低速热射流涡及其气动光学特性的测量

用37单元哈特曼 夏克波前传感器以419Hz的帧频对加热的扁喷管气流的气动光学特性进行了测量,采用模式法进行波前重构,从而得到观测孔径内该低速热射流所造成的光程差分布,进而计算出其Strehl比,时间序列结果反映了它们的动态过程。实验给出了4.3~8 m/s及44~85℃的中心平均空气流速和温度的几种不同气流参数下的光程差分布,用相关的方法得出剪切层中相干结构（涡）的流动速度,结果表明,剪切层中相干结构引起的光程差分布及Strehl比随气流参数而变化;当高于65℃时,温度的影响不明显。     

低速热射流剪切层光学性质主动控制研究

分别对稳定、基波和亚谐波周期扰动入口边界条件的二维欧拉方程进行了数值模拟,得出了射流剪切层中大涡结构的空间演化特征,计算了不同入口边界条件时的流向斯特列尔比,从而提出了对流场进行主动控制的光学意义。     

光学窗口外形对气动光学效应的影响

流场求解采用3维雷诺平均N-S方程,分别利用ROE格式和二阶中心格式对对流通量和粘性通量进行离散处理;用高斯-赛德尔隐式格式对方程进行时间推进求解,采用k-ε两方程模型用于湍流的数值模拟。采用几何光学结合物理光学方法分析平均流动和湍流对光场的影响。计算结果表明:由于窗口外形曲面的曲率不同,两种窗口外部流场存在较大区别,气流速度、密度的分布情况各不相同。曲率较大的窗口外形对气流的压缩程度较大,导致气流绕过窗口顶端中心区域时流速快,密度梯度大,因而窗口空气阻力较大,光束在该窗口流场中传输受气流影响的影响也较大。     

运动涡旋脉冲引起的光学畸变

 主要研究了气动噪声对光传输和成像的影响。流场求解采用法福尔平均N-S方程，并分别利用基于MUSCL格式的AUSMPW+分裂和二阶中心格式对流通量和粘性通量进行离散处理；用四步四阶Runge-Kutta格式对方程进行时间推进求解，采用J-B两方程模型并经Sarkar方法进行可压缩修正后用于湍流的数值模拟。采用基于光学传递函数的物理光学方法分析平均流动和湍流对光质的影响。研究表明：涡脉冲在运动过程中会引起光束沿涡脉冲运动方向产生较大的整体偏折，偏折幅度随时间而变，最大偏折幅度可以达到1.7 μrad；在与涡脉冲运动的垂直方向，整体偏折基本可以忽略不记。在涡脉冲横穿光束的过程中，平均流动会导致焦平面光强峰值有两次下降，平均流动对光强重新分布的影响比湍流脉动影响更强。涡脉冲在运动过程中，先导致光束能量在与涡脉冲运动垂直的方向上扩散，随后使之在涡脉冲运动方向上向外转移。因能量向外扩散，导致Strehl比在0.9 s时刻降低到0.60左右。     

高速流场对光传输特性的影响

利用一座小型跨超声速风洞进行了高速流场光传输特性试验研究。光束在高速流场中传输时,由于流场密度变化,光波波前会发生畸变。利用风洞提供0.7,2.0和3.0等气流马赫数的流场条件,采用基于夏克-哈特曼波前传感器的光学测量系统,对光束在风洞流场中传输时的波前畸变进行了测量。试验结果表明：随着风洞流场马赫数增加,流场对光波传播的影响增大,光波波前畸变量显著提高。因此,在利用风洞进行气动光学试验研究之前,有必要消除风洞流场本身对光波传输的严重干扰。     

高速流场对光传输特性的影响

利用一座小型跨超声速风洞进行了高速流场光传输特性试验研究。光束在高速流场中传输时,由于流场密度变化,光波波前会发生畸变。利用风洞提供0.7,2.0和3.0等气流马赫数的流场条件,采用基于夏克-哈特曼波前传感器的光学测量系统,对光束在风洞流场中传输时的波前畸变进行了测量。试验结果表明:随着风洞流场马赫数增加,流场对光波传播的影响增大,光波波前畸变量显著提高。因此,在利用风洞进行气动光学试验研究之前,有必要消除风洞流场本身对光波传输的严重干扰。     

自由热射流流场的光学不均匀性数值研究

通过建立物理模型,求解层流N-S方程,用数值方法模拟了二维热射流流场的有序大涡结构,计算了流场不同流向位置的光程值,分析了射流流场混合层的光学特性,得出了气动光学流场由于流场中大尺度涡结构的存在所引起的光学不均匀性,大涡结构中奇点所导致的光学畸变最大,在一定条件下大涡结构有散焦作用。     

