On possible non-homeomorphic substructures of the real line

We consider the problem, raised by Kunen and Tall, of whether the real continuum can have non-homeomorphic versions in different submodels of the universe of all sets. This requires large cardinals, and we obtain an exact consistency strength:

Theorem 1. The following are equiconsistent:

(i) a Jónsson cardinal;

(ii) a sufficiently elementary submodel of the universe of sets with not homeomorphic to

The reverse direction is a corollary to:

Theorem 2. is Jónsson hereditarily separable, hereditarily Lindelöf, with .

We further consider the large cardinal consequences of the existence of a topological space with a proper substructure homeomorphic to Baire space.

     

Unbounded solutions and periodic solutions for second order differential equations with asymmetric nonlinearity

In this paper we will prove the coexistence of unbounded solutions and periodic solutions for the asymmetric oscillator

where and are positive constants satisfying the nonresonant condition

and is periodic in the first variable and bounded.

     

The expected norm of random polynomials

The results of this paper concern the expected norm of random polynomials on the boundary of the unit disc (equivalently of random trigonometric polynomials on the interval ). Specifically, for a random polynomial

let

Assume the random variables , are independent and identically distributed, have mean 0, variance equal to 1 and, if 2$">, a finite moment . Then

and

as .

In particular if the polynomials in question have coefficients in the set (a much studied class of polynomials), then we can compute the expected norms of the polynomials and their derivatives

and

This complements results of Fielding in the case, Newman and Byrnes in the case, and Littlewood et al. in the case.

     

The Molchanov-Vainberg Laplacian

It is well known that the Green function of the standard discrete Laplacian on ,

exhibits a pathological behavior in dimension . In particular, the estimate

fails for . This fact complicates the study of the scattering theory of discrete Schrödinger operators. Molchanov and Vainberg suggested the following alternative to the standard discrete Laplacian,

and conjectured that the estimate

holds for all . In this paper we prove this conjecture.

     

A Markov-type inequality for arbitrary plane continua

Markov's inequality is

for all polynomials . We prove a precise version of this inequality with an arbitrary continuum in the complex plane instead of the interval .

     

An old conjecture of Erdos-Turán on additive bases

There is a 1941 conjecture of Erdos and Turán on what is now called additive basis that we restate:

Conjecture 0.1(Erdos and Turán). Suppose that is an increasing sequence of integers and

Suppose that

If 0$"> for all , then is unbounded.

Our main purpose is to show that the sequence cannot be bounded by . There is a surprisingly simple, though computationally very intensive, algorithm that establishes this.

     

Higher dimensional aposyndetic decompositions

Let be a homogeneous, decomposable continuum that is not aposyndetic. The Aposyndetic Decomposition Theorem yields a cell-like decomposition of into homogeneous continua with quotient space being an aposyndetic, homogeneous continuum.

Assume the dimension of is greater than one. About 20 years ago the author asked the following questions:

Can this aposyndetic decomposition raise dimension? Can it lower dimension? We answer these questions by proving the following theorem.

Theorem. The dimension of the quotient space is one.

     

The Laplace transform of the digamma function: An integral due to Glasser, Manna and Oloa

The definite integral

is related to the Laplace transform of the digamma function

by when . Certain analytic expressions for in the complementary range, , are also provided.

     

The quartile operator and pointwise convergence of Walsh series

The bilinear Hilbert transform is given by

It satisfies estimates of the type

In this paper we prove such estimates for a discrete model of the bilinear Hilbert transform involving the Walsh Fourier transform. We also reprove the well-known fact that the Walsh Fourier series of a function in , with converges pointwise almost everywhere. The purpose of this exposition is to clarify the connection between these two results and to present an easy approach to recent methods of time-frequency analysis.

