羰基咪唑法固定化pH梯度毛细管等电聚焦电泳用于蛋白质分离

本文以N,N'-羰基二咪唑作为连接臂,将两性电解质(CAs)与毛细管内壁进行偶联.在电场作用下,CAs在毛细管内按照等电点次序依次分开,再通过与羰基二咪唑的化学键合,形成固定化pH梯度.该方法操作简单,适用于两步法毛细管等电聚焦分离蛋白质等两性生物大分子.考察了对血红蛋白、牛血清白蛋白及胃蛋白酶三种蛋白质混合样品的分离,证明该方法可行.     

新型毛细管等电聚焦驱动方法的建立及其应用

毛细管等电聚焦(CIEF)在生物分离分析领域中的发展迅速．CIEF可分为两步法聚焦和一步法聚焦．电渗流(EOF)可作为一种新的驱动力．Rassi等根据串连体系中电渗流速率将被平均化的原理,将未涂层毛细管与聚乙二醇涂层的毛细管通过聚四氟乙烯管耦合起来,成功地利用毛细管区带电泳快速分离蛋白．此外,利用电渗流输液原理设计的电渗泵还可用作流动注射和微柱液相色谱的驱动系统。     

全柱成像毛细管等电聚焦电泳分析蛋白质药物电荷异质性

评价了cIEF-WCID检测多肽与蛋白质药物等电点的应用效果。测定标准多肽的等电点,验证了cIEF-WCID具有高的准确度和良好的重复性(相对标准偏差0.50%)。人血红蛋白的4种主要异构体实现了基线分离;甘赖胰岛素的重复测试均只检出单一特征峰(p I 5.95±0.01);比较重组人生长激素原液和成品,等电点特征峰比例差异明显,且成品有新特征峰出现;对比进口及国产贝伐单抗,发现厂家1、3与原研药基本一致,厂家1的主成分迁移规律与原研药高度一致,厂家2的重链C末端K缺失、N末端焦谷氨酸环化或脱酰胺修饰影响了电荷异质性;通过考察尿素浓度、电解质范围和聚焦时间,优化了检测重组人促卵泡素等电点条件:2 mol/L尿素,两性电解质pH 2.5~5.0与pH 3.0~10.0按1∶1混合,聚焦电压1 000 V(1 min)~1 800 V(4 min)~2 200 V(1 min)。cIEF-WCID可快速、准确测定具有电荷异质性的蛋白类药物等电点,分辨率和重复性好,尤其是可以跟踪聚焦过程中样本的迁移特征,特别适合蛋白类药物复杂电荷异质性的检测。     

固化pH梯度毛细管等电聚焦整体柱的制备及在蛋白质等电点分析中的应用

通过聚合物原位聚合反应，制备了部分填充的毛细管整体柱。pH 3~10的载体两性电解质被固化在该毛细管整体柱上。在引入八通进样阀、三通阀和四通连接单元的基础上，构建了适用于固化pH梯度毛细管等电聚焦整体柱（M-IPG）的平台。在蛋白质药物测定过程中，用M-IPG柱和羟丙基纤维素（HPC）涂层毛细管柱同时对曲托珠单抗和依那西谱的等电点进行了测定。结果表明，两种等电聚焦柱都能够同时分离混合蛋白质样品并测定蛋白质类药物中单抗和融合蛋白质的等电点（pI），M-IPG柱所测的pI值与HPC涂层毛细管柱测定的结果基本一致，表明了该柱在进一步构建多维分离平台进行蛋白质组学研究方面的潜力。     

毛细管等电聚焦和电渗泵驱动聚焦区带分离蛋白质

建立了一种利用电渗泵驱动毛细管内的聚焦区带,实现毛细管电泳等电聚焦分离蛋白质的方法。通过控制电压来调节泵的输出流量,从而调节聚焦区带的迁移速度。适用于毛细管电泳等电聚焦两步法分离蛋白质等两性物质。考察了对牛血清白蛋白和溶菌酶两种粗提蛋白质混合物的分离,迁移时间的RSD分别为1.6%和1.3%,峰面积的RSD均为1.6%,证明方法可行。     

用同步辐射X-荧光定量测定电泳分离后蛋白条带内的微量元素

建立了同步辐射X荧-光(SRXRF)定量测定生物样品等电聚焦(IEF)分离后蛋白条带内的微量元素Fe、Cu和Zn的方法。用薄层聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分离人血红蛋白后,用SRXRF测定了各亚型条带内的金属含量,用加一定量金属的含蛋白聚丙烯酰胺凝胶做SRXRF定量测定蛋白条带内微量元素Fe、Cu和Zn的定量标准,校准曲线线性回归系数r在0~8μg/g范围内均大于0.99;检出限分别为2.43、1.12和0.96μg/g;测定蛋白条带内Fe和Zn的回收率分别为90.4%和115.7%。该联用技术可用于生物样品中微量元素的化学形态分析,同时给出蛋白质的微量元素组成和等电点等信息。     

