Paracyclophanes as model compounds for strongly interacting π-systems, part 3: influence of the substitution pattern on photoabsorption properties

The structures and energetics of the ground and first excited states of [2.2]paracyclophane (PC) and its pseudo-para- (p-DHPC) and pseudo-ortho-dihydroxy (o-DHPC) as well as monohydroxy derivates (MHPC) are investigated by quantum chemical calculations, X-ray crystallography, and resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy (REMPI) in a free jet. We show that substitution of the aromatic hydrogens in PC causes significant changes of the structure and in particular its change between the ground and the excited state. The structural changes include a breathing mode as well as shift and rotation of the benzene moieties and are rationalized by the electronic structure changes upon excitation. Spin-component-scaled second-order M?ller-Plesset perturbation method (SCS-MP2) reproduces the experimental X-ray structure correctly and performs significantly better than ordinary MP2 and the B3LYP methods. The parent propagation method, SCS-approximate coupled cluster second order (SCS-CC2), yields adiabatic excitation energies within 0.1 eV of the experimental values for PC and the investigated hydroxyl derivates as well as the related aromatic molecules benzene and phenol. It is shown that zero-point vibration energy corrections at the time dependent density functional (B3LYP) level are no more accurate enough for that level of theory and have to be substituted by SCS-CC2 values. While the structures of PC and o-DHPC are only slightly modified upon excitation, p-DHPC changes its structural parameters substantially. This is in line with [1 + 1] REMPI-spectra of these substances, which are interpreted with the help of Franck-Condon simulations.     

New chiral β-diketones based on [2.2]paracyclophane

Two chiral β-diketones, 1,3-bis[(S)-(4-[2.2]paracyclophanyl)]propane-1,3-dione (BPPD) and [1-(S)-(4-[2.2]paracyclophanyl)-3-phenyl]propane-1,3-dione (PPPD), were synthesized by acylation of (S)-4-acetyl[2.2]paracyclophane with methyl esters from the corresponding carboxylic acids. 4-Acetyl[2.2]paracyclophane was synthesized in a quantitative yield by the reaction of [2.2]paracyclophane-4-carboxylic acid with methyllithium.     

Helical Oligophenylene Linked with [2.2]Paracyclophane: Stereogenic π-Conjugated Dye for Highly Emissive Chiroptical Properties

A stereogenic π-system based on dimer ( 2 ) and trimer ( 3 ) of [2.2]paracyclophane (PC) and biphenyl was prepared and its structural, photophysical, and chiroptical properties were investigated. X-ray analysis revealed that the quaterphenyl moieties in 2 adopt a double helical structure anchoring [2.2]PC from both sides. Furthermore, 3 forms a isosceles triangle structure with a large chiral cavity. A homodesmotic reaction using DFT calculations revealed that 2 has a larger strain energy than 3 owing to its highly twisted phenylene linkers. Electronic and circular dichroic (CD) spectra were recorded in CH₂Cl₂ solution. The spectra of both 2 and 3 are similar, and their longest absorption band accompanying a remarkable Cotton effect is attributed to the transition from HOMO to LUMO, which is delocalized to the quaterphenyl moiety. These compounds exhibit fairly high fluorescence quantum yields (ϕ=0.70–0.83) and moderate dissymmetry factor (|g_CPL|=1.6×10⁻³) in circularly polarized luminescence (CPL).     

The synthesis and structure of the [2.2]paracyclophane cluster Ru6C(CO)13(μ 3-η 2:η 2:η 2-C16H16)(PPh3) and a study of the 1H-n.m.r. spectra of [2.2]paracyclophane and benzene clusters

Summary The [2.2]paracyclophane cluster, Ru₆C(CO)₁₄( ₃- ^{2 2 2}-C₁₆H₁₆) (1), undergoes reaction with Me₃NO and triphenylphosphine to yield Ru₆C(CO)₁₃( ₃- ^{2 2 2}-C₁₆H₁₆)(PPh₃) (2), which may also be produced from (1) by thermolysis with PPh₃ in THF. Compound (2) has been fully characterized in solution by spectroscopy and in the solid state by a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis at 277 K, and its structure is compared with that of the parent cluster, (1). Using the same synthetic procedures, the tricyclohexylphosphine analogue, Ru₆C(CO)₁₃( ₃- ^{2 2 2}-C₁₆H₁₆)(PCy₃) (3), has also been prepared and characterized spectroscopically. A comparison of the chemical shifts of the 577-01 protons in the ¹H-n.m.r. spectra of compounds (1)–(3) together with a variety of other [2.2]paracyclophane and benzene clusters has been made.     

