Nanostructured perovskite oxides as promising substitutes of noble metals catalysts for catalytic combustion of methane

In this review, we summarize the recent development of nanostructured perovskite oxide catalysts for methane combustion, and shed some light on the rational design of high efficient nanostructured perovskite catalysts via lattice oxygen activation, lattice oxygen mobility and materials morphology engineering.     

Thermal characterization of titania-modified alumina-supported palladium and catalytic properties for methane combustion

Thermal characterization of Pd/TiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalysts under oxygen or hydrogen atmosphere was investigated by means of thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Further, the effects of titania on the catalytic property of Pd/Al₂O₃ towards methane combustion were also examined. A TG-DSC studies revealed that the heat evolved during oxygen adsorption at 25 °C depended on the crystallite diameter. TPR and TPD studies of oxidized samples also demonstrated that the coating of Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts with titania can weaken the strength of the PdO bonds. Apparently the effect of coating Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst with TiO₂ is the improvement of the methane combustion at lower temperatures. This is probably due to the decrease of the strength of the PdO bonds.     

Ce1-xFexO2复合氧化物催化剂的制备及其对甲烷的催化燃烧性能

采用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法和微波技术制备了Ce1-x Fex O2复合氧化物,以甲烷催化燃烧为探针反应测定了催化剂的活性及XRD、DRS、BET和TPR进行了表征。结果表明,Ce1-x Fex O2复合氧化物为介孔材料,所制得的复合氧化物在x≤0．2时以单一立方萤石结构的Ce1-x Fex O2固溶体存在,x〉0．2时形成了立方萤石结构Ce1-x Fex O2固溶体和少量的CeFeO3混合相。Ce1-x Fex O2固溶体的甲烷催化燃烧活性高于单组分CeO2,且随着x的不同而变化,其中以Ce0.9 Fe0.1 O2固溶体的催化活性最高。     

Controllable construction of Ce-Mn-Ox with tunable oxygen vacancies and active species for toluene catalytic combustion

A series of Ce-Mn-O_x catalysts synthesized under different hydrothermal conditions were evaluated by catalytic removal of toluene. The results of characterization showed that the contents of oxygen vacancies and active species in catalysts were crucial for the catalytic oxidation process. The concentration of Ce³⁺, Mn³⁺, and adsorbed oxygen associated with structural defects in Ce-Mn-O_x catalysts could be controlled by hydrothermal conditions, which were considered to promote redox capacity and improve catalytic oxidation performance. In addition, suitable synthetic conditions could increase the S_BET and V_p of catalysts. Among the prepared catalysts, CM-100 showed the best catalytic performance due to the generation of more defective oxygen and active species (Ce³⁺, Mn³⁺, and surface-adsorbed oxygen). In addition, the CM-100 catalyst showed satisfactory water resistance and stability.     

Catalytic combustion of methane over iron- and manganese-substituted lanthanum hexaaluminates

A series of hexaaluminates, LaMnFe _x Al_11−x O_19−δ samples (x = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8) as new catalysts were prepared by carbonate precipitation and calcined at high temperature. Fe and Mn ions were used as active components to replace part of aluminum ions in the hexaaluminate lattices. The structures and properties of these samples were characterized by XRD, BET, and XPS. The series of hexaaluminates exhibited significant catalytic activity and stability at high temperature. The LaMnFe₂Al₉O_19−δ retains a larger surface area and shows a good activity in methane combustion.     

Catalytic combustion of methane over nano ZrO2-supported copper-based catalysts

The nano ZrO2-supported copper-based catalysts for methane combustion were investigated by means of N2 adsorption, TEM, XRD, H2-TPR techniques and the test of methane oxidation. Two kinds of ZrO2 were used as support, one （ZrO2-1） was obtained from the commercial ZrO2 and the other （ZrO2-2） was issued from the thermal decomposition of zirconium nitrate. It was found that the CuO/ZrO2-2 catalyst was more active than CuO/ZrO2-1. N2 adsorption, H2-TPR and XRD measurements showed that larger surface area, better reduction property, presence of tetragonal ZrO2 and higher dispersion of active component for CuO/ZrO2-2 than that of CuO/ZrO2-1. These factors could be the dominating reasons for its higher activity for methane combustion.     

