光镊技术在生命科学研究中的应用

介绍了光镊技术的工作原理和系统结构,论述了光镊技术工作特点,并结合具体的研究工作,阐述了光镊技术在单细胞、单分子等生命科学研究领域中的应用,最后给出了近年来光镊技术取得的进展和新的应用.     

第八讲仿真模拟技术及其应用

简要介绍了仿真模拟技术的应用背景及其主要技术特征，以及这一技术在制造业、医学、军事、娱乐等多个领域的重要应用成果，通过典型的实例说明仿真模拟技术对科学技术、国民经济和国防等领域的发展所起的重要推动作用．     

医学物理学——物理学在医学中的应用

面向物理工作者介绍物理学在医学中应用的历史及对医学发展所起的作用。对近年来医学物理学在医学影像和肿瘤放射治疗两个领域中的发展现状与最新进展作了综述。物理学与医学结合不仅为临床诊断、治疗提供了先进的手段，同时也促进了物理学的发展。     

A cross-disciplinary introduction to quantum annealing-based algorithms

A central goal in quantum computing is the development of quantum hardware and quantum algorithms in order to analyse challenging scientific and engineering problems. Research in quantum computation involves contributions from both physics and computer science; hence this article presents a concise introduction to basic concepts from both fields that are used in annealing-based quantum computation, an alternative to the more familiar quantum gate model. We introduce some concepts from computer science required to define difficult computational problems and to realise the potential relevance of quantum algorithms to find novel solutions to those problems. We introduce the structure of quantum annealing-based algorithms as well as two examples of this kind of algorithms for solving instances of the max-SAT and Minimum Multicut problems. An overview of the quantum annealing systems manufactured by D-Wave Systems is also presented.     

Biomedical surface science: Foundations to frontiers

Surfaces play a vial role in biology and medicine with most biological reactions occurring at surfaces and interfaces. The foundations, evolution, and impact of biomedical surface science are discussed. In the 19th century, the first observations were made that surfaces control biological reactions. The advancements in surface science instrumentation that have occurred in the past quarter of a century have significantly increased our ability to characterize the surface composition and molecular structure of biomaterials. Similar advancements have occurred in material science and molecular biology. The combination of these advances have allowed the development of the biological model for surface science, where the ultimate goal is to gain a detailed understanding of how the surface properties of a material control the biological reactivity of a cell interacting with that surface. Numerous examples show that the surface properties of a material are directly related to in vitro biological performance such as protein adsorption and cell growth. The challenge is to fully develop the biological model for surface science in the highly complex and interactive in vivo biological environment. Examples of state-of-the-art biomedical surface science studies on surface chemical state imaging, molecular recognition surfaces, adsorbed protein films, and hydrated surfaces are presented. Future directions and opportunities for surface scientists working in biomedical research include exploiting biological knowledge, biomimetics, precision immobilization, self-assembly, nanofabrication, smart surfaces, and control of non-specific reactions.     

Cooperation between scientists and the government in the US: benefits and problems

This paper discusses the importance of maintaining close working relations between scientists and their government. Several examples of this cooperation in the U.S. are presented to illustrate the benefits, as well as problems, that result from such cooperation, or lack thereof. These examples include government support of scientific research, as well as contributions by science to help governments understand both the possibilities and the limitations of science as they formulate national policy.     

Microbiology: impact on research in life sciences.

In this essay with a flavor of science history, the influence of imaging techniques, as compared to other research strategies, on microbiologic investigations is discussed. Using a few selected examples, to what degree microbiology became a leading science during the last 50 years in gaining knowledge in life sciences, particularly with regard to molecular genetics and more recently molecular evolution is also discussed.     

Social networks: Ideas for future research from the vantage point of political science

In this short piece, Bunce and Csanadi draw upon their expertise in political science and political economy to offer some observations about the analysis of social networks. Using both examples and questions they highlight the importance of structural variations in networks, including differences in the motivations behind network formation; the subsequent development of networks, including extension, contraction and duration; and the effects of individual decision-makers on network dynamics and, at the same time, the effects of network structure and dynamics on individual decision-makers.     

