基于坐标变换的引力透镜模拟

光线在引力场中会发生偏折是广义相对论理论所预言的现象之一.而引力透镜效应则是指,当观测者与背景光源之间存在较大质量的前景天体时,大质量天体的引力场使背景光源发出光线的传播方向发生改变而导致的一系列观测效应,在天体物理、宇宙学等方向的研究中具有重要意义.本文主要介绍了基于坐标变换的引力透镜模拟,对于前景天体考虑了两种透镜模型,并推导了相应的透镜方程及光线偏折角表达式.然后对于同一类透镜模型下背景光源三种不同的表面亮度分布进行研究,通过计算机生成了相应的引力透镜成像结果.     

网格基任向偏导实现及层析应用

将光线偏折方程中的任向偏导转化为数值差分形式,并应用于层析线性运算.网格化待测场,将微分待测场的每一正方形网格及相应折射率近似为曲面底的正圆锥体,圆锥体顶端的折射率值对应该网格的折射率,在底面的投影对应网格的中心.假设紧邻三网格中心间的折射率分布共平面,在一个网格宽度内将偏导转化成数值差分形式.结果发现：基于上述近似和假设,可以将任意探测光线相关的偏导转化为数值差分形式,将非线性偏导方程转化为线性差分方程,建立层析方程.于是,偏折角可以作为投影直接重建.     

漫谈引力波探测

爱因斯坦广义相对论成功地预言了行星进动、引力红移、光线偏折、回波延迟等物理事实，而“存在引力波”是爱因斯坦广义相对论的另一重大预言。根据广义相对论，我们从爱因斯坦广义相对论引力场方程的弱场近似可以得到线性近似的引力波解；引力波是横波，能以光速穿过真空；引力波非常容易产生，但是非常的弱如果让一根长为20米，直径为1.6米，重500吨的圆棒以能够使自身断裂的极限速度（每秒28转）围绕自身中心点高速转动，它发射的引力波功率也不过只有2.2×10^-19瓦，因此，对引力波的探测极其困难。     

小入射角条件下气动光学成像偏移

针对超声速飞行器在大气中飞行时由于气动光学效应产生的成像偏移,推导了光线偏折角和流场折射率梯度之间的关系,给出了小入射角情况下,离散折射率场光线偏折角的一种计算方法;利用不同流场的计算流体力学数据计算出对应的折射率场;使用光线追迹法得到光线通过不同流场后的偏折角和传播路径上的折射率梯度分布。仿真结果表明,新的偏折角计算方法所得结果在入射角小于30°时与Runge-Kutta和Snell光线追迹法具有很好的一致性;同一高度下小入射角时,光线的偏折角并不随着飞行速度的增加而增加,而是基本保持稳定;光线通过流场的偏折是正负折射率梯度区域共同作用的结果,负的折射率梯度区域可以减少光线偏折,起到部分"校正"作用。     

引力波的昨天、今天和明天

正一、引力波的历史1.引力波的理论预言及其特性赫维赛德基于引力和电磁力都是平方反比力以及电磁波的物理特性早在1893年就提出了引力波的概念。庞加莱于1905年进一步指出了引力波以光速传播。1915年年底爱因斯坦给出了引力场所满足的相对论场方程—爱因斯坦场方程,并且于1916年对爱因斯坦场方程在平直时空背景下做线性近似,推导出了引力波所满足的波动方程及引力辐射的四极矩公式,     

《相对论、宇宙与时空》连载⑤——爱因斯坦与狭义相对论(下)

4 广义相对论的实验验证 爱因斯坦发表广义相对论的时候,求出了场方程的一些近似解.他提出了3个检验广义相对论的实验:1)引力红移;2)轨道进动;3)光线偏折[1,2,4-17].     

Brans-Dicke引力理论的弱场近似

Brans-Dicke引力理论是重要的修正引力理论之一,其对于研究星体运动、宇宙演化以及解释宇宙现象等起着重要的作用.寻找Brans-Dicke引力理论场方程的解对于Brans-Dicke引力理论的研究和发展具有重要意义.但由于Brans-Dicke引力理论场方程本身的高度非线性性,使得一般情况下精确求解非常困难,特殊情况下也只能求得部分精确解.幸运的是大多数情况下引力场比较弱,且在低速的条件下求场方程的近似解相对容易.本文基于弱场低速条件,详细地求解了Brans-Dicke引力理论的弱场低速近似解.首先基于弱场条件,将标量场和度规写为一阶微扰展开的形式;然后将标量场和度规代入相应的场方程得到相应的线性场方程,通过选取特定的规范条件进一步简化线性场方程;最后求解出简化的线性场方程的低速近似解.本文的求解方法可以为Brans-Dicke引力理论的教学和研究提供有益的参考.     

浅谈广义相对论的创立之三 引力场方程的确立与应用

简述了爱因斯坦建立的物质不存在时的引力场方程;介绍了爱因斯坦建立引力场方程的指导思想和方法;讨论了场方程的牛顿近似和水星近日点进动.     

