Near-infrared continuum generation of femtosecond and picosecond pulses in doped optical fibers

We report broad continuum generation in GeO₂-doped silica fibers induced by femtosecond and picosecond pulses generated by novel high-power laser sources. Over 0.5 W of average power in a broad-band picosecond continuum is generated in the near-infrared part of the spectrum from 800 to 1500 nm. PACS 42.60.By; 42.55.Xi; 42.65.Wi; 42.81.Qb     

基于衍射光谱的孔径平面结构测量研究

提出衍射光谱的一种新应用,通过直接测量宽频带光源在远场一空间位置处的衍射光谱,获得孔径阵列平面的结构信息,这种方法能适用于任何一种不同标准和尺寸的孔径阵列平面结构的测量.     

啁啾脉冲堆积宽带激光的时间与频谱特性分析

理论研究了啁啾堆积脉冲宽带激光时间与频谱特性与子脉冲参量的关系.结果表明,变换极限子脉冲堆积所得的脉冲平滑,频率啁啾型与时间啁啾型子脉冲堆积所得脉冲出现时间调制,平滑性变差,从频谱上看,前者出现单一谱线,而后者可看到多条谱线|随着子脉冲间延迟的增加,堆积脉冲由脉冲间干涉引起的时间调制增多,但幅度减弱,而频谱的谱线数量增加.所得结果可为适当地选择堆积脉冲参量以获得所需的时间与频谱形状的宽带激光提供参考.     

Effective stimulated emission cross-sections determined by transient fluorescence amplification in a Fabry–Pe´rot resonator

The amplification of fluorescence light of an active medium in a Fabry-Pe′rot resonator, transversely pumped with picosecond pulses, is exploited to determine the effective stimulated emission cross-section spectrum, σem,eff(λ). A theory is presented for the ratio of amplified fluorescence output to spontaneous emission signal (resonator mirrors removed). The detection sensitivity is enhanced by the multi-pass amplification. Its dependence on the output mirror reflectivity and residual ground-state absorption in the emission region is analysed. As an example the effective stimulated emission cross-section spectrum of coumarin 2 in methanol is measured in the wavelength region 435nm to 610nm. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

宽谱光源光谱相干度的仿真研究

以傅里叶变换为基础 ,研究了具有任意谱形的宽谱光源的相干函数并实现了通用的宽谱光源相干特性仿真算法。计算了应用于干涉式光纤陀螺的各种宽谱光源的相干特性 ,分析了不同谱形以及光谱平滑度对光谱时间相干性的影响。对于宽谱光源 ,此法可以全面准确地仿真其相干特性。     

飞秒与皮秒激光脉冲的主动同步及和频产生宽带超短激光的研究

利用主动同步方式实现了飞秒钛宝石激光器与皮秒Nd:YVO₄激光器的同步，得到了时间抖动低于1ps的同步精度.在此基础上进行了两束激光的和频实验研究，产生了波长为460nm的宽带蓝光飞秒脉冲激光.这一技术不仅代表了实现不同波长、不同脉冲宽度激光同步的一般方法，而且也证明了通过和频、差频两束不同激光产生新波长超短脉冲激光的一种全新技术方案. 关键词： 主动同步 超短脉冲 和频 差频     

Broadly tunable UV-blue picosecond pulsed laser and its application for biological imaging

We have achieved a rapid and random wavelength tuned picosecond pulsed laser and a widely tunable UV-blue picosecond pulsed laser by using the intracavity second harmonic generation of the laser. The tuning range was from 384 to 434 nm with picosecond pulse oscillation. In addition, we demonstrated biological imaging using a fluorescent protein excited by the widely tunable UV-blue picosecond pulsed laser. We found that the laser is suitable for biological imaging using the fluorescent protein as an excitation light source without damages.     

纳米孔隙聚合物光学薄膜透过率谱线的数值计算

用时域有限差分（Finite Difference Time Domain－FDTD）算法模拟了光从真空垂直入射到表面覆盖有一层纳米孔隙聚合物薄膜的玻璃介质,得到了在不同波长下的纳米孔隙薄膜的透过率谱线.将FDTD模拟结果的透过率谱线与理论谱线相对照,估算出了该薄膜的等效折射率.我们分别模拟了孔隙率为5%、10%、15%、20%和30%的薄膜,得到了它们的透过率谱线,而且利用这些谱线得到了它们不同的等效折射率值.文末给出了只有两层薄膜构成的纳米孔隙宽带增透薄膜的结构,而且利用FDTD算法模拟了光经过这种增透膜入射到玻璃介质的过程,结果显示这种增透膜在可见光波长范围的透过率高达99.5%.     

