荧光金纳米团簇在小分子化合物检测中的应用

金纳米团簇(gold nanoclusters,Au NCs)是一种新型的荧光纳米材料,由几个到几百个原子组成,尺寸接近于电子的费米波长。由于量子尺寸效应,金纳米团簇显示出独特的光学特性。荧光金纳米团簇具有尺寸小、水溶性好、光物理性质好、比表面积大、表面易于修饰以及荧光性质随尺寸可调等优点,是近年来的研究热点。通过改变配体或者生物支架合成的各种荧光金纳米团簇,在传感检测、纳米标记、医学成像和光电子学等领域具有潜在的应用前景。作为新型荧光探针,荧光金纳米团簇已成功用于对阳离子、阴离子及重要的生物活性物质如过氧化氢、葡萄糖、谷胱甘肽、三磷酸腺苷、氨基酸等小分子化合物的检测。本文结合当前的研究现状,介绍了金纳米团簇在小分子化合物荧光检测中的应用,并简要评述了金纳米团簇研究中所面临的挑战及应用前景。     

基于氧化型谷胱甘肽保护的荧光金纳米团簇的制备及其对Fe~(3+)的检测

利用氧化型谷胱甘肽作为还原剂和稳定剂,通过绿色合成法制备了具有良好生物相容性的金纳米团簇(GSSG-Au NCs),其平均粒径大小为2.9 nm。以其为荧光探针实现了对Fe~(3+)的高灵敏检测,且对干扰离子具有高度选择性,线性范围宽(0.1~30μmol/L),检出限为0.03μmol/L。该方法用于实际水样(自来水、湖水和河水)中Fe~(3+)的测定,结果满意。     

金纳米簇荧光探针对肉桂酸测定研究

以HAuCl_4·4H_2O为原料,2-巯基苯并噻唑为稳定剂,葡萄糖为还原剂,在微波功率195 W下反应2.0 min制备了水溶性金纳米簇。肉桂酸(TCA)通过氢键作用使金纳米簇(AuNDs)团聚,荧光强度降低,据此建立了金纳米簇作为探针检测肉桂酸方法。测定肉桂酸的最佳测量条件为:pH=6.0乙酸缓冲溶液、室温下反应50min,肉桂酸浓度在2.0×10~(-7) mol·L~(-1)～7.0×10~(-5)mol·L~(-1)与荧光呈良好的线性关系,方法检出限9.0×10~(-8 )mol·L~(-1),用于实际样品测定回收率102.6%～98.3%。     

液相合成金纳米团簇

作为过渡金属团簇的一种,金纳米团簇由于具有不同于其它纳米材料的特殊物化性能,在催化、光学、电学及生物技术等领域具有潜在的应用前景。本文综述了液相合成金纳米团簇的研究进展,主要包括有机膦化物和硫醇保护的金纳米团簇的合成方法与晶体结构,这将为金纳米团簇的研究者提供一定的参考。     

荧光金纳米团簇的制备及其在铜离子检测中的应用

在水溶液中以谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)为稳定剂和还原剂,制备了具有较好荧光性能的金纳米团簇(GSH-AuNCs),对其结构和荧光性能等进行了表征。基于Cu2+对该GSH-AuNCs的荧光具有选择性猝灭作用建立了一种快速且简便的检测痕量Cu2+的方法。考察了检测体系中GSH-AuNCs的浓度、反应时间、pH值等因素对测定的影响。结果表明,在最优实验条件下,GSH-AuNCs的荧光强度与Cu2+的浓度分别在5.0×10-9～4.0×10-6 mol/L(R=0.9940),4.0×10-6～2.0×10-5 mol/L(R=0.9950)范围呈良好线性关系,检出限(S/N=3)为2.0×10-9 mol/L。该方法成功地应用于实际水样中Cu2+的检测。     

基于金纳米簇探针的荧光猝灭检测铁离子

以D-色氨酸为保护剂和还原剂, 采用水热法快速制备了具有强荧光的金纳米簇(D-Trp@AuNCs); 以其作为荧光探针, 建立了基于荧光猝灭的选择性高灵敏检测Fe³⁺的传感方法. 利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和红外光谱(IR)等手段对制备的金纳米簇进行了表征, 并利用荧光光谱研究了D-Trp@AuNCs的荧光性能. 结果表明, D-Trp@AuNCs具有较好的生物相容性, 其最大激发波长为370 nm, 最大发射波长为460 nm; 向金纳米簇溶液中加入Fe³⁺后, D-Trp@AuNCs的荧光发生明显猝灭, 其猝灭程度与Fe³⁺的浓度在0.3~500.0 μmol/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系, 检出限为33.1 nmol/L(S/N=3). 将该荧光探针用于实际水样中Fe³⁺的检测, 回收率为86.6%~106.5%.     

基于金纳米团簇和碳点杂化的双发射比率荧光探针快速检测亮蓝

通过金纳米团簇(AuNCs)和碳点(CDs)杂化形成一种双发射的比率荧光探针,同时利用亮蓝(BB)与金纳米团簇(AuNCs)之间的内滤效应来实现快速和可视化的检测BB,由于BB的吸收光谱与AuNCs的发射光谱有很好的重叠,加入BB后,Au NCs的荧光会由于内滤效应而被显著淬灭,而CDs与BB之间无此关系,所以CDs对BB的响应成惰性。结果表明,检测BB的线性范围为0.2～15μM,检出限为0.06μM,并且该方法具有很好的比色效果,在紫外灯下可以通过肉眼清晰的看出荧光体系从粉红色到蓝色的颜色变化。     

牛血清白蛋白修饰的近红外荧光纳米金顺磁标记分子探针

以光稳定性良好、 Stokes位移大且可近红外发射的谷胱甘肽包裹纳米金(GSH-AuNPs)为发光载体, 以4-氨基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(4-NH₂-TEMPO)作为顺磁标记基团, 对构建发光-顺磁双模式传感分子探针进行了研究; 以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为表面修饰剂, 通过调节荧光纳米金的表面状态, 改善顺磁标记微环境, 获得了基于顺磁基团识别诱导信号传导的荧光-顺磁双模式响应型分子探针. 顺磁标记BSA修饰GSH-AuNPs形成弱荧光-强顺磁复合物(GSH-AuNPs@BSA-TEMPO), 复合物中顺磁基团TEMPO经抗坏血酸还原后呈现出荧光增强和顺磁信号减弱现象, 表现出对抗坏血酸浓度相关的荧光Off-on与顺磁On-off的双模式响应.     

基于金纳米簇检测碘单质的荧光分析方法研究

以蛋白质保护的金纳米簇Au NCs@BSA作为荧光探针,高灵敏地检测碘含量。结果表明,碘单质可引起金纳米簇的荧光猝灭,在2.0 nmol/L~35μmol/L浓度范围内具有良好的线性响应关系,检出限为1.8nmol/L。利用建立的方法对水样中的碘单质进行定量测定,并与ICP-MS检测结果进行对比,结果证明该方法在实际样品的检测中具有应用潜力。同时基于Au NCs@BSA与碘浓度的依赖效应,改变温度,诱导荧光响应变化,利用热力学计算,深入探讨了Au NCs@BSA与碘单质之间的作用机理,圆二色谱与红外光谱的结果表明碘单质引起的配体BSA的蛋白二级结构变化,诱导了Au NCs@BSA的荧光猝灭。该文的机理研究为无机小分子与蛋白质保护的金纳米簇之间的相互作用提供了参考。     

Chiral Gold Nanoclusters: Atomic Level Origins of Chirality

Chiral nanomaterials have received wide interest in many areas, but the exact origin of chirality at the atomic level remains elusive in many cases. With recent significant progress in atomically precise gold nanoclusters (e.g., thiolate‐protected Au_n (SR)_m ), several origins of chirality have been unveiled based upon atomic structures determined by using single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The reported chiral Au_n (SR)_m structures explicitly reveal a predominant origin of chirality that arises from the Au–S chiral patterns at the metal–ligand interface, as opposed to the chiral arrangement of metal atoms in the inner core (i.e. kernel). In addition, chirality can also be introduced by a chiral ligand, manifested in the circular dichroism response from metal‐based electronic transitions other than the ligand's own transition(s). Lastly, the chiral arrangement of carbon tails of the ligands has also been discovered in a very recent work on chiral Au₁₃₃(SR)₅₂ and Au₂₄₆(SR)₈₀ nanoclusters. Overall, the origins of chirality discovered in Au_n (SR)_m nanoclusters may provide models for the understanding of chirality origins in other types of nanomaterials and also constitute the basis for the development of various applications of chiral nanoparticles.     

A Simple Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Peroxynitrite

Herein, we report the evaluation and synthesis of a reaction based fluorescent probe DCM-Bpin for the detection of Peroxynitrite (ONOO−). DCM-Bpin exhibits selective fluorescence off-on response for ONOO⁻ over other reactive oxygen species, including H₂O₂. Moreover, DCM-Bpin is biocompatible and has been used to visualize exogenous ONOO⁻ in HeLa cells.     

红光/近红外光硫醇荧光探针

小分子生物硫醇,包括半胱氨酸(Cys)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和谷胱甘肽(GSH),在生理活动中扮演了重要的角色,其浓度的异常变化常与多种疾病息息相关,因此对其进行检测就显得尤为重要.近几年来,荧光探针因具有操作简便、时空分辨率高、损伤小和可视化等优势,在硫醇的识别领域成为了研究热点之一.而在已报道的众多的硫醇荧光探针...     

Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters with Interlocked Staples and a Fully Thiolate‐Bound Kernel

The structural features that render gold nanoclusters intrinsically fluorescent are currently not well understood. To address this issue, highly fluorescent gold nanoclusters have to be synthesized, and their structures must be determined. We herein report the synthesis of three fluorescent Au₂₄(SR)₂₀ nanoclusters (R=C₂H₄Ph, CH₂Ph, or CH₂C₆H₄^tBu). According to UV/Vis/NIR, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis, these three nanoclusters adopt similar structures that feature a bi‐tetrahedral Au₈ kernel protected by four tetrameric Au₄(SR)₅ motifs. At least two structural features are responsible for the unusual fluorescence of the Au₂₄(SR)₂₀ nanoclusters: Two pairs of interlocked Au₄(SR)₅ staples reduce the vibration loss, and the interactions between the kernel and the thiolate motifs enhance electron transfer from the ligand to the kernel moiety through the Au?S bonds, thereby enhancing the fluorescence. This work provides some clarification of the structure–fluorescence relationship of such clusters.     

Efficient Near-Infrared Electrochemiluminescence from Au18 Nanoclusters

Bright, near-infrared electrochemiluminescence (NIR–ECL) of Au₁₈ nanoclusters is reported herein. Spooling ECL and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to track and link NIR emissions at 832 and 848 nm to three emissive species, Au₁₈⁰*, Au₁₈¹⁺* and Au₁₈²⁺*, with a considerably high ECL efficiency of 5.5 relative to that of the gold standard Ru(bpy)₃²⁺/TPrA (with 5–6 % reported ECL efficiency). The unprecedentedly high efficiency is due to the overlapped oxidation potentials of Au₁₈⁰ and tri-n-propylamine as co-reactant, the exposed facets of Au₁₈⁰ gold core, and electrocatalytic loops. These discoveries will add a new member to the efficient NIR-ECL gold nanoclusters family and bring more potential applications.     

A Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for Gold and Mercury Ions

A fluorescent probe that displays a ratiometric fluorescence response towards gold and mercury ions has been devised. Emitting at a relatively longer wavelength, the conjugated form of the fluorescent dye transforms in the presence of the gold or mercury ions into a new dye, the molecular structure of which lacks the conjugation and consequently emits at a distinctly shorter wavelength.