马家塔煤及其显微组分的加氢液化特征

用Fe2O3作催化剂,硫黄为助催化剂,脱晶蒽油为循环溶剂,在反应温度为450度,初始氢压为10MPa,反应时间为60min的实验条件下,在微型高压釜内对马家塔原料煤及其显微组分的加氢液化特征进行了系统研究,镜质组的液化反应性高于惰质组,在原料煤,镜质组和惰质组这三种实验原料中,原料煤的液化反应性是最高的,对总转化率和油收率而言,原料煤＞镜质组＞惰质组,对沥青烯产率而言,原料煤＞惰质组＞镜质组,水产率则是镜质组＞原料煤＞惰质组,气产率为惰质组＞镜质组＞原料煤,原料煤,镜质组和惰质组在加氢液化过程中所产生的气体在组成上也是有所差异的,各显微组分在加氢液化过程中可能存在着协同作用。     

纤维素基生物质催化转化制备二醇

生物质作为最有潜力替代化石能源的可再生资源之一,受到日益广泛的重视。纤维素基生物质是催化转化为各种燃料和化学品的重要原料。近年来,二醇(包括乙二醇、丙二醇和丁二醇等)作为燃料和化学品广泛应用于各个领域,市场需求很大。传统制备二醇是以化石能源为原料,存在原料不可再生和环境污染大等缺点。因此采用非化石原料途径制备二醇受到越来越多的关注,其中以纤维素基生物质催化制备二醇是克服化石燃料短缺和减少环境污染的重要途径之一。本文系统总结了近年来以纤维素基生物质(纤维素、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇)为原料催化转化制备二醇的研究现状,对反应途径、反应机理、催化剂稳定性和反应溶剂类型等进行了详细介绍,在此基础上对利用纤维素基生物质原料催化制备二醇的发展趋势进行展望,以期为相关研究者提供参考。     

利用可再生农林生物质资源的炼油厂--推动化学工业迈入"碳水化合物"新时代

本文首先介绍了国外以玉米、废弃生物质为原料发展生物炼油厂的设想;然后根据我国国情和已有技术基础,设想了以甜高梁、木薯为原料生产乙醇车用汽油和化工产品的生物炼油厂,以及以菜籽油、棉籽油为原料生产生物柴油和化工产品的生物炼油厂;最后探讨了遇到的问题和采取的对策。     

利用可再生农林生物质资源的炼油厂——推动化学工业迈入“碳水化合物”新时代

本文首先介绍了国外以玉米、废弃生物质为原料发展生物炼油厂的设想;然后根据我国国情和已有技术基础,设想了以甜高梁、木薯为原料生产乙醇车用汽油和化工产品的生物炼油厂,以及以菜籽油、棉籽油为原料生产生物柴油和化工产品的生物炼油厂;最后探讨了遇到的问题和采取的对策。     

订阅通知

针对目前蒸发结晶实验教学的需要,以实验室常用玻璃器材为主,设计了一种蒸发结晶装置。该装置包括数显加热搅拌装置、蒸发瓶、滴液装置、H型管、套管式换热器、冷凝液接收装置、连接装置和原料液储罐等8个部分,结构简单、占用空间小。并以硫酸铜溶液的蒸发结晶过程为例,对其使用方法进行了研究。通过外形的设计,可实现装置安装时长在15 min内,用时短,拆卸方便;通过控制原料液浓度和流速,实现对晶体的生长速度和形状的调控;原料液可循环使用,原料节约;玻璃器材为主,原理展示清晰;以硫酸铜水溶液为原料液,颜色鲜艳,便于演示。该装置能较好地满足高校工程类专业实验教学的需求。     

一种实验教学用蒸发结晶装置的设计

针对目前蒸发结晶实验教学的需要,以实验室常用玻璃器材为主,设计了一种蒸发结晶装置。该装置包括数显加热搅拌装置、蒸发瓶、滴液装置、H型管、套管式换热器、冷凝液接收装置、连接装置和原料液储罐等8个部分,结构简单、占用空间小。并以硫酸铜溶液的蒸发结晶过程为例,对其使用方法进行了研究。通过外形的设计,可实现装置安装时长在15 min内,用时短,拆卸方便;通过控制原料液浓度和流速,实现对晶体的生长速度和形状的调控;原料液可循环使用,原料节约;玻璃器材为主,原理展示清晰;以硫酸铜水溶液为原料液,颜色鲜艳,便于演示。该装置能较好地满足高校工程类专业实验教学的需求。     

