Urchin-like CdS/ZrO2 nanocomposite prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal combined with ion-exchange and its multimode photocatalytic activity

A series of urchin-like CdS/ZrO₂ nanocomposites with different mole ratios of Cd/Zr were prepared by a two-step method combining the microwave-assisted hydrothermal and ion exchange methods. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and N₂ adsorption–desorption measurements. The results of the study revealed that the CdS/ZrO₂ nanocomposites had mixed phases of tetragonal ZrO₂ and hexagonal CdS. Moreover, the samples prepared by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method possessed the urchin-like structure with a surface composed of protrude-like nanoparticles in large quantities. The absorption in the visible region changed slightly with increasing mole ratio of Cd/Zr. Moreover, compared to the nanocomposites prepared by the conventional heating, the nanocomposites prepared by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis showed significantly different Brunauer–Emmett–Teller values, and the urchin-like CdS/ZrO₂ structures were obtained. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation indicated that the photocatalytic activity of the CdS/ZrO₂ nanocomposite with CdS/ZrO₂ molar ratio of 30 % was higher than those of CdS, ZrO₂, and other different ratios of CdS/ZrO₂ nanocomposites. Moreover, under UV light, visible light, and microwave-assisted multimode photocatalytic degradation, the urchin-like CdS/ZrO₂ nanocomposites significantly affected the photodegradation of various dyes. To understand the possible reaction mechanism of the photocatalysis by the CdS/ZrO₂ nanocomposites, a series of controlled experiments were performed, and the stability and reusability of the CdS/ZrO₂ nanocomposites were further investigated by the photocatalytic reaction.     

Synthesis of Mn-doped ZnS architectures in ternary solution and their optical properties

Mn-doped ZnS sea urchin-like architectures were fabricated by a one-pot solvothermal route in a ternary solution made of ethylenediamine, ethanolamine and distilled water. The as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence spectra (PL). It was demonstrated that the as-prepared sea urchin-like architectures with diameter of 0.5-1.5 μm were composed of nanorods, possessing a wurtzite structures. The preferred growth orientation of nanorods was found to be the [0 0 2] direction. The PL spectra of the Mn-doped ZnS sea urchin-like architectures show a strong orange emission at 587 nm, indicating the successful doping of Mn²⁺ ions into ZnS host. Ethanolamine played the role of oriented-assembly agent in the formation of sea urchin-like architectures. A possible growth mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of sea urchin-like architectures.     

纳米球刻蚀法制备的二维有序的CdS纳米阵列及其光学性质的研究

采用纳米球刻蚀(nanosphere lithography)技术,以自组装的聚苯乙烯纳米小球(polystyrene,PS小球)的单层膜为掩模,制备出二维有序的CdS纳米阵列.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品结构进行了表征,用紫外—可见分光光度计对样品光学性质进行了分析.结果表明：制备的二维CdS纳米阵列是高度有序的,且与作为掩模的纳米小球的原始尺寸及排布结构一致;禁带宽度为2.60eV,相对于体材料的2.42eV,向短波长蓝移了0.18eV,表现出CdS材料在纳米结构点阵中的量子尺寸效应;CdS纳米 关键词： 纳米球刻蚀 二维CdS纳米有序阵列     

Hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical characterization of VO2 (B) with controlled crystal structures

Three different VO₂ (B) nanostructures, including urchin-like VO₂ (B), VO₂ (B) honeycombs and VO₂ (B) nanorods have been successfully fabricated through hydrothermal process by adjusting the concentrations of the oxalic acid. The microstructure and morphology of the VO₂ nanostructures were evaluated by using X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Electrochemical properties measurements of urchin-like VO₂ (B) and VO₂ (B) honeycombs showed excellent cycling performance, especially the urchin-like VO₂ (B) exhibited higher discharge capacity and better capacity retention.     

