12－钨磷酸对液－固相酯分解及烷基化反应的催化特性

本文报道了Ｋｅｇｇｉｎ结构杂多化合物１２－钨磷酸在液－固相体系中，对醋酸环己酯的分解及１，３，５－三甲基苯与环已烯的烷基化反应的催化特性；考察了前处理温度对催化剂热脱水性及表面积的影响．发现在１５０℃前处理温度条件下，伴随烷基化反应的进行，体系放热，反应速度随催化剂量的增加异常加快；在１００℃～３００℃范围内，催化剂结晶水几乎全部脱去，两反应的催化活性与催化剂表面积相关．     

固体酸催化烯烃改性生物油酚类化合物研究

选取生物油中含量较高的愈创木酚、儿茶酚和苯酚为酚类模型化合物,以蒙脱土K-10负载的Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40为固体超强酸催化剂,苯酚/1-辛烯烷基化反应为探针,考察了催化剂负载量,反应温度及物料摩尔比等因素对酚类烷基化反应的影响.结果表明,在60～100℃范围内,30%Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/K-10对苯酚烷基化反应具有很好的催化活性和选择性,原料摩尔比为1时苯酚氧烷基化产物的选择性最好.愈创木酚中甲氧基的位阻效应使其转化率在相同条件下比苯酚低很多,相应氧烷基化产物的选择性也很低.儿茶酚与1-辛烯反应主要生成单羟基氧烷基化产物,100℃时选择性仍高达96%.升高温度有利于烷基化改性反应的进行,但产物中氧烷基化产物的选择性随着温度升高而降低.     

负载型中孔分子筛上苯与长链烯烃烷基化反应

在合成纯硅及含铝MCM-41中孔分子筛基础上,制备负载PW12、SiW12及PMo12杂多酸的催化剂。用XRD、N2吸附和苯与1-十二烯烷基化反应对几种催化剂进行表征。结果表明,与HY、HM和Hβ分子筛相比,HAlMCM-41和HSiMCM-41中孔分子筛具有较好的线性烷基苯选择性,其苯基十二烷异构体分布优于HY而不及HM和Hβ分子筛;负载型中孔分子筛催化剂具有杂多酸分散性好、比表面积大和孔径分布集中的性质,与载体相比其催化活性明显提高;关于催化活性,负载型催化剂载体或负载杂多酸种类比较结果为HAlMCM-41>HSiMCM-41、PW12>SiW12>PMo12,其中SiW12HAlMCM-41催化剂的苯基十二烷选择性和异构体分布为最佳。     

高分子负载的庚烯－1歧化催化剂研究

将烯烃均相歧化催化剂ＷＣｌ６－Ｂｕ４Ｓｎ中的ＷＣｌ６成分用浸渍法负载于各种高分子载体上，用于庚烯－１的催化歧比反应。聚苯乙烯负载体系使庚烯－１歧化反应产率提高了近三倍，歧化反应选择性提高了近一倍，对实验结果分析表明：聚苯乙烯分子中的苯环侧基对钨成分弱的络合作用可能是催化剂活性提高的内在原因。     

高分子负载的庚烯—1歧化催化剂研究

将烯烃均相岐化催化剂ＷＣｌ６－Ｂｕ４Ｓｎ中的ＷＣｌ６成分用浸渍法负载于各种高分子载体上，用于庚烯－１的催化歧化反应，聚苯乙烯负载体系使庚烯－１歧化反应产率提高了近三倍，歧化反应选择性提高了近一倍，对实验结果表明：聚苯乙烯分子中的苯环侧基对钨成分弱的络合作用可能是催化剂活性提高的内在原因。     

离子交换树脂催化合成对—1,1,3,3—四甲基丁基苯酚的研究

应用强酸性阳离子交换树脂作为苯酚与２,４,４－三甲基－１－戊烯及２,４,４－三甲基－２－戊烯的混合物（二异丁烯）进行烷基化反应的催化剂,通过间歇化反应,比较了三种树脂的催化活性。考察了反应时间、温度、二异丁烯与苯酚摩尔比及催化剂用量对转化率及目的产物选择性的影响。优化的反应条件为：温度８５℃,时间６ｈ,催化剂用量７％,二异丁烯与苯酚摩尔比０．８：１。在此条件下,二异丁烯转化率高于９５％,选择性可达     

