Surface-energy-anisotropy-induced orientation effects on Rayleigh instabilities in sapphire

Arrays of controlled-geometry, semi-infinite pore channels of systematically varied crystallographic orientation were introduced into undoped m-plane sapphire substrates using microfabrication techniques and ion-beam etching and subsequently internalized by solid-state diffusion bonding. A series of anneals at 1700 °C caused the breakup of these channels into discrete pores via Rayleigh instabilities. In all cases, channels broke up with a characteristic wavelength larger than that expected for a material with isotropic surface energy, reflecting stabilization effects due to surface-energy anisotropy. The breakup wavelength and the time required for complete breakup varied significantly with channel orientation. For most orientations, the instability wavelength for channels of radius R was in the range of 13.2R-25R, and complete breakup occurred within 2-10 h. To first order, the anneal times for complete breakup scale with the square of the breakup wavelength. Channels oriented along a direction had a wavelength of ≈139R, and required 468 h for complete breakup. Cross-sectional analysis of channels oriented along a direction showed the channel to be completely bounded by stable c(0 0 0 1), , and facets.     

Air-coupled detection of nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves to assess material nonlinearity

This research presents a new technique for nonlinear Rayleigh surface wave measurements that uses a non-contact, air-coupled ultrasonic transducer; this receiver is less dependent on surface conditions than laser-based detection, and is much more accurate and efficient than detection with a contact wedge transducer. A viable experimental setup is presented that enables the robust, non-contact measurement of nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves over a range of propagation distances. The relative nonlinearity parameter is obtained as the slope of the normalized second harmonic amplitudes plotted versus propagation distance. This experimental setup is then used to assess the relative nonlinearity parameters of two aluminum alloy specimens (Al 2024-T351 and Al 7075-T651). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique – the average standard deviation of the normalized second harmonic amplitudes, measured at locations along the propagation path, is below 2%. Experimental validation is provided by a comparison of the ratio of the measured nonlinearity parameters of these specimens with ratios from the absolute nonlinearity parameters for the same materials measured by capacitive detection of nonlinear longitudinal waves.     

Effect of Interfaces on the Crystallization Behavior of PDMS

The reversible thermal behavior of a non-entangled semicrystalline polymer, poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS, was investigated in the presence of sub-micron particles. Filled polymer systems of this type are characterized by a large surface-to-volume ratio but lack the external confinement that is typical for a thin film geometry. Differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements indicate that the presence of the nanometric solid additives enhances the crystallization rate as compared to native PDMS melts. Different types of additives and surface interactions resulted in a similar effect, suggesting that the origin of the enhanced crystallinity is non-specific. The effect is attributed to entropic interactions in the boundary layer.     

Anisotropy of Interfaces in an Ordered HCP Binary Alloy

A multiple-order-parameter mean-field theory of ordering on a binary hexagonal- close-packed (HCP) crystal structure is developed, and adapted to provide a continuum formulation that incorporates the underlying symmetries of the HCP crystal in both the bulk and gradient energy terms of the free energy. The work is an extension of the previous treatment by Braun et al. [Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 355:1787 (1997)] of order–disorder transitions on a face-centered-cubic crystal (FCC) lattice. The theory is used to compute the orientation dependence of the structure and energy of interphase and antiphase boundaries in ordering to the Cd₃Mg and CdMg structures, which are the HCP analogs of Cu₃Au and CuAu structures in FCC. As in the corresponding FCC case, the multiple order parameters do not form a vector. Anisotropy is a natural consequence of the underlying crystal symmetries and the multiple-order-parameter continuum formation presented here. The isotropy transverse to the sixfold axis expected for a scalar order parameter is not found.     