Chiral and extended π-conjugated bis(2-pyridyl)phospholes as assembling N,P,N pincers for coordination-driven synthesis of supramolecular [2,2]paracyclophane analogues

Chiral, π-conjugated 3,4-butano-1-phenyl-2,5-bis(2-pyridyl)phosphole derivatives 1a(2,2') and 1a(3) with chiral trans-1,2-diol moieties and fused pinene derivatives, respectively, were prepared from the corresponding chiral diynes by using the Fagan-Nugent method. Their UV/Vis absorption and chiroptical properties (optical rotation and circular dichroism) were studied. Their behavior as N,P,N chelates towards coordination of Cu(I) and formation of chiral supramolecular assemblies with π-conjugated ditopic dicyano ligands was investigated. Chiral C(2)-symmetric rectangles that are [2,2]paracyclophane analogues were obtained, as demonstrated by X-ray crystallography. During the course of this study, the first stable water-soluble phosphole derivative (1a(2)·2 HCl) was prepared. Furthermore, achiral 3,4-butano-1-phenyl-2,5-bis(aza[4]helicene)phosphole 1a(4) was synthesized and displays extended π conjugation. A supramolecular rectangle was obtained by coordination to Cu(I) and assembly with a dicyano stilbene. This coordination-driven supramolecular assembly contains a total of four aza[4]helicene moieties and displays two types of π-π stacking interactions in the solid state, that is, between two helicene moieties and between one helicene and a bridging dicyano ligand. All the supramolecular arrangements are discussed by comparing them with previous work on the parent 3,4-butano-1-phenyl-2,5-bis(2-pyridyl)phosphole.     

Synthesis, structure, and biological activity of [2.2]paracyclophanes. 7. Synthesis of 2-([2.2]paracyclophan-4-yl)pyridines,-tetrahydroquinolines, and-benzo[h]quinolines based on condensation of 4-(β-dimethylaminopropionyl)[2.2]paracyclophane with primary amines

Condensation of 4-(-dimethylaminopropionyl)paracyclophane with aliphatic aldehydes or cyclohexanones in the presence of hydroxylamine gave 2-([2.2]paracyclophan-4-yl)pyridines and-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolines respectively. Reaction of these salts with -naphthylamine gives a mixture of paracyclophanyl substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobeno[h]quinoline and benzo[h]quinoline.For Communication 6, see [1].Russian University of National Friendship, Moscow 117198. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1069–1073, August, 1997.     

Some reactions of [(η6-C6Me6)Ru(η6-[2.2]paracyclophane)]-[BF4]2 with nucleophiles

Single addition of the nucleophiles X⁻ (X = H, CN, OH) to the less sterically hindered ring in [(η⁶-C₆Me₆)Ru(η⁶-C₁₆H₁₆)][BF₄]₂ (1) proceeds smoothly to produce, as the sole product, [(exo-η⁵-C₆Me₆X)Ru(η⁶-C₁₆H₁₆)][BF₄]. Use of Na[BD₄] in place of Na[BH₄] gives the expected shift in ν(C-H_exo) in the infrared spectrum.     

Controlling Regioselectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed C−H Activation/Aryl–Aryl Coupling of 4-Phenylamino[2.2]paracyclophane

Selective activation/functionalization of C−H bonds has emerged as an atom- and step-economical process at the forefront of modern synthetic chemistry. This work reports palladium-catalyzed exclusively para-selective C−H activation/aryl–aryl bond formation with a preference over N-arylation under the Buchwald–Hartwig amination reaction of 4-phenylamino[2.2]paracyclophane. This innovative synthetic strategy allows a facile preparation of [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives featuring disparate para-substitutions at C-4 and C-7 positions in a highly selective manner, gives access to a series of potential candidates for [2.2]paracyclophane-derived new planar chiral ligands. The unprecedented behavior in reactivity and preferential selectivity of C−C coupling over C−N bond formation via C−H activation is unique to the [2.2]paracyclophane scaffold compared to the non-cyclophane analogue under the same reaction conditions. Selective C−H activation/aryl–aryl bond formation and sequential C−N coupling product formation is evidenced unambiguously by X-ray crystallography.     