电喷雾解吸电离质谱法用于临床尿样的直接分析

将电喷雾解吸电离质谱(DESI-MS)用于临床尿样的分析, 优化了电喷雾溶剂流速、电喷雾电压和喷雾锥距离等重要参数. 采用普通滤纸作为样品载体, 在不需要样品预处理的前提下同时快速测定了临床尿样中的钾、钠、尿素、尿酸、丙酮酸和肌苷等多种成分, 并对各种成分的主要离子进行了串联质谱鉴定. DESI-MS在进行多组分同时测定时不需要进行样品预处理, 缩短了测定时间, 单个样品的分析时间不到1 min. 同时, 采用内标法对所测定组分进行了半定量分析.     

毛细管电泳-大体积样品堆积法测定地龙蛋白粉中地龙多肽

建立了一种简单灵敏的毛细管电泳-大体积样品堆积法同时分离检测4种地龙多肽，方法成功用于地龙多肽VQ-5、OEP3121、F-1及AQ-5的富集。实验中采用了高效毛细管电泳的大体积进样法并对电泳条件进行优化，获得最优条件：堆积电压为-20 kV,堆积时间为2 min,进样压力为20.68 kPa,进样时间为33 s,检测波长为215 nm。实验结果显示，4种地龙多肽可在11 min内完全分离，在各自线性范围内呈现良好的线性，相关系数均大于0.99,富集因子在7.7～30.3之间。将所建立的方法用于地龙蛋白粉中多肽的测定，测得地龙蛋白粉中多肽AQ-5的含量为0.0012%,回收率在91.97%～102.67%之间。该方法简单，快速且准确，适用于实际样品的分析。     

冷聚焦-GC-MS法测定臭氧前体物混合气体标准样品

采用冷聚焦-GC-MS联用测定1μmol/mol的57种臭氧前体物混合气体标准样品,在保证各组分能够实现良好分离效果的前提下,对相关分析条件进行了优化以实现样品分析测定的重复性最佳,该方法可准确测定其中的54种组分,在最优条件下6次重复测定的RSD在0~2.5%之间,结果表明该方法准确、可靠,可为相关气体标准样品的研制提供技术支持。     

单克隆抗体-白介素2融合蛋白一级结构的确证

建立单克隆抗体-白介素2融合蛋白一级结构确证的方法.用基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间质谱测定单克隆抗体-白介素2融合蛋白的精确相对分子质量,毛细管等电聚焦方法测定其等电点,通过N-末端氨基酸序列的测定以及肽图分析,证实了抗体-白介素2融合蛋白一级结构表达的正确性,同时为单克隆抗体-白介素2融合蛋白的质量标准研究奠定了基础.     

Extension of separation range in capillary isoelectric focusing for resolving highly basic biomolecules

The non-availability of commercial carrier ampholytes in the pH range greater than 11 has contributed to difficulties in focusing and resolving highly basic proteins/peptides using capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF). Two different approaches, involving the use of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) and ampholyte 9-11, are investigated for their effects on the extension of separation range in cIEF. The addition of TEMED into pharmalyte 3-10 not only prevents the peptides/proteins from focusing in sections of the capillary beyond the detection point, but also extends the separation range to at least isoelectric point (pI) 12. The combination of ampholyte 9-11 with pharmalyte 3-10 surprisingly provides baseline resolution between bradykinin (pI 12) and cytochrome c (pI 10.3). The sample mixture, containing bradykinin, the high-pI protein calibration kit (pI 5.2-10.3), and cytochrome c digest, is employed to demonstrate the cIEF separation of proteins and peptides over a wide pH range of 3.7-12.     

Application of plasma-polymerized films for isoelectric focusing of proteins in a capillary electrophoresis chip

The first use of plasma polymerization technique to modify the surface of a glass chip for capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) of different proteins is reported. The electrophoresis separation channel was machined in Tempax glass chips with length 70 mm, 300 microm width and 100 microm depth. Acetonitrile and hexamethyldisiloxane monomers were used for plasma polymerization. In each case 100 nm plasma polymer films were coated onto the chip surface to reduce protein wall adsorption and minimize the electroosmotic flow. Applied voltages of 1000 V, 2000 V and 3000 V were used to separate mixtures of cytochrome c (pI 9.6), hemoglobin (pI 7.0) and phycocyanin (pI 4.65). Reproducible isoelectric focusing of each pI marker protein was observed in different coated capillaries at increasing concentration 2.22-5 microg microL(-1). Modification of the glass capillary with hydrophobic HMDS plasma polymerized films enabled rapid cIEF within 3 min. The separation efficiency of cytochrome c and phycocyanin in both acrylamide and HMDS coated capillaries corresponded to a plate number of 19600 which compares favourably with capillary electrophoresis of neurotransmitters with amperometric detection.     