Moderne Entwicklung der NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)

Modern Development of NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) The age of NMR-spectroscopy is not comparable with that of the Annalen der Physik; NMR was established only about 45 years ago. Its development was promoted by different experience, knowledge and techniques; it shows that also in these days the progress of a special topic depends on stimulations by other parts of physics, of natural and technical science. In an analogous way general scientific journals are not made superfluous by the existence of special papers. These relations are demonstrated with some examples in NMR.     

系统生物学中的物理问题

在20世纪末到21世纪初的十多年里,生命科学,特别是分子生物学发生了令世人瞩目的变化.生命科学研究飞速发展使人们相信21世纪是生命科学的世纪.与此同时,人们也越来越清楚地意识到生命科学研究的质的飞跃不可能由生物学家独立完成.数学、物理、化学、力学、信息科学在生物学研究中必将担任越来越重要的角色.文章通过介绍几个作者参与的系统生物学研究工作,探讨物理学在系统生物学中应该并能担任的角色.     

新材料、新技术在大学物理教学中的应用

通过对在大学物理教学中应用新材料、新技术的几个范例的介绍,阐述了科学技术新成果在教学中应用对提高教学质量的重要性.     

Networks behind the morphology and structural design of living systems

Technological advances in imaging techniques and biometric data acquisition have enabled us to apply methods of network science to study the morphology and structural design of organelles, organs, and tissues, as well as the coordinated interactions among them that yield a healthy physiology at the level of whole organisms. We here review research dedicated to these advances, in particular focusing on networks between cells, the topology of multicellular structures, neural interactions, fluid transportation networks, and anatomical networks. The percolation of blood vessels, structural connectivity within the brain, the porous structure of bones, and relations between different anatomical parts of the human body are just some of the examples that we explore in detail. We argue and show that the models, methods, and algorithms developed in the realm of network science are ushering in a new era of network-based inquiry into the morphology and structural design of living systems in the broadest possible terms. We also emphasize that the need and applicability of this research is likely to increase significantly in the years to come due to the rapid progress made in the development of bioartificial substitutes and tissue engineering.     

水溶性汞离子荧光探针的研究新进展

汞离子(Hg2+)是剧毒的重金属元素之一,对汞离子的选择性识别尤其是汞离子的原位、实时、在线监测对于医学、生物学和环境科学都具有重要意义。本文综述了近5年来水溶性汞离子荧光探针的最新研究进展。按照作用机理来分,汞离子荧光分子探针主要可分为光诱导电荷转移(PET)、激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)、激基缔合物(Monomer/Eximer)的形成和消失、分子内电荷转移(ICT)、荧光共振能量转移(FRET)等。本文列举了每类探针代表性的化合物并分析比较了不同机理类型的水溶性汞离子荧光探针体系。     

Increasing complexity with quantum physics

We argue that complex systems science and the rules of quantum physics are intricately related. We discuss a range of quantum phenomena, such as cryptography, computation and quantum phases, and the rules responsible for their complexity. We identify correlations as a central concept connecting quantum information and complex systems science. We present two examples for the power of correlations: using quantum resources to simulate the correlations of a stochastic process and to implement a classically impossible computational task.     

High pressure X-ray emission spectroscopy at the advanced photon source

ABSTRACT

The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of materials under high pressure are of fundamental interest in physics, chemistry, materials science, and earth sciences. Among several hard X-ray-based techniques, X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) provides a powerful tool to probe element-specific information for understanding the electronic and magnetic properties of materials under high pressure. Here, we discuss on the particular requirements and instrumentation used in high pressure XES experiments. We then present several examples to illustrate the recent progress in high pressure XES studies at the Advanced Photon Source, followed by an outlook toward future development in high pressure XES.     

