Proficiency testing in the light of a new rationale in metrology

The novel proposed definition of measurement result in the international metrology vocabulary requires a revision of standards and guidelines for proficiency testing (PT), and a new approach to processing proficiency data is needed to test the ability of laboratories to present not only unbiased quantity values, but reliable estimates of their uncertainty. Hence, an accepted reference value with the smallest possible uncertainty is needed to ascertain the proficiency of laboratories reporting results with lower than average uncertainty. A strategy based on the T-statistic is proposed leading to an accepted reference value that fully reflects the uncertainties reported by participants in a PT scheme and permits calculation of E _n numbers to distinguish whether or not measurement results are consistent with the accepted definition of the measurand. The strategy is applied to PT data from a recent international laboratory intercomparison of uranium isotopic ratios.     

The application of data from proficiency testing to laboratory accreditation according to ISO 17025

Current methods of testing laboratories for their proficiency in reporting correct measurement results are liable to substantial errors of the second kind. This means that laboratories with deflated uncertainties are accepted as proficient, even though their reported measurement results pave the way for erroneous conclusions. Only by using E _n numbers based on an accepted reference value with the lowest possible uncertainty can the risk of recognising incorrect measurement results be kept at an acceptable level. Based on an actual set of proficiency test (PT)-data for the concentration of Pb in water, this paper compares PT results obtained by methods using E _n numbers with methods based on z-scores. Kaj Heydorn is a technical assessor at The Danish Accreditation and Metrology Fund (DANAK).     

The determination of an accepted reference value from proficiency data with stated uncertainties

Proficiency data with stated uncertainties represent a unique opportunity for testing that the reported uncertainties are consistent with the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). In most proficiency tests, however, this opportunity is forfeited, because proficiency data are processed without regard to their uncertainties. In this paper we present alternative approaches for determining a reference value as the weighted mean of all mutually consistent results and their stated uncertainties. Using an accepted reference value each reported uncertainty estimate can be expressed as an E _n number, but a value of confirms its validity only if the uncertainty of the reference value is negligible in comparison.Reference values calculated for results from an International Measurement Evaluation Programme (IMEP-9) by “bottom up” as well as “top down” methods were practically identical, although the first strategy yielded the lowest uncertainty. A plot of individual coefficients of variation (CV) versus E _n numbers helps interpretation of the proficiency data, which could be used to validate relative uncertainties down to <1%.     

Influence of partial substitution of zinc for copper on electronic structures of YBa2Cu3O y

Summary By use of an approximate band-structure treatment based on the EHMO approach, the energy band structures for the Zn-doped superconductor YBa₂Cu_3–x Zn _x O _y were calculated in the present paper and the influence of partial substitution of zinc for copper on the electronic structures for orthorhombic YBa₂Cu₃O_y was studied. From analysis of the band structures and the densities of states for YBa₂Cu_3–x Zn _x O _y , it was demonstrated that the 2D Cu-O planes in the Y-Ba-Cu-O superconducting system have a direct and dominant influence on superconductivity, whereas the role of the 1D Cu-O ribbons and the O(4) atoms is also of some importance.     

Electronic structures of superconductors YBa2Cu3−x M x O y (M=Sn,Ni)

Based on the EHMO approach, the energy band structures for superconductors YBa₂Cu_3–x Sn _x O _y (y>7) and YBa₂Cu_3–x Ni _x O_y (y<7) were calulated in the present paper. The influence of the cation doping at the Cu site in the unit cell and the oxygen content on their electronic structures was studied. The results showed that the cation doping at the Cu site resulted in the great decreases in the bandwidths of the broad anisotropic Cu-O bands and the densities of states. In YBa₂Cu_3–x Sn _x O _y , however, these decreases are compensated by the increase in the oxygen content caused by the Sn-doping, which results in a small change in the total densities of states. For YBa₂Cu_3–x Ni _x O _y , the effect of the doping on its electronic structures in dominant. The Ni-doping, therefore, results in a great change in the electronic structures. In addition, the study on the projected densities of states of the Ni-doped system revealed that the 2D Cu-O planes in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system played a dominant role in superconductivity.     