Measurement of cylindrical Rayleigh surface waves using line-focused PVDF transducers and defocusing measurement method

Line-focused PVDF transducers and defocusing measurement method are applied in this work to determine the dispersion curve of the Rayleigh-like surface waves propagating along the circumferential direction of a solid cylinder. Conventional waveform processing method has been modified to cope with the non-linear relationship between phase angle of wave interference and defocusing distance induced by a cylindrically curved surface. A cross correlation method is proposed to accurately extract the cylindrical Rayleigh wave velocity from measured data. Experiments have been carried out on one stainless steel and one glass cylinders. The experimentally obtained dispersion curves are in very good agreement with their theoretical counterparts. Variation of cylindrical Rayleigh wave velocity due to the cylindrical curvature is quantitatively verified using this new method. Other potential applications of this measurement method for cylindrical samples will be addressed.     

Phase Diagrams of a Transverse Ising Model with Interfaces

A transverse Ising model for a magnetic superlattice of spin-1/2 Ising layered media intercalated by periodic interfaces described by the spin-1/2 Ising model is considered. Phase diagrams and different profiles of magnetization determined by the parameters of the model are discussed within a variational procedure based on Bogoliubov's inequality for the free energy. Our results agree to those of the other's work at the limit of Ω = 0.     

利用光散射特性研究光学表面中瑞利缺陷粒子的方位诊断

基于偏振双向反射分布函数,从理论上推导了瑞利缺陷粒子分别位于光学表面上方和基底内部的散射场,研究了光学表面瑞利缺陷粒子的方位诊断问题.通过对不同波长下冗余缺陷粒子位于不同方位时双向反射分布函数pp项的分析与讨论实现对缺陷位置的初步判断.结果表明,SiO2瑞利缺陷粒子位于裸基底上方时,双向反射分布函数pp项受波长影响的敏感程度远大于位于SiO2涂覆上方时,可以通过测量缺陷粒子对波长变化的敏感程度判断缺陷粒子的大致方位;当缺陷粒子在Si基底下方时,方位角的凹痕出现在85°到90°之间,当缺陷粒子在SiO2涂层下方时,方位角的凹痕出现在70°左右,因此,可以根据方位角凹痕位置的不同实现对缺陷粒子方位的进一步诊断.     

Influence of thickness on current-induced magnetization switching in L1_0-FePt single layer

The thickness dependent spin–orbit torque(SOT) in an L1_0-Fe Pt single layer is investigated in this work. As the thickness increases from 8 nm to 16 nm, the magnetization switching ratio in the L1_0-Fe Pt film with higher chemical ordering becomes smaller. It is noted that compared with 3-nm-thick L1_0-Fe Pt film, 8-nm-thick L1_0-Fe Pt film can switch much magnetization with the increase of chemical ordering. When the Fe Pt film is thick enough, the SOT in Fe Pt is closely related to the L1_0-ordered structure, which indicates a bulk nature. Therefore, the disordering plays an important role in the magnetization switching only for the ultra-thin Fe Pt films, while the structural gradient may play an important role for thicker films. However, both of the two mechanisms cannot fully explain the process of magnetization switching and the spin current generation. Although many factors influence SOT, here in this work we emphasize only the bulk nature of strong SOC in L1_0-Fe Pt through density functional theory calculations, which should generate large spin current due to spin Hall effect.     