Structural and optical properties of monodispersed ZnS/CdS/ZnO and ZnO/ZnS/CdS nanoparticles

Excellent luminescence properties of ZnS/CdS/ZnO and ZnO/ZnS/CdS nanocrystallites synthesized through a simple chemical method at room temperature are reported. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV–visible absorption and photoluminescence techniques were used to characterize the undoped ZnS, CdS and ZnO and the novel ZnS/CdS/ZnO and ZnO/ZnS/CdS nanoparticles. The optical properties of ZnS/CdS/ZnO and ZnO/ZnS/CdS nanoparticles reflect a combinational effect of the photoluminescent properties of ZnS, CdS and ZnO.     

One-pot solvothermal route to self-assembly of cauliflower-shaped CdS microspheres

Nearly monodispersed cauliflower-shaped CdS microspheres were prepared through a simple one-step solvothermal route on a large scale by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the surfactant. Images by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicate that cauliflower-shaped CdS microspheres with diameters in the range from 1.3 to 4.5 μm are assembled by nanoparticles with an average diameter of approximately 30 nm. The possible formation mechanism of the cauliflower-shaped CdS microspheres was also proposed. The photovoltaic activity of cauliflower-shaped CdS architectures has been investigated, indicating that the as-obtained CdS microspheres exhibited higher photovoltaic performance in comparison with CdS nanoparticles.     

Self-assembly and photoluminescence of CdS-mercaptoacetic clusters with internal structures

CdS-mercaptoacetic (CdS/M) clusters were synthesized by using mercaptoacetic acid as the stabilizing agent in the aqueous solution. From the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image and the electron diffraction (ED) pattern, a two-dimensional nearly ordered CdS/M cluster array is observed and the CdS/M cluster is found to be constructed of small CdS/M nanocrystals. The model of self-assembly of the CdS/M clusters with internal structure is presented. The absorption spectrum of the CdS/M nanocrystal solution reveals a maximum at 372 nm and the corresponding photoluminescence (PL) spectrum shows a strong peak at 556 nm at room temperature. The PL spectra of various concentrations of CdS/M reveal the passivation effect of mercaptoacetic acid.     

Synthesis and photoelectrochemical behavior of CdS quantum dots-sensitized indium-tin-oxide mesoporous film

In this paper, we reported an investigation on a new photoelectrode of quantum dots-sensitized solar cell (QDSC) combining indium-tin-oxide (ITO) mesoporous film and CdS quantum dots (QDs). The ITO mesoporous film was prepared by doctor-blade technique and CdS QDs attached on ITO mesoporous film were synthesized by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, X-ray spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to characterize the samples. The results indicated that the ITO mesoporous film was uniform, crack-free and highly porous. And absorbance in visible region was enhanced after the deposition of CdS QDs on ITO mesoporous film. The photoelectrochemical property of the CdS QDs-sensitized ITO mesoporous film photoelectrode was investigated by forming a photoelectrochemical cell. Photocurrent-voltage measurement showed that the photoelectrode was efficient in the cell as working electrode.     

核壳结构CdS/ZnS纳米微粒的制备与光学特性

用微乳液法制备CdS纳米微粒 ,以ZnS对其进行表面修饰 ,得到具有核壳结构的CdS/ZnS纳米微粒 .采用X射线衍射 (XRD)、透射电镜 (TEM )表征其结构、粒度和形貌 ,紫外 可见吸收光谱 (UV)、光致发光光谱(PL)表征其光学特性 .制得的CdS近似呈球形 ,直径为 3.3nm ;以XRD和UV证实了CdS/ZnS核壳结构的实现 .研究了不同ZnS壳层厚度对CdS纳米微粒光学性能的影响 ,UV谱表明随着壳层厚度的增加纳米微粒的吸收带边有轻微的红移 ,同时短波吸收增强 ;PL谱表明壳层ZnS的包覆可减少CdS纳米微粒的表面缺陷 ,带边直接复合发光的几率增大 ,具有合适的壳层厚度时发光效率大大提高 .     

Synthesis and characterization of CdS nanoparticles in the presence of oleic acid as solvent and stabilizer

Oleic acid (OA)-capped CdS nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized via the direct reaction of Cd(CH₂COO)₂·2H₂O with S powder in OA solvent at 230 °C under nitrogen flow, which was a kind of clean and air-stable solvent. The morphologies and structures of the as-synthesized CdS NPs are examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the typical Ostwald ripening growth mechanism is concluded. Moreover, the collected ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy demonstrate good optical properties of CdS NPs.     