     

Explicit continued fractions with expected partial quotient growth

For let be the continued fraction expansion of . Write

We construct some numbers 's with

     

On Littlewood's boundedness problem for sublinear Duffing equations

In this paper, we are concerned with the boundedness of all the solutions and the existence of quasi-periodic solutions for second order differential equations

where the 1-periodic function is a smooth function and satisfies sublinearity:

     

Semiclassical analysis for highly degenerate potentials

This paper characterizes the semi-classical limit of the fundamental energy,

and ground state of the Schrödinger operator in a bounded domain , in the highly degenerate case when and consists of two components, say and . The main result establishes that

and that approximates in the ground state of in if

     

Sharp estimates for the identity minus Hardy operator on the cone of decreasing functions

It is shown that if we restrict the identity minus Hardy operator on the cone of nonnegative decreasing functions in , then we have the sharp estimate

for In other words,

for each and each integer .

It is also shown, via a connection between the operator and Laguerre functions, that

for all .

     

Spectral asymptotics for Sturm-Liouville equations with indefinite weight

The Sturm-Liouville equation

is considered subject to the boundary conditions

We assume that is positive and that is piecewise continuous and changes sign at its discontinuities. We give asymptotic approximations up to for , or equivalently up to for , the eigenvalues of the above boundary value problem.

     

Stabilization of evolution equations by noise

We consider a deterministic equation of evolution

in a separable, real Hilbert space. We prove that if generates a -semigroup, then this equation can be stabilized, in terms of Lyapunov exponents, by noise.     

On positive unipotent operators on Banach lattices

Let be a positive operator on a complex Banach lattice. We prove that is greater than or equal to the identity operator if

     

Polynomials with coefficients from a finite set

In 1945 Duffin and Schaeffer proved that a power series that is bounded in a sector and has coefficients from a finite subset of is already a rational function. Their proof is relatively indirect. It is one purpose of this paper to give a shorter direct proof of this beautiful and surprising theorem.

This will allow us to give an easy proof of a recent result of two of the authors stating that a sequence of polynomials with coefficients from a finite subset of cannot tend to zero uniformly on an arc of the unit circle.

Another main result of this paper gives explicit estimates for the number and location of zeros of polynomials with bounded coefficients. Let be so large that

satisfies . We show that any polynomial in

and

has at least

zeros in any disk with center on the unit circle and radius .

     

Long arithmetic progressions in sumsets: Thresholds and bounds

For a set of integers, the sumset consists of those numbers which can be represented as a sum of elements of :

Closely related and equally interesting notion is that of , which is the collection of numbers which can be represented as a sum of different elements of :

The goal of this paper is to investigate the structure of and , where is a subset of . As application, we solve two conjectures by Erdös and Folkman, posed in 1960s.

     

The curve of ``Prym canonical' Gauss divisors on a Prym theta divisor

The Gauss linear system on the theta divisor of the Jacobian of a nonhyperelliptic curve has two striking properties:

1) the branch divisor of the Gauss map on the theta divisor is dual to the canonical model of the curve;

2) those divisors in the Gauss system parametrized by the canonical curve are reducible.

In contrast, Beauville and Debarre prove on a general Prym theta divisor of dimension all Gauss divisors are irreducible and normal. One is led to ask whether properties 1) and 2) may characterize the Gauss system of the theta divisor of a Jacobian. Since for a Prym theta divisor, the most distinguished curve in the Gauss system is the Prym canonical curve, the natural analog of the canonical curve for a Jacobian, in the present paper we analyze whether the analogs of properties 1) or 2) can ever hold for the Prym canonical curve. We note that both those properties would imply that the general Prym canonical Gauss divisor would be nonnormal. Then we find an explicit geometric model for the Prym canonical Gauss divisors and prove the following results using Beauville's singularities criterion for special subvarieties of Prym varieties:

Theorem. For all smooth doubly covered nonhyperelliptic curves of genus , the general Prym canonical Gauss divisor is normal and irreducible.

Corollary. For all smooth doubly covered nonhyperelliptic curves of genus , the Prym canonical curve is not dual to the branch divisor of the Gauss map.

     

The average norm of polynomials of fixed height

Let be any integer and let

be the set of all polynomials of height 1 and degree . Let

Here is the power of the norm on the boundary of the unit disc. So is the average of the power of the norm over

In this paper we give exact formulae for for various values of . We also give a variety of related results for different classes of polynomials including polynomials of fixed height H, polynomials with coefficients and reciprocal polynomials. The results are surprisingly precise. Typical of the results we get is the following.

Theorem 0.1. For , we have

and