金纳米棒表面等离子体共振瑞利散射能量转移光谱测定痕量硼

硼是一种生命体必需的微量元素,但过量的硼对人体以及动植物有害。建立一种高灵敏度,高选择性以及简便的硼检测方法,对于环境和人类健康都具有很重要的意义。本研究的目的是建立一种简便,灵敏,选择性测定硼的金纳米棒等离子体共振瑞利散射能量转移光谱新方法。直径为12 nm, 长度为37 nm的金纳米棒采用种子生长法制备。在pH 5.6的NH₄Ac-HAc的缓冲溶液中和甲亚胺-H存在下,金纳米棒在404 nm处产生较强的共振瑞利散射峰。当体系中存在硼酸时,硼酸与甲亚胺-H形成硼酸-甲亚胺-H配合物。作为散射受体的配合物与散射共振能量转移的给体纳金米棒靠近时,发生瑞利散射共振能量转移,导致瑞利散射信号猝灭。随着硼酸浓度的增加,形成的配合物增加,金纳米棒转移给黄色配合物的散射光能量增大,导致体系404 nm处的瑞利散射强度线性降低。其降低值ΔI_{404 nm}与硼的浓度在10～750 ng·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系。考察了共存物质对该法测定2.3×10-7 mol·L-1 B的干扰情况。结果表明该法具有较高的选择性,即4×10-4 mol·L-1的Mn2+,Cd2+,Zn2+,Bi3+,Na+,Al3+,葡萄糖,Hg2+,IO-₃,F-,SO2-₄,SiO2-₃,NO-₃,ClO-₄,过氧化氢等对硼的测定无干扰。据此建立了一个灵敏度高,选择性好,简便快速检测硼的瑞利散射共振能量转移新方法。     

侧照明实验用平面调制微靶的制备及参数测量

介绍了用于侧照明实验研究瑞利-泰勒流体力学不稳定性(Rayleigh-Taylor instability)实验的聚苯乙烯和铝平面调制微靶的制备工艺。通过图形转移,靶型切割和装配工艺的控制,结合靶参数测量,获得了厚度在几十μm、表面具有波长50 μm和55 μm、振幅从几到几十μm、微靶宽度约为200 μm、剖面正弦调制图形清晰的两种靶型。     

Analytic Approximations for the Velocity of Field-Driven Ising Interfaces

We present analytic approximations for the field, temperature, and orientation dependences of the interface velocity in a two-dimensional kinetic Ising model in a nonzero field. The model, which has nonconserved order parameter, is useful for ferromagnets, ferroelectrics, and other systems undergoing order–disorder phase transformations driven by a bulk free-energy difference. The solid-on-solid (SOS) approximation for the microscopic surface structure is used to estimate mean spin-class populations, from which the mean interface velocity can be obtained for any specific single-spin-flip dynamic. This linear-response approximation remains accurate for higher temperatures than the single-step and polynuclear growth models, while it reduces to these in the appropriate low-temperature limits. The equilibrium SOS approximation is generalized by mean-field arguments to obtain field-dependent spin-class populations for moving interfaces, and thereby a nonlinear-response approximation for the velocity. The analytic results for the interface velocity and the spin-class populations are compared with Monte Carlo simulations. Excellent agreement is found in a wide range of field, temperature, and interface orientation.     

Equilibrium Shape of Copper Crystals Grown on Sapphire

The equilibrium crystal shape (ECS) of copper has been studied by scanning electron microscopy on m-sized copper crystallites supported on single-crystals of -alumina. In addition, the orientation relationships between copper crystals and the sapphire substrate were investigated by X-ray techniques. A detailed discussion of the kinetic factors that can inhibit equilibration is provided, and it is shown that only crystals ranging in radius from 3 to 4.5 m can achieve equilibrium shapes under the conditions of the experiment. The maximum anisotropy of surface energy was found to be about 1.02, which is significantly lower than that of the other two fcc metals (lead and gold) for which reliable data are available. Another distinction between copper and those other fcc metals is that its ECS displays {110} facets, and possibly {311} facets, in addition to the commonly observed {111} and {100} facets, at temperatures where equilibration is possible. The observed facets connect tangentially to the curved parts of the ECS, so that all possible surface orientations are present on the copper ECS.     

