螺旋构象的微环境效应 7.二甲基亚砜-水二元溶剂的组成对糖淀粉催化或抑制酯水解行为的影响

在二甲亚砜(Me_2SO)-水缓冲液的混合溶剂中,糖淀粉(A)能催化对硝基苯基十二酸酯的水解.我们观察到溶剂组成对糖淀粉的催化或抑制作用有明显的影响,即糖淀粉的催化效率k_(obs)/k_(un)随Me_2SO的体积分数(Φ_(Me_So))的增加而单调下降,并经历了由催化至抑制的过程.转折区在(Φ_(Me_So))=0.70,正好对应于糖淀粉与长链受物相互作用方式自螺旋包结络合物至超螺旋络合物的变化,再次证明了形成螺旋包结络合物对发挥催化效率的重要性.从磷酸缓冲液内的实验结果可以看出,即使在螺旋包结络合的情况下,除了OH~-和烷氧基离子外,缓冲离子亦作为亲核体对酯水解有所贡献,与硼酸缓冲液体系相比,在磷酸缓冲体系中k_(obs)-糖淀粉浓度曲线在高浓度区下降更多,这表明磷酸根离子具有更强的与糖上羟基配合的能力,从而抑制水解进行.从修正的Lineweaver-Burk图求出抑制络合物解离常数K’_d=0.046mM,小于硼酸缓冲液体系内的K’_d(0.14mM).     

疏水-亲脂相互作用对化学反应性的影响 7: 十四元和十八元环的邻基参与

本工作研究了不同链长的ω-取代羧酸对硝基苯酯p-NO2-C6H4OCO(CH2)n-1Y(简称n-Y,n=17,13,11;Y=SH,H,OH,Br和SCH3)在Me2SO-H2O溶剂体系(有机溶剂体积组成分数φ=0.40,0.45,0.50,0.55)中的水解动力学,观察到疏水-亲脂作用影响下,由于13-SH和17-SH长链分子自身绕曲,可以实现十四元环和十八元环的大环邻基参与,至于11-SH的水解,则观察不到十二元环的邻基参与.因此,这些受物的邻基助效确与链长有关.溶剂组成对此现象也有影响.     

螺旋构象的微环境效应——7.二甲基亚砜-水二元溶剂的组成对糖淀粉催化或抑制酯水解行为的影响

我们在研究Me_2SO—H_2O二元体系中糖淀粉[A]的物理和化学行为的基础上,又就溶剂组成对十二酸对-硝基苯酚酯水解行为的影响进行了研究。我们测量了硼酸缓冲液体系中五个不同φ值的k_(obs)对糖淀粉浓度的依赖关系(图1),φ值为混合溶剂中Me_2SO的体积分数~([1])。初看起来结果是复杂的,在[A]=0,即糖淀粉不存在的情况下,速度常数(k_(nn))随溶剂中Me_2SO量的增加而增加,即φ=0.5<0.6<0.7<0.8<0.9。加入糖淀粉后,曲线开始互相交叉。φ[A]>1.1×10~(-4)时,其次序几乎发生倒转,即φ=0.9<0.8<0.7<0.5<0.6。而且,=0.5,0.6,0.7的曲线随[A]增大而下     

疏水作用对光化学和光物理过程的影响 Ⅱ.不良溶剂中长链水杨酸烷基酯的簇集和荧光光谱的变化

前文报道了长链β-萘甲酸烷基酯在不良溶剂中形成激基缔合物,为长链分子在不良溶剂中发生簇集提供了新的证据.本文报道证明长链分子在不良溶剂中发生簇集的另一个实验事实.长链水杨酸烷基酯在二甲基亚砜-水(DMSO-H_2O)和乙二醇-水(EG-H_2O)混合溶剂中的荧光光谱分布以及荧光量子产率与短链水杨酸烷基酯的显著不同,这些差别可以用长链分子发生簇集来加以解释.     

疏水缔合型丙烯酰胺类聚合物Ⅰ.疏水单体N-苯基甲酰胺-丙烯酰胺的合成与表征

通过异氰酸苯酯和丙烯酰胺(AM)的取代反应,制备了疏水缔合型单体N-苯基甲酰胺-丙烯酰胺(HMAM)。用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、质谱、元素分析和差示扫描量热仪对HMAM进行表征。结果表明,HMAM单体含有疏水和亲水基团,可用于制备新型水溶性疏水缔合型聚合物,该聚合物不溶于水和丙酮等强极性溶剂,但能溶于二甲亚砜和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺等中等极性的溶剂中。     