基于天然聚多糖的环境友好材料（II）-麻纤维和芦苇纤维多元醇的生物降解聚氨酯

以麻纤维和芦苇纤维制备的植物多元醇为原料,合成具有良好性能的生物降解 性硬质聚氨酯泡沫体,其密度40 kg/m~3左右,压缩强度150 kPa,弹性模量4 MPa 。而且多元醇中植物原料含量越大,其性能越好,这使植物原料的充分利用和材料 生产成本的降低成为可能。土壤掩埋实验表明,泡沫体有很好的土壤微生物降解性 。     

用无声放电转化甲烷和二氧化碳同时制备合成气与烃

在低温常压条件下,研究了在无声放电反应器中以A型分子筛为催化剂从甲烷和二氧化碳合成烃和合成气,实现了在无声放电反应器中同时合成烃和合成气。实验在原料气流量200－600ml/min、原料气甲烷和二氧化碳摩尔比1／1－3／1及输入功率100－500W的范围内进行。研究结果表明,低原料气流量有利于甲烷和二氧化碳的转化,而高原料气流量有利于烃的生成;原料气甲烷和二氧化碳摩尔比对制得合成气的H2／CO摩尔比的影响最显著;甲烷和二氧化碳转化率及合成气和烃的产率均随输入功率的增加而提高。而所研究的范围内,当原料气流理为200ml/min、甲烷和二氧化碳摩尔比为1／1、输入功率为500S时,甲烷和二氧化碳转化率达到最高值,分别为64％和39％。以此法制备的合成气的H2／CO摩尔可以在很宽的范围内变化,本研究合成气H2／CO摩尔比的变化范围是0.7-3.1。     

以葡萄糖、丙烯酰胺和硝酸铈铵为原料制备介孔CeO_2

以葡萄糖、丙烯酰胺和硝酸铈铵为原料, 采用水热法制备出大比表面的介孔CeO2. 研究了铈离子价态、原料组成、 水热处理温度和时间以及原料的加入方式等条件对样品性能的影响, 并运用XRD, FT-IR, N2吸脱附和TG-DTG等手段对样品进行了表征. 结果表明, 铈离子价态由三价到四价可使介孔CeO2的比表面有较大的增加. 单独采用葡萄糖(或丙烯酰胺)和硝酸铈铵为原料所制样品的比表面较小, 而当原料组成为葡萄糖、丙烯酰胺和硝酸铈铵时可制得比表面较大的介孔CeO2, 水热处理时间和原料的加入方式对介孔CeO2的性能有一定的影响, 150 ℃水热处理2 d可获得比表面为162 m2 · g-1 的介孔CeO2.     

正相色谱法测定顺丁烯二酸二甲酯反应液中微量顺丁烯二酸

顺丁烯二酸二甲酯,又称马来酸二甲酯,是一种重要的有机化工原料,一般以顺丁烯二酸酐（顺酐）为原料进行酯化而成,在顺酐原料内和合成过程中都有可能因为水解生成少量顺丁烯二酸。在合成的工艺检测中一般采用气相色谱法进行定量分析,而顺丁烯二酸（顺酸）在气相色谱中不出峰,     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydroxylated chalcone derivatives with variable chain length

A series of (E)-1-(4-alkyloxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxyphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one have been successfully synthesised via Claisen-Schmidt condensation. The synthesised chalcone derivatives consisted of hydroxyl groups at either ortho, meta or para position and differed in the length of the alkyl groups, C (n) H(2) (n) (+1,) where n?=?6, 10, 12 and 14. The structures of all compounds were defined by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H- and (13)C-NMR. The antimicrobial studies were carried out against wild-type Escherichia coli American Type Culture Collection 8739 to evaluate the effect of the hydroxyl and the alkyl groups of the synthesised chalcones. All the synthesised compounds have shown significant antimicrobial activities. The optimum inhibition was dependent on the position of the hydroxyl group as well as the length of the alkyl chains.     

Isofagomine lactams,synthesis and enzyme inhibition

The synthesis of isofagomine lactams (2-oxoisofagomines) corresponding to the biologically important hexoses is presented. The D-glucose/D-mannose analogue (3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethylpiperidin-2-one (9) was synthesised in 9 steps from D-arabinose, the D-galactose analogue (3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethylpiperidin-2-one (10) was synthesised in 11 steps from D-arabinose and the L-fucose analogue (3R,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methylpiperidin-2-one (11) was synthesised in 12 steps from L-arabinose. The three lactams 9-11 were found to be glycosidase inhibitors with micro- to nanomolar inhibition constants. The lactam 10 showed slow onset inhibition of beta-galactosidase from A. Oryzae. The rate constants for this process were determined to be k(on) = 2.55 x 10(4) M-1 s-1 and k(off) = 1.7 x 10(-3) s-1. The activation energies and standard thermodynamic functions were also determined.     