Photonic band structure of 3D ordered silica matrices

The symmetry and orientation of a photonic lattice of 3D ordered porous silica matrices (synthetic opals) are determined by analysis of transmission electron micrographs. By optical transmission measurements the photonic band edges are mapped out at pointsLandKof the Brillouin zone. It is shown that modulating the refractive index of opal pores by filling them with liquids results in variation of the light attenuation length within the forbidden gap. To increase the refractive index contrast of the lattice, the pores of opals were filled with CdS. A dramatic decrease in attenuation length is observed for opal/CdS. The parameters of a photonic lattice with a ‘pseudo-gap’, that is, with a prominent depletion of the photonic density of states, are estimated.     

CdS量子点超声水相制备、表征及与萘的相互作用

在室温条件下,用超声水相制备CdS量子点(QDs),并用透射电镜、X射线衍射、紫外光谱法、荧光光谱法等手段表征.探讨了初始pH、反应物配比、超声时间、熟化时间等因素对CdS量子点制备的影响.初步研究了该方法制备的CdS量子点与萘的相互作用,线性范围为0.002-0.025mg/mL,r<'2>=0.9965.CdS量子...     

尺寸相关的CdS纳米颗粒的拉曼散射特性

采用反胶束法,合成了具有不同尺寸的CdS纳米颗粒。利用透射电镜(TEM)和高分辨透射电镜(HR-TEM)以及紫外-可见光吸收谱(UV/vis)对这些纳米颗粒的结构特性进行了表征和分析。利用拉曼光谱仪测量了这些具有不同尺寸的CdS纳米颗粒的拉曼特性。研究结果表明：当纳米颗粒尺寸小于一定值时,拉曼峰出现了蓝移,大于一定值时出现了红移,这些不同的结果是与纳米颗粒的尺寸效应以及纳米颗粒结构中具有各向异性的电子－声子耦合作用有关。     

Cadmium (II) pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complex as single source precursor for the preparation of CdS nanocrystals by microwave irradiation and conventional heating process

The complex of cadmium with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate Cd(pdtc)₂ has been used as single source precursor for the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles. The formation of CdS nanostructures was achieved by thermal decomposition of the complex under microwave irradiation and conventional heating in presence of hexadecylamine. The CdS nanoparticles with disordered close-packed structure were obtained under microwave irradiation, whereas wurtzite hexagonal phase CdS nanorods were obtained by conventional heating method (up to 150 °C). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies also were carried out to study the structure and morphology of nanoparticles. The optical property of the CdS nanoparticles was studied by UV-visible and fluorescence emission spectral studies. Fluorescence measurements on the CdS nanoparticles show a strong emission spectrum with two sub bands that are attributed to band-edge and surface-defect emissions. The reduction of a suitable cadmium metal complex is considered to be one of the single pot methods to generate CdS semiconductor nanoparticles with different shapes and high yield.     

ZnS/CdS复合窗口层对CdTe太阳能电池短波光谱响应的影响

采用磁控溅射法制备了ZnS/CdS复合窗口层,并将其应用于CdTe太阳能电池。对所制备薄膜的形貌和结构等进行了研究。测试了具有不同窗口层的CdTe太阳电池的量子效率和光Ⅰ-Ⅴ特性,分析了ZnS薄膜制备条件对CdTe电池器件性能影响;研究了CdS薄膜厚度和ZnS/CdS复合窗口层对短波区透过率以及CdTe太阳电池的光谱响应的影响。着重研究了具有ZnS/CdS复合窗口层的CdTe太阳电池的短波光谱响应。结果表明,CdS窗口层厚度从100 nm减至50 nm后,其对短波区光子透过率平均提高了18.3%,CdTe太阳电池短波区光谱响应平均提高了27.6%。衬底温度250 ℃条件下制备的ZnS晶粒尺寸小于室温下制备的ZnS。具有ZnS/CdS复合窗口层的CdTe电池中,采用衬底温度250 ℃沉积ZnS薄膜来制备窗口层的电池器件,其性能要优于室温下沉积ZnS制备窗口层的电池器件。这说明晶粒尺寸的大小对电子输运有一定影响。在相同厚度CdS的前提下,具有ZnS/CdS复合窗口层的CdTe电池比具有CdS窗口层在短波的光谱响应提高了约2%。这说明ZnS/CdS复合窗口层能够做到减少对短波光子的吸收,从而使更多的光子被CdTe电池的吸收层吸收。     