负载型Pd/SnO2催化剂低温催化甲烷燃烧

天然气储量巨大,被广泛应用于发电和工业窑炉等.甲烷作为天然气中最主要的成分,是氢碳比最高的碳氢化合物,其温室效应显著.因此,不完全燃烧所引起的CH4排放,不仅导致能源浪费,同时也可造成环境污染.与传统火焰燃烧相比,CH4催化燃烧具有更高的燃烧效率,并可显著地减少大气污染物(CO,NOx和未完全燃烧的烃类)的排放.贵金属Pd催化剂对CH4催化燃烧表现出优异的催化性能,其中Pd颗粒的尺寸、Pd的化学状态、载体性质及其与Pd之间的相互作用等对其活性有显著影响.本文以不同温度(600,800,1000和1200℃)焙烧所得SnO2为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备了Pd/SnO2催化剂,研究了SnO2焙烧温度对CH4催化燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的SnO2均为锐钛矿结构,并且随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,晶型愈加完美,晶粒尺寸显著增大.催化剂中引入的Pd以高分散形式存在,CH4催化燃烧反应活性随着载体SnO2焙烧温度的升高而显著提高,其中Pd/SnO2(1200)表现出最高的CH4燃烧活性,起燃温度和最低全转化温度分别为265和390℃.在反应温度为300℃时,Pd/SnO2(1200)上甲烷的反应速率是Pd/SnO2(600)的36倍.XPS等结果表明,随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,Pd的化学状态也有所差异:对于低温焙烧的SnO2(<800℃),Pd以Pd4+的形式进入到SnO2晶格内;随着焙烧温度的升高(>1000℃),Pd以Pd2+物种的形式存在于载体表面.结合活性评价结果推测,Pd的化学状态可能并非是影响催化剂活性的最关键因素.TEM等结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1000)上PdO的(101)晶面与载体SnO2的(101)晶面相近,分别为0.2641 nm和0.2638 nm.O2-TPD和CH4-TPR结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1200)催化剂上单位Pd原子上O2的脱附量是Pd/SnO2(600)的3倍,单位Pd原子上CH4的消耗量比催化剂Pd/SnO2(600)高出45%.因此,PdO和SnO2在构型上存在的晶面匹配可提高催化剂对O2的活化能力.综上所述,SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配有利于氧在Pd-SnO2界面的活化,同时载体SnO2中的晶格氧亦可以通过"氧反溢流机理"补充到表面PdO/Pd上,从而增强催化剂对O2的吸附和活化能力,并提高CH4催化燃烧反应性能.升高SnO2的焙烧温度可强化SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配,从而使催化剂活性随着SnO2焙烧温度升高而增大.     

CoCr2O4型催化剂上二氯甲烷的高效催化燃烧

采用共沉淀法在不同焙烧温度下制备一系列尖晶石型CoCr2 O4催化剂并测试其对CH2 Cl2催化燃烧性能．制备的催化剂都具有高的反应活性,并发现其性能受到表面酸性和氧化还原性的协同作用．经600℃焙烧的CoCr2 O4-6催化剂因其具有较高的表面酸量（0．46 mmol·gcat－1）和较高表面吸附氧浓度（Oads／Olat＝0．55）,因此活性最佳,其T50为201℃,T90为278℃．由XRD等结构表征可知该催化剂含CoCr2 O4和 Cr2 O3两相,但CoCr2 O4尖晶石是该催化剂的主要活性组分．     

Preparation, characterization and catalytic behavior of Pt-Cu nanoparticles in methane combustion

Fine and well dispersed Pt-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles stabilized by polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were synthesized by alkaline polyol method. The molar ratio of Pt to Cu was 1 : 1. Further, the Pt-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles were supported on alumina and their catalytic behavior in methane combustion was investigated. The as-prepared as well as the supported Pt-Cu nanoparticles were characterized by transmission elec-tron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fractal analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dependence of methane combustion on the morphology and surface composition of Pt-Cu nanoparticles was analyzed based on the experimental results.     