The influence of rotational depolarization on the mechanism of energy transport in two-component systems: The nature of correlations

The correlation effect in two-component systems of different viscosities was analyzed based on a concentration depolarization experiment. The inclusion of a correlation effect was found to be fully justified only in systems for which the localization time, _l, is considerably shorter than that of the rotational relaxation, _rot. On the grounds of an approximate analysis, taking into account the competition between the concentration and the rotational depolarization, it was possible to explain the concentration changes in the emission anisotropy in the systems investigated.Dedicated to Professor Czestaw Bojarski on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

Equilibrium shape of nickel crystal

The equilibrium shape of pure nickel and the effect of carbon on changes in the equilibrium shape at 1200°C were investigated. A statistical observation on the size-dependent, time-dependent and carbon-induced morphological evolution of crystallites suggested that the equilibrium crystal shape (ECS) of pure nickel is a polyhedron consisting of {111}, {100}, {110} and {210} surfaces. However, crystals with an extensive proportion of {320} surfaces were also frequently observed. The appearance of {320} surfaces was interpreted as kinetically stabilized metastable surfaces, which survived during the thermal equilibrating process, possibly due to a high nucleation energy barrier for their removal. On the other hand, the ECS of pure nickel was observed to change dramatically into a spherical shape with facets of {111}, {100}, {110} and {210} without exception under a carburized atmosphere, which indicates that carbon not only facilitates surface diffusion by which energetically more stable surfaces can be easily developed but also decreases the surface energy anisotropy. Together with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies, it was proposed that the carbon-induced changes in the ECS are possibly due to a solid solution effect, which could lead to a reduction in the binding energy among atoms in the bulk as well as on the surfaces.     

Be(0001)薄膜中的量子尺寸效应与吸附氢的第一性原理计算

通过基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法对铍自由表面的电子结构及表面原子氢的吸附能作了详细计算，给出Be(0001)薄膜的电子结构、表面能、电子功函数、层间弛豫等物理量随厚度变化关系，同时讨论了原子氢在Be(0001) 表面的吸附性质，给出了吸附能及局域电子态密度随铍薄膜层厚的变化关系，体现了铍薄膜的量子尺寸效应.     

基于表面等离子体耦合的高密度金纳米线阵列

利用电化学沉积法在阳极氧化铝模板中制备了高长径比(20—100)金纳米线阵列,并用扫描俄歇电子显微镜对其结构进行了表征.紫外可见吸收光谱显示金纳米线的表面等离子共振包含横向吸收峰(transverse mode)和纵向吸收峰(longitudinal mode),具有很强的各向异性特征.纵向吸收峰的强度与入射光的偏振方向和入射角度有关,随着长径比的增加纵向吸收峰位置向高能方向移动.将纳米线之间的表面等离子体能量耦合与分子H聚合体的吸收光谱行为做了比较,认为相邻纳米线间的多重耦合使纵向吸收峰出现蓝移.利用有限元分析法模拟了电场在纳米线阵列和单根纳米线表面的不同分布.     

Experimental investigation on the magneto-optic effects of ferrofluids via dynamic measurements

An experimental investigation on the origin of the magneto-optic effects of ferrofluids is presented. Dynamic measurements of their transverse and longitudinal magneto-optic effects and their magnetic properties have been performed. As ferrofluids are colloidal suspensions of magnetic particles in a liquid, the influence of two parameters has been studied: the magnetic anisotropy energy of particles and the carrier liquid viscosity for four ferrofluid samples. The interpretation and the comparison of results give some clues for a better understanding of magneto-optical effects of ferrofluids.     

Fabrication and magnetic properties of metallic nanowires via AAO templates

Metallic (Ni, Co, Cu and Fe) nanowires were fabricated by electrodeposition into anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. In this work, we have studied the effect of the electrode potential on the microstructure and magnetic properties of nanowires. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that the metal nanowires were single-crystal. Cu and Ni nanowires had the same orientation along the [2 2 0] direction, while Co had a preferred orientation along the [1 0 0] direction. Fe nanowires had a preferred orientation along the [2 0 0] direction. The growth mechanisms are probably due to the competition growth of the adjacent grains and the confinement of growth in the nano-sized hole of the AAO template. Results showed that single crystal or highly textured nanowires had better magnetic properties compared with that of polycrystal nanowires in terms of coercivity and squareness.