Electrochemical Oxidative [4+2] Annulation for the π-Extension of Unfunctionalized Heterobiaryl Compounds

Considering their unique electronic properties and diverse biological activities, regioselective access to fused aromatic compounds is significantly important in the field of organic materials and pharmaceutical science. Herein, we developed electrochemical oxidative [4+2] annulation reactions of heterobiaryl compounds with alkynes or alkenes, leading to the formation of several polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds. This electrosynthetic methodology serves for the straightforward π-extension of unfunctionalized heterobiaryl compounds. The requirements of additional oxidants and prefunctionalization of starting materials are obviated. Through the in situ generation of heterobiaryl radical cation intermediates, various fused aromatic compounds were obtained with good yields and excellent regioselectivity.     

Radiation effects of paraffins as polymer model compounds—I. Evolved gas analysis

Radiation yields of gases from n-paraffins of n-C₂₀H₄₂ to n-C₂₄H₅₀ and squalane (C₃₀H₆₂), as polymer model compounds, in the liquid and solid phases were analyzed by gas chromatography. G(H₂) in the liquid phase was 3.2–3.3 for all samples and found to be almost independent of the chemical structure and molecular weight; G(H₂) in the crystalline state of n-paraffins was 2.2–2.5 at -77 to 25°C. G(CH₄) was about 1% of G(H₂) for n-paraffins and increased with the methyl content of the branched chain for squalane. G(C₂H₆) in the liquid phase was about 0.05 for n-paraffins, but G(C₂H₆) in the crystalline state was found to depend on the crystal structure; that is, nearly zero for triclinic of an even number of carbons and about 0.02 for orthorhombic of an odd number. C₃H₈ and C₂H₄(C₃H₆ in squalane) were observed only in the liquid phase of n-paraffins and in glass and the liquid phase of squalane; G(C₃H₈) = 0.03–0.05 and G(C₂H₄ or C₃H₆) = 0.01–0.03. But the C₄-compounds were not detected in any phase of any of the samples.Chain scission by radiation is supposed to proceed mainly at chain end carbons until the third carbon in the liquid phase of n-paraffins, only at the chain end carbon of the crystalline surface in triclinic crystals and at chain end carbons until the second carbon in orthorhombic crystals. These chain scission phenomena in the liquid phase and crystalline state of n-paraffins and in the liquid phase of squalane would be analogous to those in the amorphous and crystalline states of polyethylene, and in amorphous ethylene-propylene copolymer, respectively.     

Studies on Thiazolopyridines. Part 1: Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Fluorinated Thiazolo[3,2-a]Pyridines and Thiazolo[2′,3′:1,6]Pyrido[2,3-d]Pyrimidines

Ternary condensation of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile and thioglycolic acid (2:2:1 molar ratio) in ethanol/piperidine afforded the corresponding thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridines 1a-d . Thiazolo[2',3':1,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine 4 was obtained by refluxing of compound 1a with acetic anhydride. Also, thiazolopyrido pyrimidine 6 was produced by refluxing of 1a with triethylorthoformate followed by treatment with hydrazine hydrate. Refluxing 1a with formic acid yielded the thiazolopyridopyrimidine 8 which on chlorination with thionyl chloride furnished the chloro derivative 9 . Finally, amino thiazolo[2',3':1,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine 10 was obtained by treatment of 1a with formamide. The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, 1 H NMR, and mass spectral data. Also, the antimicrobial activity of some synthesized compounds is reported.     