Die Kristallstruktur von TlFe3Te3

TlFe₃Te₃ is hexagonal, space groupP6₃/m–C _2h ⁶ ,a=9.350(2) Å,c=4.2230 (7) Å,Z=2. Iron and tellurium atoms occupy the positions 6 (h) withx=0.170,y=0.149 andx=0.046,y=0.357 respectively. Thallium atoms are situated in 2 (d). The structure was determined on the basis of single crystal data obtained form a four circle diffractometer. Refinement yielded andR-value of 4.8% for an asymmetric set of 267 reflections. TlFe₃Te₃ is a new structure type. The structure and its relations to the Mn₅Si_3–, the Nb₃Te₄-and the Tl _x V₆S₈-type are discussed.

     

纳米微孔NixZn(1-x)Fe2O4的水热合成研究

０引言尖晶石型铁酸盐是一类重要的磁性材料，它可用于防止电磁波辐射设备以及隐身材料中的吸波剂犤１，２犦，具有价格低廉、吸波性能优良的特点。同时尖晶石型铁酸盐也是一类重要的催化剂，９０年代初又发现了氧缺位的该类化合物具有将CO２还原为C的优良催化性能犤３犦。因此，有关铁酸盐的制备及性能研究一直是化学工作者和材料科学工作者感兴趣的领域。随着新的合成方法的不断涌现，对传统铁氧体材料进行结构改造以提高其性能是一个重要的研究发展方向，本文采用模板剂造孔技术，首次在NixZn（１－x）Fe２O４水热合成中选用模板剂，…     

Chromium(III) Hydroxide Solubility in The Aqueous Na+-OH?-H2PO?4-HPO2?4-PO3?4-H2O System: A Thermodynamic Model

Chromium(III)-phosphate reactions are expected to be important in managing high-level radioactive wastes stored in tanks at many DOE sites. Extensive studies on the solubility of amorphous Cr(III) solids in a wide range of pH (2.8–14) and phosphate concentrations (10^–4 to 1.0 m) at room temperature (22±2)°C were carried out to obtain reliable thermodynamic data for important Cr(III)-phosphate reactions. A combination of techniques (XRD, XANES, EXAFS, Raman spectroscopy, total chemical composition, and thermodynamic analyses of solubility data) was used to characterize solid and aqueous species. Contrary to the data recently reported in the literature,⁽¹⁾ only a limited number of aqueous species [Cr(OH)₃H₂PO^–₄, Cr(OH)₃(H₂PO₄)^2–₂), and Cr(OH)₃HPO^2–₄] with up to about four orders of magnitude lower values for the formation constants of these species are required to explain Cr(III)-phosphate reactions in a wide range of pH and phosphate concentrations. The log K^o values of reactions involving these species [Cr(OH)₃(aq)+H₂PO^–₄&#x21CC;Cr(OH)₃H₂PO^–₄; Cr(OH)₃(aq)+2H₂PO^–₄&#x21CC;Cr(OH)₃(H₂PO₄)^2–₂; Cr(OH)₃(aq)+HPO^2–₄&#x21CC;Cr(OH)₃HPO^2–₄] were found to be 2.78±0.3, 3.48±0.3, and 1.97±0.3, respectively.     

Comparative study of structural stability in [NH4−n (CH3) n ]2HgCl4 and in related compounds

The structural instability of the [NH_4−n (CH₃) _n ]₂HgCl₄ group has been investigated. Consideration of different crystals of this family shows that the H-bonds, obviously, hinder the appearance of incommensurate modulation. The dependence of phase transition sequence on the sizes of cation and anion may be obtained only for crystals with simple cation. The appearance of H-bonds complicates the situation and, leads to gradual disappearance of IC phase in the A₂BX₄ family.     

Die Kristallstruktur von Ca2As2O7

The structure of Ca₂As₂O₇ (a ₀=7.05,b ₀=9.30,c ₀=4.89 Å; =101.3°; space groupC2/m-C _2h ³ ;Z=2) has been solved from 465 independent X-ray intensities collected on aWeissenberg-type diffractometer up to anR-factor of 2.4% for all intensities. The structure of Ca₂As₂O₇ represents a further Thortveitite structure type.