Defining the unknowns of sonoluminescence

As the intensity of a standing sound wave is increased the pulsations of a bubble of gas trapped at a velocity node attain sufficient amplitude so as to emit picosecond flashes of light with a broadband spectrum that increases into the ultraviolet. The acoustic resonator can be tuned so that the flashes of light occur with a clocklike regularity: one flash for each cycle of sound with a jitter in the time between flashes that is also measured in picoseconds. This phenomenon (sonoluminescence or “SL”) is remarkable because it is the only means of generating picosecond flashes of light that does not use a laser and the input acoustic energy density must be concentrated by twelve orders of magnitude in order to produce light. Light scattering measurements indicate that the bubble wall is collapsing at more than 4 times the ambient speed of sound in the gas just prior to the light emitting moment when the gas has been compressed to a density determined by its van der Waals hard core. Experiments indicate that the collapse is remarkably spherical, water is the best fluid for SL, some noble gas is essential for stable SL, and that the light intensity increases as the ambient temperature is lowered. In the extremely stable experimental configuration consisting of an air bubble in water, measurements indicate that the bubble chooses an ambient radius that is not explained by mass diffusion. Experiments have not yet been able to map out the complete spectrum because above 6 eV it is obscured by the cutoff imposed by water, and furthermore experiments have only determined an upper bound on the flash widths. In addition to the above puzzles, the theory for the light emitting mechanism is still open. The scenario of a supersonic bubble collapse launching an imploding shock wave which ionizes the bubble contents so as to cause it to emit Bremsstrahlung radiation is the best candidate theory but it has not been shown how to extract from it the richness of this phenomenon. Most exciting is the issue of whether SL is a classical effect or whether Planck's constant should be invoked to explain how energy which enters a medium at the macroscopic scale holds together and focuses so as to be emitted at the microscopic scale.     

Comparison of Solutions of the General Nonlinear Amplitude Equation and a Modified Schrӧdinger Equation

We review the dynamics of narrow and broad-band optical pulses in nonlinear dispersive media. A major problem that arises during the development of theoretical models, which describe accurately and correctly the behavior of these pulses, is the limited application of the nonlinear Schr?dinger equation. It describes very well the evolution of nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses. However, when we investigate the propagation of femtosecond and attosecond light pulses, it is necessary to use the more general nonlinear amplitude equation. We show that in this equation two additional terms are included and they have a significant impact on the phase of the pulse. We perform numerical simulations and show the temporal shift of the position of fundamental solitons. This effect depends on the initial duration of the laser pulses. To clarify the influence of the additional terms on the parameters of the optical pulses, we consider the nonlinear amplitude equation, which is a modified nonlinear Schr?dinger equation.     

Multiphoton avalanche generation of free carriers in a multiband crystal

A new mechanism for generating nonequilibrium electron-hole pairs in transparent wide-gap crystals under high-power picosecond light pulses of prebreakdown intensity is considered. The kinetics of free carrier generation is investigated by the numerical solution of the system of balance equations for particle concentrations within the multiband model of electron energy spectrum of the crystal. It is shown that in the intensity range of 10¹⁰–10¹² W/cm² the proposed way of nonequilibrium carrier generation is more effective in the case of picosecond pulses than the conventional multiphoton absorption. It is shown that the nonequilibrium carrier generation considered here may initiate a multiphoton avalanche.     

Study of nonlinear light scattering in water in the region of the second optical harmonic of laser radiation

The frequency-angular spectrum of nonlinear light scattering in water in the region of the second optical harmonic of picosecond Nd³⁺YAG laser radiation is studied. It is shown that this scattering occurs by the four-photon interaction mechanism. Statistical treatment of the spectra of four-photon scattering in the collinear interaction mode revealed a structure related to the frequency of infrared radiation caused by vibrations of cluster complexes of water molecules.     

Eu~(3+)掺杂的Na_2YMg_2(VO_4)_3荧光粉制备和发光特性

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Na2Y1-xMg2(VO4)3∶x Eu~(3+)(x=0.15~0.75)系列自激活荧光粉。用XRD、SEM、光致发光光谱和荧光衰减曲线分别对其结构、形貌和发光性能进行表征。XRD结果显示样品为纯石榴石结构,其中Eu~(3+)取代Y~(3+);SEM照片显示样品为粒径大小在0.3~1μm范围内不规则的光滑球状颗粒;光谱分析表明,Na2YMg2(VO4)3作为自激活发光基质可以被200~400 nm紫外光有效激发,发出源于VO_4~(3-)电荷迁移跃迁的波长范围为400~700 nm的宽谱带绿光。掺杂Eu~(3+)后,在340 nm紫外光激发下同时出现了VO_4~(3-)的电荷迁移带和Eu~(3+)的特征光谱。不同浓度Eu~(3+)掺杂的光谱和荧光衰减曲线表明,存在VO_4~(3-)和Eu~(3+)之间的能量传递。     

Bistability of self-modulation of the GaAs intrinsic stimulated picosecond radiation spectrum