疏水-亲脂作用对反应活性的影响

本文在t-BuOH-H₂O,Me₂SO-H₂O等六种有机溶剂-水二元体系中用动力学方法研究了:(1)疏水-亲脂作用对不同链长的脂肪酸酯 —C₇H₁₅,—C₁₁H₂₃,—C₁₅H₃₁)水解行为的影响;(2)竣甲基糖淀粉(Na-CMA)催化酯水解机理的探讨;(3)长链酯簇集与其被糖淀粉包结之间的竞争;(4)疏水取代基常数的反应活性之间相关分析的新探索。     

疏水作用对光化学和光物理过程的影响II: 不良溶剂中长链水杨酸烷基酯的簇集和荧光光谱的变化

本文报道证明长链分子在不良溶剂中发生簇集的实验事实.长链水杨酸烷基酯在二甲基亚砜-水(DMSO-H2O)和乙二醇-水(EG-H2O)混合溶剂中的荧光光谱分布以及荧光量子产率与短链水杨酸烷基酯的显著不同,这些差别可以用长链分子发生簇集来加以解释.     

疏水作用对光化学和光物理过程的影响 Ⅻ.2-羟基-4-烷氧基二苯甲酮在不良溶剂中的簇集

测定了2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮(HMDB)和2-羟基-4-辛氧基二苯甲酮(HODB)在良溶剂和不良溶剂中的吸收光谱。在不良溶剂(乙二醇-水的混合溶剂)中,带长链的HODB发生簇集。由于簇集体内极性较小,HODB的吸收光谱与其在环己烷中相似。HMDB不发生簇集。     

有机磷化合物的研究 ⅩⅩⅩⅨ.溶剂性质对烷基膦酸-O,O-1,3-丙二酯及-O,O-1,4-丁二酯的碱性水解动力学的影响

本文报道烷基膦酸-O,O-1,3-丙二酯及O,O-1,4-丁二酯于50％二甲亚砜水溶液中的水解动力学,考察了取代基结构对膦酸酯水解速率常数的影响.通过它们在50％的二甲亚砜水溶液和50％的二氧六环水溶液中碱性水解速率常数的比较,说明在这些混合溶剂中,烷基的空间结构对水解速率常数的影响是近似平行的.同时,正丙基膦酸-O,O-1,3-丙二酯于不同混合溶剂中碱性水解时,溶剂分子的给质子和接受质子的能力对水解反应过程有重要影响.     

含富电子的1,5-二氧萘基的仿生体系的线性供体与折叠体的簇集和自卷性质

合成了一系列含有1,5-二氧萘基仿生体系的线性供体和折叠体, 用稳态荧光光谱法定量研究了它们的临界簇集浓度(CAgC)及其影响因素. 结果显示, DX(1,4-二氧六环, Dioxane)-H₂O和CH₃CN-H₂O二元溶剂中的簇集程度与Ф值(有机溶剂的体积分数)有关. 在DX-H₂O和CH₃CN-H₂O体系中, 分子间与分子内π-π芳环堆积作用能促进簇集. 折叠体的分子内折叠加强了簇集程度. 线性供体的自卷曲程度随Ф值的增大而变小, 随分子中1,5-二氧萘基数目的增多而增大.     

The effects of added nanoparticles on aqueous kaolinite suspensions. I. Structural effects

The results of an experimental study focused on the effect of added silica nanospheres on the structure of an aqueous suspension of disc-shaped kaolinite particles are presented. In the absence of any additives, kaolinite particles rapidly aggregate and settle. When only nanoparticles were added to a 14% vol. kaolinite suspension, some stabilization was observed, although a thick, fluid-like sediment still formed. Adding both nanoparticles and salt (NaCl or KCl), however, caused the entire suspension to transition into a solid material that was strong enough to actually be sliced. A phase diagram was constructed showing the concentration of salt and nanoparticles needed to produce this transition. With smaller nanoparticles, the transition occurred at much lower nanoparticle volume fractions. Scanning electron micrographs of both the sediment and solid-like material, obtained by cryogenic drying, showed that the latter consisted of a porous, 'sponge-like' structure. The characteristic size of the pores decreased as the number density of the added nanoparticles increased. Although the nanoparticles were not visible in the SEM images, it is believed that they had separated into the pores of the solid-like material. While a similar type of transition could be produced in suspensions containing only the silica nanospheres, the structure and flow behavior of this material were markedly different from that obtained with the added clay.     

In vivo effects of porphyrins on bacterial DNA.