核-壳结构Pd-Co3O4@SiO2催化剂的低浓度甲烷催化燃烧性能

用自组装法制备了一种具有核–壳结构的Pd-Co₃O₄@SiO₂催化剂,对其低浓度甲烷催化燃烧性能进行了研究。TEM、XRD、H₂-TPR表征及催化活性测试结果表明,SiO₂壳内的PdO与CoO_x之间的强相互作用,使得Pd-Co₃O₄@SiO₂对低浓度甲烷燃烧具有优异的催化活性。同时,与负载型Pd/Co₃O₄-SiO₂及Pd/Co₃O₄@SiO₂催化剂相比,核-壳型Pd-Co₃O₄@SiO₂催化剂经800 ℃煅烧后仍能保持较好的核-壳结构,有效地避免了Pd和Co活性物种的高温烧结,因而具有更高的热稳定性。     

过渡金属氧化物催化剂上甲烷催化燃烧的研究

与传统燃烧方式相比 ,催化燃烧因具有能量利用率高 ,且基本无污染等突出优点而受到人们的重视。以Ｐｄ为代表的贵金属燃烧催化剂[1] 的研究发展得较为完善 ,但价格昂贵使这类催化剂难以被推向实用。而过渡金属氧化物则价格便宜 ,并且也被认为是很有潜力的燃烧催化剂[2 ] 。但这类催化剂的高温稳定性差 ,活性也远不及贵金属催化剂。为此 ,人们试图使用Ｌａ ,Ｓｒ等作为助剂 ,使其与活性组分生成具有钙钛矿结构的化合物 ;或使用六铝酸盐催化剂[3] 来克服过渡金属氧化物催化剂的缺点。这些方法对过渡金属氧化物催化剂的性能有所改善 ,但催化剂…     

Weakly bound oxygen in the catalytic CO oxidation and exoemission from complex oxides having a spinel structure

The catalytic activity of complex oxides M^IM^II ₂O₄ (M^I=Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, or Mg; M^II=Mn or Cr) with a spinel structure in the oxidation of CO and the low-temperature (20–400°C) exoemission of negative charges from their surface were investigated. A relationship between the catalytic activity and the emissivity of the systems under study was found. The role of the charged species of weakly bound oxygen in exoemission and oxidative catalysis by the complex oxides is discussed. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1618–1621, September, 1997.     

调控尖晶石Co3+和Ni3+表面密度来提高催化甲烷氧化活性

天然气资源丰富、价格低廉, 因而被广泛用作燃料. 天然气的主要成分是甲烷, 未燃烧完的甲烷所产生的温室效应是二氧化碳的 21 倍, 所带来的环境问题引起越来越多的研究者关注. 但甲烷是最稳定的非极性有机小分子, C–H 键能高达434 kJ/mol, 大多数催化剂很难将其在很低的温度在完全转化. C–H 键的活化解离是催化甲烷燃烧最关键的一步, 而活化C–H 键方式主要有两大类: (1) 均裂活化机制, 一般用在贵金属催化剂上; (2) 异裂活化机制, 往往发生在过渡金属氧化物上. 比较而言, 贵金属催化剂, 尤其是 Pd, 往往具有更优异的低温催化活性, 但价格昂贵, 从而限制了其广泛使用. 因此, 开发更加高效的非贵金属催化剂用于废气中未转化的甲烷完全氧化是亟待解决的问题.含有 Co 和 Ni 的尖晶石氧化物具有良好的催化甲烷燃烧活性, 有望代替贵金属催化剂, 但要求在低于 400 °C 完全转化, 仍具有一定挑战. 另一方面, Ni3+和 Co3+哪个是活性中心, 还具有一定争议. 因此, 我们通过水热法和共沉淀法合成一系列表面暴露不同数目的 Ni3+和 Co3+来探究表面高氧化态 Co 和 Ni 跟活性之间的关系. XRD 和 TEM 结果表明, 相比于水热法合成的 Co3O4, 水热法合成的 NiCo2O4发生明显的晶格收缩现象, 这是由于在尖晶石体相中大量小半径 Ni3+(0.053 nm) 取代了大半径 Co3+(0.055 nm) 所致. 同时还发现, 水热合成的尖晶石具有多孔纳米片层结构, 相比于共沉淀法合成的尖晶石具有更大的比表面积, 催化活性也更高. XPS 分析发现, 催化甲烷燃烧的活性随着表面 (Ni3++ Co3+) 含量增加而提高. 结合文献分析和本文的实验结果推测, 表面的 Ni3+和 Co3+都可作为解离 C–H 键的活性中心. 水热 60 小时合成的 NiCo2O4纳米片表面 Ni3++ Co3+的数量最多, 所以具有最优异的催化性能, 大约在 280 °C甲烷转化 50%. 当加入 10%(体积比) 的水, 在高空速工况下对催化活性影响不大, 主要是因为长时间水热合成的尖晶石表面缺陷少, 对水的吸附弱, 这可通过 O 1s 图谱得到印证. 总之, 这些研究结果能够给甲烷活化和开发更加高效和低成本催化剂一些启示.     