The bistability of self-modulation of the spectrum of the stimulated picosecond radiation that appears during picosecond optical pumping of GaAs is detected. The radiation is measured before it reaches the end faces of a sample. One set of equidistant modes occurs in the radiation spectrum at the radiation pulse front. A set of modes located at the center between the initial modes replaces the first set in the descending radiation branch. The intermode interval inside each set coincides with the calculated interval between the eigenmodes of the GaAs layer, which is an active cavity. The radiation rise time turns out to be an oscillating function of the photon energy. The spectrum evolution is self-consistent so that the time-integrated spectrum and the spectrum-integrated radiation pulse envelope have a smooth (without local singularities) shape. The revealed bistability explains the physical nature of the two radiation-induced states of population depletion between which subterahertz self-oscillations in the radiation field were detected earlier. The radiation spectrum self-modulation is assumed to be a variant of stimulated Raman scattering.     

Field measurements of the global UV-B radiation: a comparison between a broad-band radiometer and a Brewer spectrophotometer

Summary The spectral responsivity shape plays an important role in the prospect of a wide use of broad-band meters in the UV-B monitoring. As most UV-B broad-band meters have a responsivity approximating an erythemal action spectrum, a measurement campaign was planned to verify if such an instrument could be successfully used to measure the unfiltered global irradiance. A Yankee radiometer mod. UV-B 1 and a Brewer spectrophotometer, considered as a reference meter, were compared for this purpose. A short theoretical treatment of the Yankee radiometer response and some results of the comparison are shown. Only clear-sky days data are selected so that the UV-B radiation reaching the ground could be modelled as the sum of the direct and the isotropic diffuse components. The comparison results show a good agreement between the two instruments and confirm the capability of a broad-band UV-B radiometer of correctly measuring the global irradiance.     

Picosecond time-resolved nonresonant ionization detected IR spectroscopy on 7-azaindole dimer

The picosecond time-resolved IR spectrum of the 7-azaindole dimer has been measured by picosecond time-resolved nonresonant ionization detected IR spectroscopy. This new time-resolved technique was developed by combining nonresonant ionization detected IR (NID-IR) spectroscopy with tunable picosecond IR and UV lasers. The time-resolved NID-IR spectrum from 2 600 cm^-1 to 3 800 cm^-1 shows a drastic change from 1.5 ps to 11 ps time evolution. A mode-specific vibrational redistribution has been suggested. Received 14 May 2002 / Received in final form 11 June 2002 Published online 13 September 2002     

Enhanced heating of mirror-trapped ions under an instability around ion-cylotron frequency

The high-energy tail of the ion energy distribution is heated by an instability with broad-band frequency spectrum having a peak a little above the ion-cyclotron frequency. The tail heating of the ions is enhanced under a mirror configuration of the magnetic field.     

Generation and applications of passively mode-locked picosecond light pulses

A model concerning the generation of picosecond light pulses in solid state lasers is compared with existing experimental observations. The quality of selected single pulses and their favourable properties for investigations with ultrashort light pulses are discussed. Extensive physical applications of picosecond light pulses are reviewed. Emphasis is given to quantitative investigations of non-linear optics and of ultrafast relaxation processes in condensed matter.     

高非线性光纤正常色散区利用皮秒脉冲产生超连续谱的相干特性

使用复互相干度的定义对时域光波分裂前后以及不同输入噪声、不同初始啁啾和波形下抽运脉冲在高非线性光纤中产生的超连续谱的相干度进行了数值计算,得到了光波分裂前后和不同输入噪声下生成的超连续谱的演化和相干性变化,结果表明:皮秒脉冲在高非线性光纤正常色散区产生超连续谱的相干性主要受到系统中噪声占比的影响,其中由光波分裂生成的频谱旁瓣的相干度低于由自相位调制生成的中心频谱的相干度:抽运脉冲啁啾和波形对在高非线性光纤正常色散区产生超连续谱的相干性的影响不明显,若想获得高相干的超连续谱,需要采用低噪声的脉冲进行抽运;若获得大谱宽高相干度的超连续谱,则需要合理选择皮秒脉冲的功率。     

皮秒级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱

介绍了一种利用光电摄谱法和条纹管相结合测量ps级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱的方法。论述了条纹相机工作原理和平面衍射光栅的分光原理,分析指出利用介绍的装置,可以实现波长300 nm ～1 600 nm、脉宽＞2 ps超快高能脉冲激光的光谱测量。采用1 054 nm超快高能脉冲激光器,实验得到了条纹像,对条纹像进行数据处理后得到测量光谱曲线,通过能量标定后,得到了超快高能脉冲激光器实际光谱曲线,验证了ps级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱方法。讨论了系统中耦合透镜组对光谱测量和光纤色散角对条纹图像的影响,论述了ps级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱的作用。随着条纹管制造技术的飞速发展,该方法可用于fs级激光光谱的测量。