     

Structural and magnetic anomalies among the spin-chain compounds, Ca3Co1+xIr1?xO6

The results of X-ray diffraction, andac anddc magnetisation as a function of temperature are reported for a new class of spin-chain oxides, Ca₃Co_1+x Ir_1−x O₆. While thex = 0.0, 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 are found to form in the K₄CdCl₆-derived rhombhohedral (space group ) structure, thex = 0.7 composition is found to undergo a monoclinic distortion in contrast to a literature report. Apparently, the change in the crystal symmetry withx manifests itself as a change in the sign of paramagnetic Curie temperature for this composition as though magnetic coupling sensitively depends on such crystallographic distortions. All the compositions exhibit spin-glass anomalies with an unusuallylarge frequency dependence of the peak temperature inac susceptibility in a temperature range below 50 K, interestingly obeying Vogel-Fulcher relationship even for the stoichiometric compounds. Dedicated to Professor C N R Rao on his 70th birthday     

An exact expression for the wiener index of a TUC<Subscript>4</Subscript>C<Subscript>8</Subscript>(R) nanotorus

The Wiener index of a graph G is defined as , where V(G) is the set of all vertices of G and for denotes the length of a minimal path between x and y. A C ₄ C ₈ net is a trivalent decoration made by alternating squares C ₄ and octagons C ₈. It can cover either a cylinder or a torus. In this paper, an algorithm for computing the distance matrix of a C ₄ C ₈(R) nanotorus T = T[p,q] is given. Using this matrix, the Wiener index of T is computed.     

纳米γ-Fe2O3粉体的合成与磁性增强研究

采用微乳法合成出氧化铁的前驱体——纳米β-FeOOH, 分别以β-FeOOH与添加剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-4)以物质量的比(n)为4, 5, 100添加NP-4, 混合煅烧. 采用拉曼光谱分析了样品中炭含量及分布, 并且用透射电镜观测产物的形貌和粒径, 采用磁强计观测产物磁性的变化. 结果得出, 对n＝5或破乳所得凝胶煅烧, 所得样品皆为分散均匀的四方形颗粒状, 且为磁性明显增强的纳米氧化铁γ-Fe₂O₃. 还分别讨论了样品中炭含量以及颗粒形状对比饱和磁化强度σ_s、矫顽力、矩形比的影响.     

CrOx-CeO2二元氧化物表面NO的NH3催化还原反应机理

利用原位漫反射红外光谱法研究了473 K下在CrOx-CeO₂二元氧化物表面NO的NH₃催化还原反应的机理。研究了CrO-CeO₂二元氧化物表面在反应过程中的表面吸附物种。为了更加清晰的了解反应过程, 在SCR反应过程中分别切断NH₃和NO的气流, 并采集了所生成的原位漫反射红外光谱图, 通过研究以上结果得出结论:当前状态下的SCR反应过程可能服从E-R机理。     

Komplexe des zweiwertigen Molybdäns,Derivate des Oktahalodimolybdat(II)-Ions, 4. Mitt.: Darstellungen und Kristallstrukturen von zwei neutralen Komplexen mit 4-Methylpyridin

Mo₂Cl₄ Pic ₄·CHCl₃ (A) (Pic=4-methylpyridine) and Mo₂Br₄ Pic ₄ (B) crystallize in the monoclinic space group.A inC2/c (No. 15) witha=15.175 (4),b=10.847 (2),c=19.946 (6) and =104.52 (2)°;D _o=1.71 (2),D _c =1.72 gcm^–3 forZ=4.B inP2_l/n (No. 14) witha=9.270 (3),b=16.614 (5),c=9.305 (3) and =91.96 (5)°;D _o=2.03 (3),D _c =2.05 gcm^–3 forZ=2.Two halogens and 4-methylpyridines of the MoX ₂ Pic ₂ group are in the trans position. Mo–Mo bond lengths are 2.153 96) forA and 2.150 92) forB. Both molecules are situated on the inversion center resulting in the eclipsed configuration of the ligands around the molybdenum pair. The structure ofB has been refined to the conventionalR factors of 0.08 and 0.098. Disorder on the part of 4-methylpyridines and chloroform molecules stopped the refinement ofA at the endR value of 0.175.Mean Mo–X and Mo–N bonding distances are 2.40 (2), 2.25 (5) forA and 2.53 (3), 2.25 (1) forB.