自由热射流流场的光学不均匀性数值研究

 通过建立物理模型，求解层流N-S方程，用数值方法模拟了二维热射流流场的有序大涡结构，计算了流场不同流向位置的光程值，分析了射流流场混合层的光学特性，得出了气动光学流场由于流场中大尺度涡结构的存在所引起的光学不均匀性，大涡结构中奇点所导致的光学畸变最大，在一定条件下大涡结构有散焦作用。     

气动热环境下高速飞行器光学头罩特性分析

建立高速飞行器红外光学头罩在气动热环境下有限元分析模型,分析头罩在气动热环境下的物理特性和光学特性,对头罩在气动热环境下的温度场、应力场、应变场和位移场进行数值计算。计算结果表明头罩在气动热环境下温度场分布不均匀,因此头罩会产生热应力而发生形变。利用有限元分析结果,根据热光效应和弹光效应理论,对气动热环境下红外光学头罩的折射率场进行数值计算。以头罩外表面中心点折射率为例,在头罩工作时间内,通过计算得到头罩15s后由热光效应造成的折射率改变为0.011,而由弹光效应造成的x方向折射率改变为0.000107,即弹光效应造成的折射率改变量约为热光效应造成折射率改变量的0.97%,由此可知,在气动热环境下热光效应对头罩折射率的影响比较大,而弹光效应对头罩折射率的影响比较小。     

基于涡声理论的低速轴流风机气动噪声研究

采用PIV和CFD对不同安装角低速轴流风机流场进行对比研究,结合低速等熵流动的涡声理论分析风机内部流场与噪声辐射关联,在此基础上计算风机气动噪声.研究表明,低速等熵流动的气动噪声主要源于流场中涡系的拉伸与破裂.均匀进气情况下低速轴流风机的主要气动噪声源为叶片尾缘涡脱落噪声和叶尖涡噪声,其中前者强度明显大于后者.在此基础上,应用基于CFD的涡脱落噪声预测模型对风机气动噪声预测结果与实验吻合较好.     

Reactive mixing performance for a nanoparticle precipitation in a swirling vortex flow reactor

Mixing performance for a consecutive competing reaction system has been investigated in a swirling vortex flow reactor (SVFR). The direct quadrature method of moments combined with the interaction by exchange with the mean (DQMOM-IEM) method was employed to model such reacting flows. This type of reactors is able to generate a strong swirling flow with a great shear gradient in the radial direction. Firstly, mixing at both macroscale and microscale was assessed by mean mixture fraction and its variance, respectively. It is found that macromixing can be rapidly achieved throughout the whole reactor chamber due to its swirling feature. However, micromixing estimated by Bachelor length scale is sensitive to turbulence. Moreover, the additional introduction of ultrasound irradiation can significantly improve the mixing uniformity, namely, free of any stagnant zone presented in the reactor chamber on a macroscale, and little variance deviating from the mean environment value can be observed on a microscale. Secondly, reaction progress variable and the reactant conversion serve as indicators for the occurrence of side reaction. It is found that strong turbulence and a relatively fast micromixing process compared to chemical reaction can greatly reduce the presence of by-product, which will then provide homogenous environment for particle precipitation. Moreover, due to the generation of cavitation bubbles and their subsequent collapse, ultrasound irradiation can further intensify turbulence, creating rather even environment for chemical reactions. Low conversion rate was observed and little by-products were generated consequently. Therefore, it is suggested that the SVFR especially intensified by ultrasound irradiation has the ability to provide efficient mixing performance for the fine-particle synthesis process.     

Pipe flow measurement by using a side-scattering holographic particle imaging technique

A side scattering holographic particle imaging technique has been developed and demonstrated to be a capable tool for obtaining good quality images of a particle field in a high Reynolds number pipe flow. Instantaneous three-dimensional velocity components can be measured. The streamwise velocity error is estimated to be about 5%. Limitations of this optical set-up are discussed. The methodology and results presented will be of use for designing a pulsed laser holographic technique for turbulent velocity measurement or particle diagnostics in a pipe flow.     

湍流边界层中下扫流与“反发卡涡”

用氢气泡法观测湍流边界层的下扫流和有关的流动结构.实验中发现一种新型涡结构，它的特征与典型的发卡涡正好相反.发卡涡的头部指向下游，而它的头部指向上游； 发卡涡的两腿之间，由于涡的诱导产生上升流，而它则在其两腿之间，由于涡的诱导产生下扫流. 关键词： 湍流边界层 流动显示 流动结构 发卡涡     

Heat transfer behaviours of nanofluids in a uniformly heated tube

In the present work, we consider the problem of the forced convection flow of water– γAl₂O₃ and ethylene glycol– γAl₂O₃ nanofluids inside a uniformly heated tube that is submitted to a constant and uniform heat flux at the wall. In general, it is observed that the inclusion of nanoparticles has increased considerably the heat transfer at the tube wall for both the laminar and turbulent regimes. Such improvement of heat transfer becomes more pronounced with the increase of the particle concentration. On the other hand, the presence of particles has produced adverse effects on the wall friction that also increases with the particle volume concentration. Results have also shown that the ethylene glycol– γAl₂O₃ mixture gives a far better heat transfer enhancement than the water– γAl₂O₃ mixture.     