The DNA damage in intact Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli cells induced by photosensitized deuteroporphyrin or hemin is described. Treatment of S. aureus cultures with hemin or photosensitized deuteroporphyrin (Dp) caused time-dependent changes in the plasmidial DNA profiles. The major observation was the disappearance of the plasmid supercoiled fraction. The chromosomal DNA was also affected by hemin and by photosensitized Dp, since its degradation products were detected after exposing the bacterial cells to the porphyrin drugs. Photosensitization of E. coli cells, pretreated with Dp and polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBNP), also resulted in plasmidial damage. No such damage occurred when E. coli cultures were treated with hemin and PMBNP. The above results can be tightly correlated with the antimicrobial action of porphyrins. Their damage to the bacterial DNA seems to reflect one of the in vivo effects of these porphyrins.     

Solvent effects on glycine II. Water-assisted tautomerization

The water-assisted tautomerization of glycine has been investigated at the B3LYP/6-31+G** level using supermolecules containing up to six water molecules as well as considering a 1:1 glycine-water complex embedded in a continuum. The conformations of the tautomers in this mechanism do not display an intramolecular H bond, instead the functional groups are bridged by a water molecule. The replacement of the intramolecular H bond by the bridging water reduces the polarity of the N-H bond in the zwitterion and increases that of the O-H bond in the neutral, stabilizing the zwitterion. Both the charge transfer effects and electrostatic interactions stabilize the nonintramolecularly H-bonded zwitterion conformer over the intramolecularly hydrogen bonded one. The nonintramolecularly H-bonded neutral is favored only by charge transfer effects. Although there is no strong evidence whether the intramolecularly hydrogen bonded or non hydrogen bonded structures are favored in the bulk solution represented as a dielectric continuum, it is likely that the latter species are more stable. The free energy of activation of the water-assisted mechanism is higher than the intramolecular proton transfer channel. However, when the presumably higher conformational energy of the zwitterion reacting in the intramolecular mechanism is taken into account, both mechanisms are observed to compete. The various conformers of the neutral glycine may form via multiple proton transfer reactions through several water molecules instead of a conformational rearrangement.     

Studies on dilute solutions of rodlike macroions. II. Electrostatic effects

A group of rodlike polymers soluble only in strong protic acids was studied using light scattering and viscosity techniques. These include poly(1,4-phenylene benzobisoxazole), poly(1,4-phenylene benzobisthiazole) and poly(1,4-phenylene terephthalamide). The solution properties were dependent on the ionic strength of the acid used as solvent. In a low ionic strength acid such as chlorosulfonic acid, the polymer solutions exhibited decreased unpolarized scattering, an extremely small translational diffusion coefficient, and high viscosity. All of these effects could be eliminated by the addition of a salt such as lithium chlorosulfonate, which increased the ionic strength of the solvent. The effects were attributed to a pseudo ordering of the polymer solvent system caused by electrostatic repulsions between protonated polymer chains effective over large distances (ca. 100 Å) in the low ionic strength solvent. This type of ordering is distinct from actual anisotropic phase formation, which occurs at higher concentrations in these systems. Analysis of data at infinite dilution gave a persistence length of at least 45 nm for poly(1,4-phenylene terephthalamide), larger than previous experimental results, but in accord with recent rotational isomeric state calculations and similar to experimental data for poly(p-benzamide).     

UV-B effects on Antarctic Chlorella sp cells.

Growth of Antarctic Chlorella sp cells was measured in cultures irradiated with 30 kJ m(-2) UV-B (280-320 nm). The specific growth rate immediately after the lag phase was 0.36+/-0.06 and 0.26+/-0.03 day(-1) for unirradiated cultures and cultures irradiated with UV-B, respectively, UV-B irradiation significantly decreased ascorbate content by 54.5%, and increased the ascorbyl radical content/ascorbate content ratio by 2.25-fold in algae cultures in log phase. UV-B exposure significantly decreased by 95, 62 and 71% the content of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and total thiols, respectively, in cells in log phase of development. The cellular content of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and total thiols was reduced by 78, 43 and 44%, respectively in stationary phase, as compared to the antioxidant content in the cells during log phase of development. UV-B exposure reduced the content of alpha-tocopherol and total thiols in stationary phase of development by 64 and 91%, respectively, as compared to unirradiated cells. The content of beta-carotene in stationary phase was not affected by UV-B exposure. The results presented here suggest that increased UV-B radiation was responsible for the development of oxidative stress conditions, assessed as the ascorbyl radical content/ascorbate content ratio, in Antarctic Chlorella sp cells. Moreover, a significant decrease in the content of both lipid and water soluble antioxidants might contribute to establish oxidative stress in the cells.     

Substituent effects on the gas phase basicities of methyl benzoates. Effects of resonance demand on susbtituent effects

The gas phase basicities of m,p-substituted methyl benzoates have been determined by means of the pulsed ICR mass spectrometer. LArSR analysis of the subtituent effect provides a smaller r⁺ of 0.45 compared to that of acetophenone basicities, indicating a reduced resonance demand of the conjugate acid ion of methyl benzoate.