     

CrOx-CeO2二元氧化物表面NO的NH3催化还原反应机理

利用原位漫反射红外光谱法研究了473 K下在CrOx-CeO2二元氧化物表面NO的NH3催化还原反应的机理。研究了CrOx-CeO2二元氧化物表面在反应过程中的表面吸附物种。为了更加清晰的了解反应过程,在SCR反应过程中分别切断NH3和NO的气流,并采集了所生成的原位漫反射红外光谱图,通过研究以上结果得出结论:当前状态下的SCR反应过程可能服从ER机理。     

Na3Fe2S4, ein Thioferrat mit gemischt valenter sk∞/1[FeS2]-Kette

Na₃Fe₂S₄ has been prepared from Na₂S, S and Fe. It crystallizes in space group Pnma,a=6.6333 (5) Å,b=10.675 (1) Å,c=10.677 (2) Å,Z=4. The crystal structure, as determined from single crystal four-circle diffractometer data (R=2.8%), consists of sk/1[FeS₂]-chains formed by slightly distorted edge sharing [FeS₄]-tetrahedra, the iron atoms having a formal valency of +2.5. The sodium ions are approximately octahedrally coordinated. Exposed to air, Na₃Fe₂S₄ readily takes up water to form a hydrate by a pertially topochemical reaction.

     

用于NO_x低温下吸附还原的CoO_x/CeO_2二元氧化物的制备

研究了以多孔二氧化硅微球和活性炭为载体制备NOx吸附/还原催化剂的方法,摸索了最佳Ce/Co物质的量的比例。采用低温氮吸附方法测定了样品的BET比表面和孔容,利用XRD方法表征了样品中所掺杂的金属元素的晶型。研究发现:当nCe/nCo=75/25时,材料获得最佳NOx吸附能力,当以多孔二氧化硅微球作载体时,材料对于NOx的吸附主要来自CoOx和CeO2的二元氧化物;当以活性炭作为载体时,活性炭参与了NOx的吸附,因此其吸附容量大大提高。对NOx的吸附机理进行了探讨,并研究了样品的NH3还原性质。     

Formation and Characterization of Large (Ar) n , (N2) n , and Mixed (Ar) n (N2) m van der Waals Clusters Produced by Supersonic Expansion

This paper reports the formation and characterization of large (Ar) _n , (N₂) _n , and mixed binary (Ar) _n (N₂) _m van der Waals clusters produced at room temperature in the process of supersonic expansion. The average cluster size is determined by the buffer gas induced beam-broadening technique. For both Ar and N₂ clusters, power variations of the average cluster size with the gas stagnation pressure P ₀ give size scaling as . The average cluster sizes of argon vary from 2950 to more than 30900 atoms per cluster with the argon gas stagnation pressures ranging from 4 to 14 bars, and of nitrogen vary from 600 to more than 10400 molecules per cluster with the nitrogen gas stagnation pressures ranging from 8 to 38 bars. The mixed binary (Ar) _n (N₂) _m cluster is produced by supersonic expansion of an Ar–N₂ mixture. The large mixed binary (Ar) _n (N₂) _m clusters with the average sizes n + m between 1000 and 16000 are obtained. In coexpansion of Ar–N₂ mixture, we find that the argon concentration becomes higher in the beam than before the expansion. This finding is discussed and may be helpful for further insight into the phenomenon of clustering.     

2-Azetidinones from 3-aminopropanoic acids and thePh 3P/CCl4(CBr4) orPh 3P/Br2(I2) condensation systems

The title complexes are used as intramolecular cyclization agents to yield under mild conditions and average to good yields 2-azetidinones from variously substituted 3-aminopropanoic acids. The reaction is found to proceed in all examined cases stereospecifically, with one exception. No marked difference with respect to yields and stereospecificity is noted among the four condensation systems.

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2-Azetidinone aus 3-Aminopropansäuren und Ph₃ P/CCl ₄(CBr ₄) oder Ph₃ P/Br ₂(I ₂) als Kondensationsmittel

Zusammenfassung Die im Titel angegebenen Systeme wurden als Cyclisationsreagentien eingesetzt, um aus substituierten 3-Aminopropansäuren 2-Azetidinone unter milden Bedingungen und mit durchschnittlichen bis guten Ausbeuten darzustellen. Mit einer Ausnahme läuft die Reaktion stereospezifisch. Bei den vier untersuchten Systemen wurde kein beträchtlicher Unterschied in bezug auf Ausbeute und Stereospezifität festgestellt.