Low temperature surface chemistry and nanostructures

The new scientific field of low temperature surface chemistry, which combines the low temperature chemistry (cryochemistry) and surface chemistry approaches, is reviewed in this paper. One of the most exciting achievements in this field of science is the development of methods to create highly ordered hybrid nanosized structures on different organic and inorganic surfaces and to encapsulate nanosized metal particles in organic and polymer matrices. We consider physical and chemical behaviour for the systems obtained by co-condensation of the components vapours on the surfaces cooled down to 4–10 and 70–100 K. In particular the size effect of both types, the number of atoms in the reactive species structure and the thickness of growing co-condensate film, on the chemical activity of the system is analysed in detail. The effect of the internal mechanical stresses on the growing interfacial co-condensate film formation and on the generation of fast (explosive) spontaneous reactions at low temperatures is discussed. The examples of unusual chemical interactions of metal atoms, clusters and nanosized particles, obtained in co-condensate films on the cooled surfaces under different conditions, are presented. The examples of highly ordered surface and volume hybrid nanostructures formation are analysed.     

Clusters and islands on oxides: from catalysis via electronics and magnetism to optics

The study of metal deposits on oxides represents a field of wide interest with respect to applications as well as to basic science. The state of the art of the field is reviewed on the basis of examples from various research groups. An attempt is made to define and discuss a series of new experiments that could be undertaken to answer some key questions in the field.     

Fourier could be a data scientist: From graph Fourier transform to signal processing on graphs

The legacy of Joseph Fourier in science is vast, especially thanks to the essential tool that the Fourier transform is. The flexibility of this analysis, its computational efficiency and the physical interpretation it offers makes it a cornerstone in many scientific domains. With the explosion of digital data, both in quantity and diversity, the generalization of the tools based on Fourier transform is mandatory. In data science, new problems arose for the processing of irregular data such as social networks, biological networks or other data on networks. Graph signal processing is a promising approach to deal with those. The present text is an overview of the state of the art in graph signal processing, focusing on how to define a Fourier transform for data on graphs, how to interpret it and how to use it to process such data. It closes showing some examples of use. Along the way, the review reveals how Fourier's work remains modern and universal, and how his concepts, coming from physics and blended with mathematics, computer science, and signal processing, play a key role in answering the modern challenges in data science.     

Approaches for ultrafast imaging of transient materials processes in the transmission electron microscope

The growing field of ultrafast materials science, aimed at exploring short-lived transient processes in materials on the microsecond to femtosecond timescales, has spawned the development of time-resolved, in situ techniques in electron microscopy capable of capturing these events. This article gives a brief overview of two principal approaches that have emerged in the past decade: the stroboscopic ultrafast electron microscope and the nanosecond-time-resolved single-shot instrument. The high time resolution is garnered through the use of advanced pulsed laser systems and a pump-probe experimental platforms using laser-driven photoemission processes to generate time-correlated electron probe pulses synchronized with laser-driven events in the specimen. Each technique has its advantages and limitations and thus is complementary in terms of the materials systems and processes that they can investigate. The stroboscopic approach can achieve atomic resolution and sub-picosecond time resolution for capturing transient events, though it is limited to highly repeatable (>10(6) cycles) materials processes, e.g., optically driven electronic phase transitions that must reset to the material's ground state within the repetition rate of the femtosecond laser. The single-shot approach can explore irreversible events in materials, but the spatial resolution is limited by electron source brightness and electron-electron interactions at nanosecond temporal resolutions and higher. The first part of the article will explain basic operating principles of the stroboscopic approach and briefly review recent applications of this technique. As the authors have pursued the development of the single-shot approach, the latter part of the review discusses its instrumentation design in detail and presents examples of materials science studies and the near-term instrumentation developments of this technique.     

科学史融入物理实验教学的探索

由科学史引入科学教育的发展历程人手,着重从科学史有利于促进对科学本质的理解,有助于求实、批判和创新精神的培养,具有沟通科学与人文桥梁的重要作用3个方面,阐述了在实验教学加强科学史教育的意义和价值,最后介绍了科学史融入物理实验教材、融入物理实验教学和融入创新教育活动的探索研究情况.