Synthesis,characterisation, and biological activity of three new amide prodrugs of lamotrigine with reduced hepatotoxicity

Lamotrigine (LTG) is an antiepileptic drug used for the prevention of convulsions. Except several known side effects, hepatic dysfunction is also reported. Hepatotoxic side effects occur due to the dichlorophenyl moiety which develops an abnormally low level of glutathione. Depletion of glutathione causes oxidative stress and hepatic cell damage. The goal of the present study was to test the action and side effects of the three compounds synthesised and compared to LTG. Three amide prodrugs of LTG were synthesised by its reaction with N-acetylamino acids, viz, glycine, glutamic acid, and methionine. Purified synthesised prodrugs were subjected to thin layer chromatography, melting point, solubility and partition coefficients determination and characterised by UV, FTIR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The synthesised prodrugs were subjected to in vitro hydrolysis and to anticonvulsant and hepatotoxic activity studies. Significant reduction in hepatotoxicity and comparable anticonvulsant activities were obtained in all synthesised prodrugs as compared to LTG.     

Ionic Liquid Promoted Eco-friendly and Efficient Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones

2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones were efficiently synthesised by the reaction of isatoic anhydride, a primary amine or ammonium acetate, and different aromatic aldehydes in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF₄) without using any acidic catalyst. Also a bis-derivative of the title compound as a polyheterocyclic system was synthesised successfully in high yield.     

Ionic Liquid Promoted Eco-friendly and Efficient Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>)-ones

Summary. 2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones were efficiently synthesised by the reaction of isatoic anhydride, a primary amine or ammonium acetate, and different aromatic aldehydes in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF₄) without using any acidic catalyst. Also a bis-derivative of the title compound as a polyheterocyclic system was synthesised successfully in high yield.     

Anthraquinone and anthrone series—XXIII The non-identity of 1:3:8-trihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone with versicolorin and a synthesis of damnacanthol and damnacanthal

1:3:8-Trihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone has been synthesised by hydroxymethylation of 1:3:8-trihydroxyanthraquinone and shown to be different from versicolorin, the colouring matter isolated by Hatsuda and Kuyama from Aspergillus versicolor. Damnacanthol and damnacanthal, the colouring matters of the roots of Damnacanthus major and D. indicus have been synthesised by a new route.     

Synthesis and structure elucidation of five series of aminoflavones using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy

Twenty-six new aminoflavones have been synthesised by two different methods and the structure elucidation was accomplished using extensive 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies (COSY, HSQC and HMBC experiments).     

Shanzhisin methyl ester gentiobioside,a new iridoid - isolation and synthesis

The title compound 1 has been isolated from $\text{Canthium subcordatum}$ and its structure deduced; 1 was synthesised from shanzhiside methyl ester.     

Fire- and heat-resistant matrix resins based on ethynyl-substituted aromatic cyclotriphosphazenes

A novel class of fire- and heat-resistant matrix resins has been synthesized by thermal polymerization of ethynyl-substituted aromatic cyclotriphosphazenes. Thermal polymerization of new tris[4-(4′-ethynylbenzanilido)phenoxy]tris(phenoxy) cyclotriphosphazene ( III ) and tris[4-(4′-ethynylphthalimido)phenoxy]tris(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene ( VII ) at 250°C for 1–1.5 h gave tough polymers. The thermal stabilities of the polymers were evaluated in nitrogen and in air by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The synthesised polymers were stable to 400–410°C and showed char yield of 78–65% at 800°C in nitrogen and of 78–69% at 700°C in air. The ethynyl-substituted polymer precursor ( III ) was synthesised by the reaction of tris(4-aminophenoxy)tris(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene ( I ) with 4-ethynylbenzoyl chloride. The polymer precursor ( VII ) was synthesised by a solution condensation of I with 4-ethynylphthalic anhydride followed by in situ thermal cyclodehydration at 150°C. The structure of polymer precursors was characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The curing of polymer precursors was monitored by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and IR spectroscopy. The synthesised matrix resins are potential candidates for the development of heat- and fire-resistant fiber-reinforced composites. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis and evaluation of a tri-armed molecular receptor for recognition of mercury and cyanide toxicants

A tri-armed-pyrene-linked molecular receptor, 5 has been designed, synthesised and evaluated for ionic recognition. It has been observed that the synthesised molecular receptor can recognise mercury and cyanide ions through a change in colour, UV–Vis and fluorescence intensity. The binding stoichiometry of the receptor and these ionic species has been found to be 1:1 through Job’s plots, Benesi–Hildebrand plots and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC).