热活化延迟荧光蓝光小分子取代基效应的研究进展

近年来,作为第三代有机发光二极管(organic light-emitting diodes, OLED)发光材料的热活化延迟荧光(thermally activated delayed fluorescence, TADF)材料受到了学术界和产业界的广泛关注. TADF分子由于其单线态与三线态之间的能级差较小,三线态激子可以被环境热活化而通过反系间窜越上转换至单线态,理论上可实现100%的激子利用率,从而使得OLED器件外量子效率显著提高.TADF材料被认为是突破高效稳定有机电致蓝光发射瓶颈的潜在解决方案.一般, TADF分子为含有电子给体(donor, D)和电子受体(acceptor, A)的纯有机推拉电子体系.通过改变给体单元和受体单元的结构、数量和取代基及其位置可以有效调节TADF分子的单线态-三线态能级差、前线轨道分布、聚集态结构、电致发光颜色及其性能.同时取代基在调控给、受体单元的推拉电子能力及TADF材料的分子构型、聚集态结构和稳定性等物化特性方面扮演着非常重要的角色.本综述分别对D-A型和多重共振型TADF蓝光分子的取代基效应进行了综述,以期为高效稳定的蓝光TADF分...     

热激活延迟荧光材料的光物理行为及性能预测

热激活延迟荧光(Thermally activated delayed fluorescence, TADF)材料由于三线态激子可通过反系间窜越(Reverse intersystem crossing, RISC)转换为单线态激子,在有机发光二极管(Organic light-emitting diodes, OLEDs)中理论上可达到100%的激子利用率而被广泛关注。但实验上开发设计高性能TADF材料较为复杂且研究周期较长,理论研究可以从本质上建立材料结构-性能的关系,预测材料的性质并提供一定的分子设计策略。本文围绕高性能TADF材料的开发,从发光原理出发,系统阐述了分子的设计策略及光物理参数如材料单-三线态能级差(Single-triplet energy gap,ΔE_ST)、系间/反系间窜越速率、吸收/发射光谱、辐射/非辐射速率等的计算原理、计算方法和研究进展。最后我们探讨了TADF材料理论研究面临的机遇和挑战,通过对TADF材料的理论研究综述和研究前景的展望,期待吸引更多的研究工作者,推动该领域的发展和突破。     

聚集诱导延迟荧光材料及器件研究进展

热活化延迟荧光(TADF)材料无需贵金属参与即可实现单线态和三线态激子的全利用,成为了有机电致发光的研究热点.但是目前大部分TADF材料都表现出严重聚积诱导发光猝灭现象,这对其应用和发展不利.聚集诱导延迟荧光材料作为一种新型TADF材料,具有独特的聚集诱导荧光增强现象引起科研工作者极大兴趣.基于聚集诱导延迟荧光材料分子设计及其光物理性能和器件研究具有重要意义.将依据不同电子受体单元,对聚集诱导延迟荧光材料的发光原理、设计策略及其有机发光器件的最新进展进行简要综述,并对其发展做出展望.     

荧光/磷光混合型白光有机发光二极管的研究

白光有机发光二极管（white organic light-emitting diodes,WOLEDs）在全色显示、固态照明以及背光源等领域有巨大的应用前景,其研究备受关注.其中,荧光/磷光混合型WOLEDs因兼具荧光材料的长寿命和磷光材料的高效率,被认为是目前最有希望实现照明应用的器件结构.荧光/磷光混合型WOLEDs最重要的问题是要解决荧光材料的单线态激子和磷光材料的三线态激子的协同发光.为了避免单线态激子和三线态激子的相互猝灭问题,必须设计有效的器件结构.本文以两种不同三线态能级的蓝光荧光材料为研究对象,介绍了不同高性能荧光/磷光混合型WOLEDs的结构设计与性能.研究表明,载流子传输平衡的高效结构设计和激子分布宽范围内的有效调控是实现高性能荧光/磷光混合型WOLEDs的关键.     

新一代有机电致发光材料突破激子统计

激子（或自旋）统计是基本的物理原理,决定有机半导体器件中形成单线态与三线态激子的比例（1：3）．近年来,基于新原理（三线态反系间窜越、延迟荧光）的OLED材料引起广泛关注．该类材料在理论方面重新催热了关于自旋统计的探讨,在应用方面有望发展成为低成本、高性能的新一代OLED材料,在国内相关领域得到重视,多个研究机构已布局开展相关研究．从目前的发展情况看,该类材料的发光机制、原理以及进一步材料设计思路还有待探讨和明确．鉴于此,本文综述了激子统计研究进展,分析了多种提高激子利用效率的途径,提出本课题组提高激子利用率的“热激子过程”新思路及杂化局域．电荷转移（HLCT）态材料设计原理,器件实现接近100％的激子利用效率．     