关于矢量-张量引力相互作用模型

本文从粒子运动方程出发证明了矢量-张量引力模型中反引力的存在,这种反引力如果以长程力的形式出现,将使得粒子的运动偏离短程线。在牛顿近似和弱场近似下,相应于矢量场的反引力与相应于张量场的吸引力互相抵消,使得检验粒子在球对称静态引力场中的加速度为零,这显然与牛顿万有引力现象矛盾。 关键词：     

引力波探测的现状和意义

 引力波是广义相对论的一个理论预言。1916年爱因斯坦创立广义相对论,揭示了一个全新的时空观念:时间和空间并非绝对和独立地存在,它们是相互联系的,由物质分布和运动所决定的属性。在时空中运动的物质,其轨迹由时空曲率决定。这种时空结构的几何化概念,对引力的本质提出全新的解释,是一种新的引力理论。一、引力波是变化着的4维时空曲率的传播物质的引力场是一种无需介质的广延场,与电磁场相类比:电荷的加速运动能辐射电磁波,那么,理论上物质的运动也辐射引力波。爱因斯坦在引力场方程的弱场近似解中得到平面引力波辐射的结论。近代其他引力理论也得出存在引力波的预言。     

Electromagnetic waves in the Kerr–Schild metric

A short electromagnetic wavelength approximation is used to obtain general solutions to the Maxwell equations for electromagnetic radiation in a Kerr–Schild plane gravitational wave metric. Their properties are then investigated for the specific case of a light beam in a weak, harmonic gravitational wave.     

Effect of null aether field on weak deflection angle of black holes

We study light rays in the static and spherically symmetric gravitational field of the null aether theory (NAT). To this end, we employ the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle formed by a NAT black hole in the weak limit approximation. Using the optical metrics of the NAT black hole, we first obtain the Gaussian curvature and then calculate the leading terms of the deflection angle. Our calculations indicate how gravitational lensing is affected by the NAT field. We also illustrate that the bending of light stems from global and topological effects.     

Pauli equation for a particle in metric and electromagnetic fields

A Pauli theory (Pauli equation and definition of probability current and density) for a particle in weak metric and arbitrary electromagnetic fields is treated. To formulate non-relativistic quantum mechanical problems in arbitrary electromagnetic fields and weak metrics (non-inertial systems, gravitational fields which are distant fields of arbitrary distribution of masses, gravitational waves) it is not necessary to make use of the general-relativistic Dirac equation. Close analogies to the known Pauli theory with electromagnetic fields exist. For different metric fields the corresponding Hamiltonians are given. For quantum systems (H-atoms) which are disturbed by a homogeneous gravitational field and a gravitational wave the resulting shift of energy levels and the transition probability is calculated.     

Gravitational Wave in Lorentz Violating Gravity

By making use of the weak gravitational field approximation, we obtain a linearized solution of the gravitational vacuum field equation in an anisotropic spacetime. The plane-wave solution and dispersion relation of gravitational wave is presented explicitly. There is possibility that the speed of gravitational wave is larger than the speed of light and the casuality still holds. We show that the energy-momentum of gravitational wave in the ansiotropic spacetime is still well defined and conserved.     

Gravitational Wave in Lorentz Violating Gravity

By making use of the weak gravitational field approximation, we obtain a linearized solution of the gravitational vacuum field equation in an anisotropic spacetime. The plane-wave solution and dispersion relation of gravitationaJ wave is presented explicitly. There is possibility that the speed of gravitational wave is larger than the speed of light and the easuality still holds. We show that the energy-momentum of gravitational wave in the ansiotropic spacetime is still well defined and conserved.     

The polarisation of gravitational synchrotron radiation

In the linear approximation we show that the gravitational radiation induced by ultrarelativistic charges, moving in a magnetic field or in the field of a circularly polarised electromagnetic wave does not have the primary linear polarisation contrary to the case of the electromagnetic synchroton radiation.     

The variant of post-Newtonian mechanics with generalized fractional derivatives

In this article, we investigate mathematically the variant of post-Newtonian mechanics using generalized fractional derivatives. The relativistic-covariant generalization of the classical equations for gravitational field is studied. The equations (i) match the weak Newtonian limit on the moderate scales and (ii) deliver a potential higher than Newtonian on certain large-distance characteristic scales. The perturbation of the gravitational field results in the tiny secular perihelion shift and exhibits some unusual effects on large scales. The general representation of the solution for the fractional wave equation is given in the form of retarded potentials. The solutions for the Riesz wave equation and classical wave equation are clearly distinctive in an important sense. The hypothetical gravitational Riesz wave demonstrates the space diffusion of the wave at the scales of metric constant. The diffusion leads to the blur of the peak and disruption of the sharp wave front. This contrasts with the solution of the D'Alembert classical wave equation, which obeys the Huygens principle and does not diffuse.