Development of a simple ampholyte-free isoelectric focusing slab electrophoresis for protein fractionation

Sample preparation is often necessary to separate and concentrate various compounds prior to analysis of complex samples. In this regard, isoelectric focusing (IEF) is one of the best sample preparation methods. With this approach, however, carrier ampholytes have to be introduced into the samples, which may result in matrix interferences. In this paper, a simple ampholyte-free IEF free-flow electrophoresis design was developed for the separation of proteins. beta-Lactoglobulin, hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochrome c were selected as model analytes. The experimental design took advantage of the electrolysis-driven production of H(+) and OH(-) ions that migrated from the anode and cathode, respectively, establishing a pH gradient spanning from 2.3 to 8.9. The separation chamber was filled with silanized glass beads as a support medium. Dialysis membranes were mounted at the two sides of the separation chamber (made of glass slides) and sealed with 2% agarose gel. The separated proteins drained from the outlets of the separation chamber and could be successfully collected into small glass tubes. The focusing process was visually observed and the separation was confirmed by capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) with pI markers.     

Capillary isoelectric focusing-mass spectrometry: analysis of protein mixtures from human body fluids

Isoelectric focusing within a fused silica capillary (cIEF) has proved to be a powerful and practical method for high-resolution separation of analytes from complex biological mixtures. This technique overcomes many of the problems of isoelectric focusing within slab gel media. However current cIEF systems commonly utilize UV detection which limits the detail of analyte structural information that is obtained during analysis. The use of mass spectrometry (MS) as the detection system provides much greater structural information about the detected analytes allowing accurate relative molecular mass (M(r)) determination for proteins and polypeptides. We have constructed a cIEF-MS interface and compared the separation of standard proteins analyzed by cIEF-UV with cIEF-MS. This allowed rapid optimization of the cIEF-MS system performance. Further we have demonstrated the use of MS as a detection system provides accurate M(r) information and can provide analyte modification details. These factors increase the likelihood of absolute identification for physiological proteins within complex in vivo-derived mixtures. To demonstrate the value of cIEF-MS in such analyses we have undertaken an examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and tentatively identified a number of constituent proteins. We have also analyzed whole blood from control and diabetic patients. We show that glycated alpha- and beta- chains of hemoglobin are found in almost equal abundance in diabetic patient blood. From these results we suggest cIEF-MS is an efficient and useful tool for the separation and examination of in vivo-derived analytes within physiological fluids.     

Capillary isoelectric focusing of erythropoietin glycoforms and its comparison with flat-bed isoelectric focusing and capillary zone electrophoresis

The influence of several operation conditions on separation of recombinant human erythropoietin glycoforms by capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) is explored. From this study it is deduced that in order to separate several glycoforms of erythropoietin, urea has to be added to sample, which should not be completely depleted of the excipients used in its formulation. On-line desalting does not provide separation enhancement for samples with high content of salt. Better resolution is obtained using a mixture of a broad and a narrow pH-range carrier ampholytes than with either one used separately. Under the experimental conditions, focusing voltages of 25 kV improve separation compared to lower and higher electric fields. Focusing times shorter than the time necessary for electric current to reach a minimum provide similar separations than longer focusing times at which a minimum value of the current has already been achieved. The optimized method allows the separation and quantitation in 12 min of at least seven bands containing glycoforms of recombinant erythropoietin with apparent isoelectric points in the range 3.78–4.69. Compared to flat-bed isoelectric focusing, cIEF provides better separation of bands of glycoforms in a shorter time, and allows quantitative determination. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) gives rise to resolution of erythropoietin glycoforms similar to that obtained by cIEF. Although CZE requires a longer analysis time, its reproducibility in terms of peak area of glycoforms is better than in cIEF.     

High-efficiency capillary isoelectric focusing of protein complexes from Escherichia coli cytosolic extracts

High-efficiency capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) separations of protein complexes obtained from soluble protein fractions are demonstrated. Size-exclusion chromatography was used as a first dimension separation to fractionate putative protein complexes with apparent molecular masses of up to 1,500,000 from an Escherichia coli cytosolic fraction. Non-denaturing cIEF separations using highly hydrophilic polymer-coated capillaries constituted the second dimension. The conditions developed produced reproducible and high-efficiency separations, corresponding to approximately 2 x 10(6) theoretical plates and peak capacities of approximately 10(3) for pH 3-10 cIEF separations in 65 cm long capillaries. Combination of the two non-denaturing separation dimensions permitted isolation and analysis of individual protein complexes from complicated biological samples. Studies indicated that many E. coli complexes were stable on the time scale of the cIEF separations, but were degraded upon more extended periods of storage on ice, necessitating rapid sample processing and fast analysis techniques.     