苯并噻唑酮类热活化延迟荧光材料的合成及其光电性能研究

以苯并噻唑-2-基(苯基)甲酮作为受体,具有强给电子能力的吩噁嗪和吩噻嗪作为给体构筑给体-受体(D-A)型分子,设计合成了两种具有聚集诱导发光(AIE)特性的热活化延迟荧光(TADF)红光材料3和4,并对它们的热稳定性、电化学性质、单晶结构、光物理性质和电致发光性能进行了系统研究.两种化合物具有较小的单三线态能级差(ΔE_ST,0.04和0.16 eV)以及微秒级延迟寿命(0.63和1.30μs),表现出明显的TADF特性.通过对比化合物在粉末状态下研磨前后的发射光谱,发现化合物4具有明显的力致变色发光现象.在纯薄膜下,两种化合物的发射峰分别为683和654 nm,光致发光量子产率(PLQY)分别为0.8%和3.6%.基于化合物3和4的非掺杂有机发光二极管(OLED)器件,均获得了纯红光发射(662和652 nm),器件的最大外量子效率(EQE)分别为0.15%和0.34%.虽然基于这两种化合物的器件发光效率有待提升,但它们的合成过程简便,能为开发苯并噻唑酮类TADF红光材料提供一定的启发.     

苯并噻二唑类电子受体材料分子设计与给-受体的理论匹配

设计并理论预测了一系列A'-π-A-π-A'型苯并噻二唑衍生物电子受体分子的几何构型、前线轨道特征、吸光性质及电子重组能等信息,同时考察了丙酮、氯苯溶剂对其性质的影响. 在此基础上将性能优异的受体分子与特定给体分子组合构建给-受体（D-A）界面,通过计算给体HOMO与受体LUMO之间的电子耦合V_if,评估了D-A界面载流子的复合程度. 结果表明,合理选择取代基对核心受体苯并噻二唑进行修饰是调节LUMO能级和能隙的有效方法. 将平面性好的受体材料与非平面型给体材料搭配作为有机太阳能电池光活性层材料,有可能达到降低界面复合、减小光电压损失和提高开路电压的目的. 综合考虑ΔE_L,V_if,光吸收效率及溶剂化效应等因素,D1-1aγ及D1-2aγ组合有望成为电子迁移率高、在可见光和近红外区吸收宽、界面激子可以有效分离且不易复合的理想给-受体分子组合.     

非富勒烯有机光伏体系三线态损耗通道的分子氟化调控

<正>有机太阳能电池受益于非富勒烯受体的发展,能量转换效率已跃升至18%左右1,器件效率的进一步提升决定于光电荷产生、输运和收集过程中的量子效率。光激发载流子的动力学过程的研究,不仅能阐述基本工作原理,也为器件优化提供新思路。在有机给、受体共混体系中,光激发单线态激子拆分成的电子空穴,通过双分子复合有一定几率重新形成界面激子,其中界面电荷转移三线态(3CT)通过系统中能量较低的三线态复合,     

基于受体1-受体2型聚合物给体的高效有机太阳能电池

设计合成了2种宽带隙聚合物给体,分别命名为PDTz-BDD和PDTz-BDT.其中, PDTz-BDT是一种典型的给-受体(D-A)型共轭聚合物, PDTz-BDD是具有受体₁-受体₂(A₁-A₂)型结构的共轭聚合物.采用BTP-e C9作为受体,分别与PDTz-BDD和PDTz-BDT共混构建有机太阳能电池,系统研究了两种给体的光伏性能.研究结果表明,具有A₁-A₂型结构的PDTz-BDD表现出更强的光吸收能力、更明显的溶液聚集效应与更优良的器件形貌,相应的光伏电池可以实现更高的光电转换效率(10.36%).本文不仅设计合成了2种新型给体,而且为构建A₁-A₂型共聚物以开发高效聚合物给体提供了参考.     

金属配合物在有机太阳电池中的应用进展

有机太阳电池因具有质量轻、色彩丰富及可制备柔性大面积器件等优势而备受关注.开发高性能的活性层给、受体材料及界面层材料是提升有机太阳电池光电性能的关键.金属配合物兼具金属配位的自组装有序性和有机分子的结构多样性,且具有较高的三线态激子密度和较长的激子寿命,是一类重要的光电功能材料.随着对不同金属配合物光电性质的不断研究,越来越多的金属配合物光电材料被应用于有机太阳电池中,并获得了较高的器件光电性能.本文综述了基于铂、锌、铱、钌、锆等金属的配合物在有机太阳电池活性层、界面层及添加剂中的应用,并对其结构-性能关系进行了深入分析,最后对这类材料面临的挑战与机遇进行了展望,以便为高性能金属配合物材料的设计及其在有机太阳电池中的应用提供参考与启发.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.