Crown compounds for anions. Sandwich complex of cyclic trimeric perfluoro-o-phenylenemercury with [B12H11SCN]2– anion

The reaction of cyclic trimeric perfluoro-o-phenylenemercury (o-C₆F₄Hg)₃ (1) with the polyhedral [B₁₂H₁₁SCN]^2– anion in THF at 20 °C affords the {[(o-C₆F₄Hg)₃](B₁₂H₁₁SCN)}^2– (4) and {[(o-C₆F₄Hg)₃]₂(B₁₂H₁₁SCN)}^2– (5) complexes. Complex 5 was isolated as the tetrabutylammonium salt. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that this complex has a bent-sandwich structure in which the [B₁₂H₁₁SCN]^2– anion is located between the planes of two molecules 1 and is coordinated to both these molecules through B—H—Hg bridges and S—Hg bonds. The stability constants of complexes 4 and 5 in THF (20 °C), which were determined from the IR spectroscopic data, are 16 L mol^–1 and 992 L² mol^–2, respectively.     

Synthesis of UDP-GalNAc analogues as probes for the study of polypeptide-α-GalNAc-transferases. Part 2

The synthesis of four UDP-GalNAc analogues (1-4) is described. The 3-, 4- and 6-deoxygenated analogues 1-3 were obtained by way of a divergent strategy starting from a 3,6-di-O-pivaloyl GlcNAc derivative as a common precursor. Analogue 4 bearing a N-trifluoroacetamido group was prepared from the trifluoromethylated oxazoline 24 as key intermediate. These compounds were designed to probe the substrate specificity of polypeptide-α-GalNAc transferases.     

[Ni(NHC)2] as a Scaffold for Structurally Characterized trans [H−Ni−PR2] and trans [R2P−Ni−PR2] Complexes

The addition of PPh₂H, PPhMeH, PPhH₂, P(para-Tol)H₂, PMesH₂ and PH₃ to the two-coordinate Ni⁰ N-heterocyclic carbene species [Ni(NHC)₂] (NHC=IiPr₂, IMe₄, IEt₂Me₂) affords a series of mononuclear, terminal phosphido nickel complexes. Structural characterisation of nine of these compounds shows that they have unusual trans [H−Ni−PR₂] or novel trans [R₂P−Ni−PR₂] geometries. The bis-phosphido complexes are more accessible when smaller NHCs (IMe₄>IEt₂Me₂>IiPr₂) and phosphines are employed. P−P activation of the diphosphines R₂P−PR₂ (R₂=Ph₂, PhMe) provides an alternative route to some of the [Ni(NHC)₂(PR₂)₂] complexes. DFT calculations capture these trends with P−H bond activation proceeding from unconventional phosphine adducts in which the H substituent bridges the Ni−P bond. P−P bond activation from [Ni(NHC)₂(Ph₂P−PPh₂)] adducts proceeds with computed barriers below 10 kcal mol⁻¹. The ability of the [Ni(NHC)₂] moiety to afford isolable terminal phosphido products reflects the stability of the Ni−NHC bond that prevents ligand dissociation and onward reaction.     

A stable organic triradical with truncated π-conjugation as a model for single-component organic molecule-based ferrimagnetics

As a novel molecular design for genuinely organic molecule-based ferrimagnets, we have proposed a strategy of ‘single-component ferrimagnetics.’ When a π-biradical with an S=1 ground state and a π-monoradical with S=1/2 are united by σ-bonds, the π-conjugation between the biradical and the monoradical moieties should be truncated in the resultant triradical. This gives magnetic degrees of freedom for both S=1 and S=1/2 in the single molecule, serving as a building block for organic molecular ferrimagnets. We have designed and synthesized a triradical, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-pipelidine-1-N-oxyl-4-carboxylic acid 2,4-bis(1-oxyl-3-oxido-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-phenyl ester (2) as a model compound for single-component ferrimagnetics. Solution-phase ESR spectra from 2 are explained by a perturbation treatment assuming that the exchange interaction within the biradical moiety is much larger than those between the biradical and the monoradical moieties, which is suitable for single-component ferrimagnetics. From susceptibility measurements for a cyclohexane-substituted biradical, cyclohexane carboxylic acid 2,4-bis(1-oxyl-3-oxido-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-imidazolin-2-yl) phenyl ester (4) as a biradical analogue of 2, it is shown that the intramolecular ferromagnetic interaction has been found to be unaffected by the chemical modification for anchoring the monoradical moiety.     