Preparation of a capillary isoelectric focusing column with monolithic immobilized pH gradient and its application on protein separation based on an online capillary isoelectric focusing platform

In the presence of methanol and n‐decanol as porogens, a partially filled capillary monolithic column was prepared by in situ reaction of glycidyl methacrylate and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate. Then, Pharmalyte 3–10 was immobilized on this column in order to obtain a capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) column with monolithic immobilized pH gradient (M‐IPG). In addition, an online self‐built platform for protein separation was established on account of the introduction of a cross‐shaped unit and two short‐off valves. In this platform, a cross‐shaped unit was not only used to join the M‐IPG column and a six‐way injection valve (1.5 μL sample loop), but also to supply a volume pool of anode buffer so that the process of injection, focusing and mobilization of samples could be sequentially performed. The short‐off valve in the tee unit or cross‐shaped unit could be used to control the direction of the fluid flow. Using this online cIEF platform and under the optimized conditions, 7‐proteins mixture could be separated and a good linear correlation between pI values and migration times was obtained by the M‐IPG column. Meanwhile, based on the online cIEF platform, human serum proteins and a mixture of Hb A and Hb A_1c have been successfully resolved with the newly developed M‐IPG column.     

Charge heterogeneity of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody conjugated with a cytotoxic antitumor antibiotic, calicheamicin

A robust and highly reproducible capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) method for the evaluation of charge heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) pharmaceutical which contains covalently bound antitumor compounds was developed using a combination of commercially available dimethylpolysiloxane-coated capillary and carrier ampholyte. In order to optimize major analytical parameters for robust mobilization, experimental responses from three pI markers were selected. The optimized method gave excellent repeatability and intermediate precision in estimated pI values of charge variants with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of not more than 0.06% and 0.95%, respectively, when using IgG(4) as a model. Furthermore, RSDs of charge variant compositions were less than 5.0%. These results suggest that the proposed method can be a powerful tool for reproducible evaluation of charge variants of both naked mAbs and their conjugates with high resolution, and it is applicable to quality testing and detailed characterization in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, it should be noticed that the method provided non-linear pH gradient within the tested ranges, from pI 9.50 to 3.78, and the pH gradient caused the inconsistency of estimated pI ranges between cIEF and gel IEF. This result indicates that selecting appropriate pI markers based on the target pI ranges of charge variants for each mAb related pharmaceutical is highly recommended for the precise determination of pI values.     

Synthesis of UV-absorbing and fluorescent carrier ampholyte mixtures and their application for the determination of the operational pH values of buffering membranes used in isoelectric trapping separations

Success in isoelectric trapping separations critically depends on the knowledge of the accurate operational pH value of the buffering membranes used. Currently, due to a lack of easy, rapid, accurate methods that can be used for the post-synthesis determination of the operational pH value of a buffering membrane, only nominal pH values calculated from the amounts of the reagents used in the synthesis of the membranes and their acid-base dissociation constants are available. To rectify this problem, UV-absorbing and fluorescent carrier ampholyte mixtures were prepared by alkylating pentaethylenehexamine with a chromophore and a fluorophore, followed by Michael addition of acrylic acid and itaconic acid to the resulting oligoamine. Carrier ampholyte mixtures, with evenly distributed absorbance values across the 3相似文献   

Isoforms analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin by polarity-reversed capillary isoelectric focusing

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPO) has been extensively used as a pharmaceutical product for treating anemia in the clinic. Glycosylation of rhuEPO was crucial for affecting biological activity, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics. Because of the heterogeneity of glycan, the structure of rhuEPO was complex with several isoforms. Characterization of isoforms was important for quality control of rhuEPO. Here, an improved cIEF method has been established and validated. A polarity-reversed focusing step was used by reversing both the polarity of the voltage and the catholyte and anolyte vials. A weak base (100 mM ammonium hydroxide solution) was used as a chemical mobilizer to make the acidic bands mobilize stably to the detection window. Compared with CZE method in European Pharmacopoeia, the numbers of isoforms and their peak area percentage were highly consistent. Better reproducibility and higher resolution have been obtained by the improved cIEF method. Moreover, in improved cIEF method, the isoelectric points (pI) of each isoform can be calculated and used for identification. It was also the first time that the cIEF method was fully validated for rhuEPO analysis according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.