用哈特曼法研究自由旋涡气动窗口光束质量

 利用37单元哈特曼波前传感器实验研究不同工作条件下不同时刻自由旋涡气动窗口对输出激光波前的影响。将高速CCD所采集的畸变激光波前传送给高速波前处理机，采用模式法对其进行波前重构，进而计算给出畸变波前的波像差峰谷值、波像差均方根和斯特列尔比值等相关光学参数随气动窗口工作条件不同的变化曲线。结果表明，自由旋涡气动窗口对输出激光波前的影响主要是光束偏转和离焦，特别是气动窗口工作在设计状态时，其余低阶及高阶像差都比较小，能够满足实际需要。哈特曼波前传感器能很好地用于自由旋涡气动窗口对激光波前影响的二维动态测量，并能给出波前畸变的各项Zernike多项式的模式系数得到畸变波前，直接为气动窗口与强激光发射系统的对接和波前校正提供数据。     

Turbulence structures in high-speed air flow along a thin cylinder

Turbulent flow in the axial direction along a cylinder representing a monofilament yarn was reproduced for a relatively wide range of radius Reynolds numbers using direct numerical simulations. In the simulation of the thinnest cylinder, the friction coefficient agreed with a previously published formula. A pair of high- and low-speed streaks was detected around even the thinnest cylinder, whereby it was confirmed that turbulence was sustained according to the analysed turbulence statistics. Even when only a single pair of streaks around the cylinder was detected, the characteristics of the turbulence structures, such as the mean streak spacing based on the viscous length scale, were the same as those in flows over a flat plate. It was found that the friction coefficient changes in a way that maintains the structural characteristics of the flow, consistent with the view that universal characteristics of turbulence structures exist.     

用晶格玻尔兹曼方法研究颗粒在涡流中的运动

用晶格玻尔兹曼方法研究小颗粒在涡流中的运动.涡流由流经空腔的流体产生.用动量交换法和压力张量积分法计算颗粒在涡流中的运动轨迹、速度和角速度.最后用张量积分法计算两个不同半径的颗粒在涡流中的运动. 关键词： 晶格玻尔兹曼方法 涡流 颗粒     

Coherent structure extraction in turbulent channel flow using boundary adapted wavelets

We introduce boundary adapted wavelets, which are orthogonal and have the same scale in the three spatial directions. The construction thus yields a multiresolution analysis. We analyse direct numerical simulation data of turbulent channel flow computed at a friction Reynolds number of 395, and investigate the role of coherent vorticity. Thresholding of the vorticity wavelet coefficients allows us to split the flow into two parts, coherent and incoherent flows. The coherent vorticity is reconstructed from its few intense wavelet coefficients and the coherent velocity is reconstructed using Biot–Savart's law. The statistics of the coherent flow, i.e. energy and enstrophy spectra, are close to the statistics of the total flow, and moreover, the nonlinear energy budgets of the total flow are very well preserved. The remaining incoherent part, represented by the large majority of the weak wavelet coefficients, corresponds to a structureless, i.e. noise-like, background flow whose energy is equidistributed.     

对称槽道涡波流场流动特征的POD分析

为深入分析层流状态下对称槽道内涡波流场的流动特性及其变化规律,对流场进行了二维粒子图像测速(2DPIV)测量获取瞬态速度矢量数据,利用本征正交分解(POD)技术进行模态分解以及涡波流场的重构,然后根据重构的流场对对称槽道内涡波流场进行了平均速度剖面、流场脉动强度以及特征点的速度和频谱分布等方面的分析。结果表明：POD的前15阶模态能够表征涡波流场的主导结构,第1,3阶模态主要表现为一对旋向相反的涡对特征,第2阶模态具有涡旋和波状主流的特征;提取了5个涡旋涡核的位置作为流场流动特性的特征点;根据POD重构流场分析发现流向平均速度呈抛物线形状分布,法向平均速度呈对称分布特征;流向脉动强度受壁面的影响较大,法向脉动强度呈现抛物线形状分布;距离中心主流较近的1^#,4^#,5^#特征点的速度脉动程度受主流的脉动强度影响较大,速度的脉动主频0.15 Hz与次频、流场的自然频率0.35 Hz共同影响特征点的速度分布;2^#,3^#特征点的流向速度呈衰减趋势,法向速度在初期幅度变化较大。