大孔沸石催化剂上苯与丙烯液相烷基化反应行为的研究

围绕具有工业实用价值的苯与丙烯液相烷基化制取异丙苯这一课题,对比考察了不同硅铝组成的ＨＹ型和Ｈβ型沸石的催化性能,利用烧炭试验、结炭前驱物萃取方法及色－质谱表征手段探索了沸石催化剂在烷基化反应中的结炭行为。烷基化试验结果表明,β沸石对异丙苯的选择性和催化剂稳定性都明显优于Ｙ型,其异丙苯选择性可达９６ｍｏｌ％以上。同时,提高原料苯烯比、降低反应温度或保持适当高的进料空速能够提高异丙苯的选择性。结炭催化剂的烧炭结果显示,在烷基化反应中Ｈβ比ＨＹ具有较强的抗结炭能力。结炭催化剂的溶剂萃取结果表明,反应中的液相苯能够有效地使催化剂孔道中的结炭前驱物种脱离催化剂表面,从而抑制结炭,提高催化剂的稳定性     

固体酸催化烷基化反应中微量氟化氢反应助剂的作用 Ⅰ.助剂对反应的促进效应

 研究了负载型杂多酸催化剂20%H3PW12O40/SiO2催化的异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应. 发现当在反应物料中加入0.0192%(质量分数)含强电负性元素F的反应助剂HF后,在超临界烷基化反应条件下（137 ℃和5.0 MPa）,反应产物烷基化汽油中C8烷烃的含量和目的产物三甲基戊烷的收率均大幅度提高,三甲基戊烷与二甲基己烷的摩尔比值提高了一倍以上. 这是一个重要和有趣的实验现象,它说明微量HF反应助剂可大幅度提高固体酸催化剂对烷基化反应的选择性. 我们把微量反应助剂在固体酸催化烷基化反应中的这种特殊作用称为对烷基化反应的促进效应,这种促进效应已经在我们实验室中被反复证实.     

苯—长链烯烃烷基化催化剂的稳定性和再生性能

对中孔分子筛负载杂多酸催化剂在苯与十二烯烷基化反应中的失活行为及再生方法进行了研究。研究发现:负载型催化剂的活性、稳定性和产物分布均优于HY分子筛催化剂,在烷基化反应过程中,由烯烃聚合物衍生的焦质沉积在催化剂表面上,导致催化剂失活,并且反应温度越高,催化剂粒径越大,催化剂活性稳定性越差;随着催化剂生焦量增加,烯烃转化率递减,线性烷基苯选择性仅在970～998%之间变化,苯基十二烷中2-位异构体的含量提高,6-位异构体的含量降低。对失活催化剂进行烧焦再生或在反应温度以上用苯抽提再生,其活性得到部分恢复。     

CsCuHPVAsMoO杂多化合物对异丁烯选择性氧化反应的催化性能

 用组合法合成了CsCuHPVAsMoO系列杂多化合物催化剂，并采用FT－IR，H2－TPR，NH3－TPD和TG－DTA等方法对催化剂进行了表征．在自制固定床反应器中对异丁烯进行选择性氧化，考察了Cs，Cu和As含量、催化剂焙烧温度及反应条件对催化剂催化性能的影响．结果表明，Cs的引入有利于提高催化剂的选择性；Cu和As的引入在提高催化剂活性的同时，也提高了催化剂的选择性；当焙烧温度为340℃时，催化剂的活性和选择性最高．组成为Cs0．1Cu0．2HxPVAs0．2Mo10Oy的催化剂对异丁烯具有很强的选择性氧化能力，在最佳反应条件下，甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯醛和乙酸的收率分别可达52．84％，12．05％和18．21％．     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。