Radiation effects of paraffins as polymer model compounds—II. Crosslinking determination by liquid chromatography

The G-values of crosslinking and chain scission of normal paraffins (C₂₀H₄₂, C₂₁H₄₄, C₂₃H₄₈ and C₂₄H₅₀) and squalane (C₃₀H₆₂) as the model compounds of polymers were determined by the measurements with a liquid chromatography (LC) after Co-60 γ-rays irradiation in solid and in liquid phases at -77, 25 and 55°C. The crosslinking products as dimer, trimer and the more polymeric products were well resolved and the relative yield of polymeric products increased with increasing dose. The G(cross-linking) of n-paraffins was 1.0 in the crystalline at -77°C and 1.15 in the crystalline at 25°C, and 1.7–1.8 in the liquid phase at 55°C of irradiation temperature. The G(crosslinking) of squalane was 1.3 in the glassy phase at -77°C and 1.6 in the liquid phase at 25 and 55°C. However, the chain scission products were too small to detect by the LC measurement, that is, the yield was estimated to be less than 1/10 of the crosslinking products.The unsaturations which appeared in u.v. detector of LC spectrum were observed in monomer, dimer, trimer and the more polymeric products, and the relative concentration was the higher in the more polymeric products, especially in liquid phase. So the molecules with unsaturation would react preferentially with other molecules as monomer or dimer to produce the polymeric products including the unsaturation.     

Photochromism of dihydroindolizines. Part 12: synthesis and photochromism of novel π-conjugated rigid dihydroindolizines as potential molecular electronic devices

Novel carbon-rich photochromic dihydroindolizine DHI derivatives and new spirocyclopropenes have been synthesized. Three alternative synthetic pathways for the synthesis of DHI 10 have been established. Different Sonogashira-mediated coupling reactions have been applied to optimize the reaction conditions and to obtain the best yields. Palladium-mediated Sonogashira coupling of DHIs with 4-(thioacetyl)iodobenzene 13 and iodobenzene 17 yielded coupling products, which have potential applications in molecular electronics. Irradiation of photochromic DHIs 10a-f, 12a-f, 14a-f, 16a-f and 18a-f with polychromatic light leads to betaines 9a-f, 13a-f, 15a-f, 17a-f and 19a-f. The coloured betaine forms are obvious in CH₂Cl₂ solution with concentration of 1×10⁻⁵ mol/L at room temperature because of their slower 1,5-electrocyclization. All the absorption maxima of the coloured betaines were found to be in the visible region and lie between 524 (betaine 9a) and 639 nm (betaine 15f). The kinetics of the thermal 1,5-electrocyclization was studied using multichannel UV-vis spectrophotometry. The kinetic measurements showed that the half-lives of the coloured betaines are in the second domain and lie between 112 and 1379 s. A highly pronounced increase in the half-lives of betaines bearing dimethyl substituted pyridazine compared with non-substituted pyridazine betaines was monitored. A large increase in the photostability of both DHIs and betaines under investigation compared with the standard DHI was observed. The charged zwitterionic betaine structures were stabilized by increasing the solvent polarity due to the electrostatic interactions between them. The tuning of the absorption maxima and the kinetic properties by changing the substitution in the fluorene part (region A) and pyridazine part (region C) will help these compounds to find their applications.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of the novel heteroannulated furo[3′,2′:6,7]chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines: Part 1

The chemical behavior of 4,9-dimethoxy-5-oxo-5H-furo[3,2-g]chromene-6-carbonitrile ( 1 ) was investigated toward some acyclic and cyclic active methylene ketones namely acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl benzoylacetate, acetoacetanilide, dimedone, indanedione, pyrazolidine-3,5-dione and 5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one, barbituric acid and 1-allylthiobarbituric acid, and hippuric acid. A variety of novel heteroannulated furochromenopyridines were efficiently synthesized through a cascade reactions between 4,9-dimethoxy-5-oxo-5H-furo[3,2-g]chromene-6-carbonitrile ( 1 ) and the carbon nucleophilic reagents. Structures of the new products were inferred based on their analytical and spectral data.