In situ growth of Co3O4 nano-dodecahedeons on In2O3 hexagonal prisms for toluene catalytic combustion

In this paper, in situ growth of Co₃O₄ nano-dodecahedra on In₂O₃ hexagonal prisms were synthesized via pyrolysis of ZIF-67/MIL-68. Interestingly, the amount of Co₃O₄ dodecahedra on In₂O₃ hexagonal prisms was regularly regulated and controlled. In detail, four Co₃O₄/In₂O₃ catalysts with various Co/In molar ratio were prepared, including Co₄In₁ (Co/In molar ratio was 4:1), Co₂In₁ (Co/In molar ratio was 2:1), Co₁In₁ (Co/In molar ratio was 1:1), Co_0.5In₁ (Co/In molar ratio was 0.5:1). The catalytic performance of Co₃O₄/In₂O₃ catalysts was systematically investigated for toluene combustion. It could be noted that the Co₂In₁ sample exhibited the superior catalytic performance, and the temperatures for 90% toluene conversion (T₉₀) was 182 °C. Furthermore, the toluene conversion of Co₂In₁ sample had no significant decrease at 178 °C for 15 h, indicating that it presented superior stability for toluene oxidation reaction. Through various characterizations, it was verified that the Co/In molar ratio of Co₃O₄/In₂O₃ catalyst could obviously alter the surface atomic ratio of Co³⁺/(Co³⁺ + Co²⁺), BET surface area, the number of surface adsorbed oxygen, the interaction between In₂O₃ and Co₃O₄ of CoInO_x catalysts and so on. The lots of surface adsorbed oxygen, strong interaction between In₂O₃ and Co₃O₄ would promote the catalytic oxidation of toluene. Especially, we discovered that the catalytic activity of Co₃O₄/In₂O₃ was obviously improved with the increase of Co³⁺/(Co³⁺ + Co²⁺) surface atomic ratio.     

CeO2-MnOx催化剂形貌对低浓度甲烷催化燃烧反应性能的影响

采用水热合成法制备了船形、扁球形及纳米片CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物。并运用低温N₂吸脱附、XRD、SEM、TEM、H₂-TPR、拉曼光谱、XPS等表征技术对不同形貌CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物的结构与其低浓度CH₄催化燃烧反应性能之间的关系进行了关联。结果表明,CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物的形貌与其催化性能密切相关。其中,扁球形CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物的氧空位、Ce³⁺含量及表面吸附活性氧物种最多,其CH₄催化燃烧反应活性最高,540℃时,可将CH₄完全转化;其次是船形CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物催化剂,540℃时其CH₄转化率为94.05%;与前两者相比,纳米片CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物催化剂的氧空位及表面吸附活性氧物种较少,活性较差,相同反应温度下,其CH₄转化率仅为89.68%。     