Synthesis of cobalt-doped cadmium sulphide nanocrystals and their optical and magnetic properties

Cobalt-doped cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized with three different cobalt concentrations by aqueous chemical coprecipitation method. Dopant incorporation was recognised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis with a shift in the diffraction peaks and compression in the lattice. The size and crystallinity of the cobalt-doped CdS NCs were studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The blue shift in the spectra and the band gap value of Co-doped CdS NCs was estimated using reflectance UV spectrophotometer. Variation in the luminescence properties was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The change in the optical properties supports the Co incorporation in the CdS NCs. The BET measurement revealed that the powders had a relatively high specific surface area of 131.30, 106.93 and 102.04 m²/g for 2, 4 and 6% Co:CdS, respectively. Room temperature magnetisation was studied using vibrating sample magnetometer for both 4 and 6% cobalt-doped CdS NCs, which revealed a weak ferromagnetic signal and strong ferromagnetic hysteresis respectively.     

长方体形CdS微粒的合成及光谱性质

采用溶胶法,以硫脲为表面修饰剂,合成了长方体形CdS微粒,并用X射线粉末衍射、透射电子显微镜、红外光谱以及荧光光谱等手段进行了表征。实验结果表明,硫脲分子中的硫原子与CdS纳米晶表面的Cd2+离子存在配位作用;硫脲分子表面修饰的CdS纳米晶为立方闪锌矿结构,具有较好的荧光性质;长方体形CdS微粒可能是由硫脲分子表面修饰的CdS初级纳米晶粒自组装组成。该研究结果为硫脲分子表面修饰的CdS初级纳米晶粒在分子组装及作为新型发光材料方面的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

Growth and Physical Properties of CdS/TiO_2 Bilayer by Plasma-Based Method

The titanium oxide(TiO_2) nanotubes have attracted attention for their use in dye-sensitized solar cells as photoanode. In this study semiconducting cadmium sulfide(CdS) nanoparticles are grown on top opened TiO_2 nanotubes arrays by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and diffuse reflection spectra are used to study structural, morphological and optical properties of the CdS/TiO_2 bilayer.     

Preparation and characterization of polymer-capped CdS nanocrystals

Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)-capped CdS nanoparticles were prepared with CS₂ as the sulfur source through the hydrothermal process. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopic, ultraviolet–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The capped CdS nanoparticles showed remarkable stability and significantly enhanced luminescence property compared with that of the noncapped ones. We attributed this observation to the surface passivation of the CdS nanoparticles by the PVP molecules.     

Synthesis, structure and electronic properties of ultranarrow CdS nanorods

We report on the one-step synthesis of ultra narrow wurtzite CdS nanorods using bench top chemical decomposition route. The synthesized CdS nanorods are of 1.8 nm in diameter and show major confinement along the radial dimension, which is well below the exciton Bohr radius of bulk CdS (2.5 nm). Structural and self-assembly properties of nanorods are studied using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements, which reveal preferred orientation of the nanorods along <00.2> direction with 2D supercrystalline spatial distribution. The estimated nanorod dimensions from XRD is corroborated with the transmission electron microscopy observations. UV–vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals significant increase in the band gap in comparison to bulk CdS which is further tallied with the simulations using effective mass approximation (EMA). Formation of discrete structure of valence band and conduction band due to strongly quantum confined excitons in the radial direction is evidenced from EMA simulation. Combination of experimental and theoretical approach helps in understanding the structure–property relationship for ultranarrow CdS rods which might lead to nanorod based applications.