritosyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 1,4,7,10-tetratosyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclooctadecane has been studied in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and 90% DMSO + water using differential pulse polarography and complexation constants have been reported. Nicotinamide forms stable complexes with six-membered coronand rings of the crown ethers. The nature of the atoms (oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen) in the coronand ring is observed to affect the stability of the complex. The stoichiometry and stability constants of the complexes were determined by monitoring the shifts in peak potentials of the polarograms of nicotinamide against the ligand concentration. The Gibbs free energy change turns out to be negative at 25°C, which indicates the spontaneity of the binding of nicotinamide with crown ethers. The mole ratio of nicotinamide to the macrocyclic compound was also determined and it was found that the complexes were of 1:1 type with respect to crown ethers. The tendency of nicotinamide to form complexes with macrocycles is found to be greater in DMSO than in DMSO + water.     

二羟基二羟乙氧基杯[4]芳烃的合成与性质研究

通过杯[4]芳烃与碘乙醇的反应,制得了25,27-二羟基-26,28-二羟乙氧基杯[4]芳烃,经IR,UV,1HNMR,13CNMR和MS等分析证实了产物的结构.用荧光光谱法研究了产物与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐在乙腈溶液中的配位作用,并根据扩展的Hilderbrand-Benesi公式计算了配合物的稳定常数和配位反应的Gibbs自由能变化,结果发现,25,27-二羟基-26,28-二羟乙氧基杯[4]芳烃与稀土(Ⅲ)硝酸盐在乙腈溶液中具有较强的配位能力.     

Thermodynamics of Amino Acid Methyl Ester Hydrochlorides—Crown Ether Complexes in Methanol at 25°C

Stability constants, free energies, and enthalpies and entropies of the complexation of L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-Ala-HCl), L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-Phe-HCl), and valine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-Val-HCl) with 15-crown-5 (15C5), benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5), 18-crown-6 (18C6), benzo-18-crown-6 (B18C6), dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6), and dicyclohexano-24-crown-8 (DC24C8) in methanol are reported for 20°C. No significant variation in the stability constants and free energies of complexation is observed, indicating that the various crown ethers are poorly selective in binding the amino acids. However, the nature of the crown ether and the amino acid and their pattern of substitution cause a remarkable variation in the enthalpies and entropies of complexation. This indicates a strong enthalpy–entropy compensation effect. The enthalpy–entropy compensation effect for the crown ether complexes of the amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides reported herein is compared with that of the crown ethers complexes of the amino alcohols and the free amino acid. It is found that the enthalpy–entropy compensation effect holds equally for the three classes of complexes.     

Synthesis of Double-Armed Benzo-15-crown-5 and Their Complexation Thermodynamics with Alkali Cations

A series of double-armed benzo-15-crown-5 lariats (3–8) have been synthesized by the reaction of 4′, 5′-bis(bromomethyl)-benzo-15-crown-5 (2) with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, phenol, 4-chlorophenol, 4-methoxyphenol, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 4-acetamidophenol in 43 ~ 82% yields, respectively. The complex stability constants (K _S) and thermodynamic parameters for the stoichiometric 1:1 and/or 1:2 complexes of benzo-15-crown-5 1 and double-armed crown ethers 3–8 with alkali cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺) have been determined in methanol–water (V/V=8:2) at 25 °C by means of microcalorimetric titrations. As compared with the parent benzo-15-crown-5 1, double-armed crown ethers 3–8 show unremarkable changes in the complex stability constants upon complexation with Na⁺, but present significantly enhanced binding ability toward cations larger than the crown cavity by the secondly sandwich complexation. Thermodynamically, the sandwich complexations of crown ethers 3-8 with cations are mostly enthalpy-driven processes accompanied with a moderate entropy loss. The binding ability and selectivity of cations by the double-armed crown ethers are discussed from the viewpoints of the electron density, additional binding site, softness, spatial arrangement, and especially the cooperative binding of two crown ether molecules toward one metal ion.     

Extraction of alkali metal picrates with poly- and bis(crown ether)s

Extraction of alkali metal picrates by new poly- and bis(crown ether)s containing benzo-15-crown-5 and benzo-18-crown-6 moieties was carried out with chloroform as water-immiscible solvent. The poly- and bis(crown ether)s were found to extract the picrates more effectively than the corresponding monocyclic crown ethers. In particular, poly- and bis(benzo-15-crown-5), and bis(benzo-18-crown-6) are remarkably effective extracting reagents for potassium and rubidium, and for caesium, respectively. Extraction equilibrium constants and the complexation constants in the chloroform phase were also evaluated and the contribution of the complexation constants to the extractability is discussed.     

Synthesis of Double-Armed Benzo-15-crown-5 and Their Complexation Thermodynamics with Alkali Cations

A series of double-armed benzo-15-crown-5 lariats (3–8) have been synthesized by the reaction of 4′, 5′-bis(bromomethyl)-benzo-15-crown-5 (2) with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, phenol, 4-chlorophenol, 4-methoxyphenol, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 4-acetamidophenol in 43 ~ 82% yields, respectively. The complex stability constants (K _S) and thermodynamic parameters for the stoichiometric 1:1 and/or 1:2 complexes of benzo-15-crown-5 1 and double-armed crown ethers 3–8 with alkali cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺) have been determined in methanol–water (V/V=8:2) at 25 °C by means of microcalorimetric titrations. As compared with the parent benzo-15-crown-5 1, double-armed crown ethers 3–8 show unremarkable changes in the complex stability constants upon complexation with Na⁺, but present significantly enhanced binding ability toward cations larger than the crown cavity by the secondly sandwich complexation. Thermodynamically, the sandwich complexations of crown ethers 3-8 with cations are mostly enthalpy-driven processes accompanied with a moderate entropy loss. The binding ability and selectivity of cations by the double-armed crown ethers are discussed from the viewpoints of the electron density, additional binding site, softness, spatial arrangement, and especially the cooperative binding of two crown ether molecules toward one metal ion.Graphical Abstract Synthesis of Double-Armed Benzo-15-crown-5 and Their Complexation Thermodynamics with Alkali CationsYU LIU*, JIAN-RONG HAN, ZHONG-YU DUAN and HENG-YI ZHANG This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected issue number.