CeO2/Co3O4氧载体的制备及其甲烷化学链燃烧性能研究

制备了系列甲烷化学链燃烧用CeO₂/Co₃O₄复合氧载体,采用XRD、H₂-TPR、甲烷程序升温和恒温反应对氧载体进行了表征与评价。研究了不同CeO₂的负载量对复合氧载体的结构、氧化还原性、产物选择性的影响。结果表明,氧化铈的添加不仅降低了氧载体的初始反应温度,还延长了有效反应时间,但铈添加量过高会降低产物CO₂选择性,使甲烷向部分氧化进行。CeO₂(30%)/Co₃O₄氧载体在650 ℃经20次循环后甲烷转化率和CO₂选择性均未明显降低,表现出较高的活性和化学链循环稳定性。     

Fe2O3/Al2O3氧载体制备方法的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法、共沉淀法、水热合成法、低热固相合成法、机械混合法、燃烧合成法和冷冻成粒法制备铁基氧载体Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃,并通过物理和化学表征手段来筛选和优化制备方法和制备工艺。对煅烧后的氧载体进行硬度测试,结果表明,溶胶-凝胶法、共沉淀法、机械混合法、燃烧合成法和冷冻成粒法制备的氧载体硬度较高;载体的X射线衍射(XRD)谱图表明,各种制备方法均能制得物相组成为Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃的氧载体,且随着煅烧温度的提高、煅烧时间的延长,氧载体的结晶度、晶体粒径逐渐增大,煅烧温度1 200℃的氧载体的机械性能、晶体结构、晶相组成更稳定。借助化学吸附仪的程序升温还原(TPR)实验表征氧载体的反应活性,并计算氧载体活性度。综合物理和化学表征实验结果表明,最优制备方法为溶胶-凝胶法和冷冻成粒法。     

低浓度甲烷流向变换催化燃烧的研究

甲烷在煤矿工业中被称作为瓦斯,在富含甲烷的矿井中甲烷的体积分数为0．1％～1．0％,在煤矿开采过程中甲烷的体积分数达到5％～15％就会造成瓦斯爆炸。如果能够将煤矿中的甲烷抽取出来利用,不但可以减少矿难事故的发生,而且能够提供更多可利用的清洁能源。因此,如何将此低品位的资源转化为可利用的能源,具有重要的研究价值。另外,甲烷的温室效应是CO2的21倍。因此,将伴随某些工业生产以及石油开采过程产生的低浓度甲烷直接排放到大气中,势必会造成严重后果。     

Effect of drying methods on the structure and catalytic combustion activity of Mn-substituted hexaaluminate catalysts

Conventional oven drying (COD) and supercritical drying (SCD) methods were applied to the preparation of Mn-substituted hexaaluminate (BaMnAl₁₁O_19-α) catalysts. The effect of drying methods on phase composition, specific surface area, pore structure and combustion activity of the samples was investigated. The samples obtained by SCD have higher surface area, narrower pore size distribution, and higher combustion activity than those obtained by COD. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Plasma assisted preparation of cobalt catalysts by sol–gel method for methane combustion

Novel cobalt catalysts were prepared by sol–gel method, and enhanced by plasma treatment, for methane catalytic combustion. These samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelactron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetrical analysis, N₂ Adsorption–desorption, temperature-programmed reduction and hydrogen–oxygen titration technologies. The XPS characterizations suggested that plasma treatment was favorable for the enrichment of surface cobalt, with a value of surface cobalt from 2.2% to 8.5% in mole. The specific surface area of the glow plasma assised sample (Co-Plas-Solgel-2) increased to 320 m²/g comparing with 305 m²/g of the conventional sample (Co-Solgel-1). The ignition temperature (T_10%) of Co-Plas-Solgel-2 catalyst was about 50 °C lower than that of Co-Solgel-1, and its CH₄ conversion was two times higher than that of Co-Solgel-1 during the whole range of catalytic combustion activity test (340–520 °C). With a better dispersion and more active sites, the plasma assisted sample exhibited significant enhancement in catalytic performances.