不同进样方式对气相色谱法测定液化石油气组成结果的影响

考察了3种不同进样方式对气相色谱法测定液化石油气组成结果的影响。结果表明,与盘管闪蒸进样相比,减压式闪蒸和液体阀进样所测烃类体积分数校正因子更接近标准给定的经典校正因子。当进样压力低于1 MPa时宜选择减压式闪蒸进样。当进样压力高于1 MPa时,减压式闪蒸和液体阀进样所测结果均具有较高的精密度和准确度。当液化石油气中存在一定量C₂组分的情况下,减压式闪蒸和液体阀进样均能满足要求,但减压式闪蒸进样比液体阀进样的测定结果具有更高的精密度和准确度。     

一种新的毛细管气相色谱柱头进样器

柱头进样(On-column Injection)是毛细管气相色谱(GC)最常用的进样方法之一。它较之其它进样方法有许多优点,特别适用于宽沸程多组分的分析。1963年Zlatkis和Walker首先建议在毛细管气相色谱中使用柱头进样技术。1977年Schomburg等提出了冷柱头(室温)导入样品的方式,不久Grob等又发明了阀式柱头进样器。Grob的阀式进样器需用一种特制     

进样阀（Ⅲ）

(续上期 )　　从上述的过程中可以看出 ,当进样阀的手柄处于“取样”和“进样”之间时 ,全部的流路是完全隔断了的。阻断了流路 ,压力必然会急剧增加。因此无论是从“取样”,到“进样”,还是从“进样”到“取样”的过程 ,动作需要迅速、果断 ,否则在此过程中将造成压力骤增。过高的压力经常会冲击色谱柱柱头 ,容易造成色谱柱损坏 ,导致分离效果下降等问题的出现。若在阀内的流路上增加设计一旁路结构 ,而结构上与上述进样阀完全一致 ,就可以完全或大部分消除“取样”与“进样”之间的压力骤增现象 ,其结果如图 3所示。此种结构的阀有 Water…     

进样阀(Ⅱ)

 (续上期)2 手动进样阀手动进样阀实质上是将上期“手动注射进样器”中所描述的进样器作了进一步的改进,使进样过程更可靠、设置更紧凑、进样量的精确度和准确度更高的一种进样装置。从全世界范围来看,曾经生产和至今还在生产高效液相色谱仪用进样阀的有Beckman,SSI,Valco,Waters和Rheodyne等公司。目前,世界上绝大多数的液相色谱仪所配的手动进样阀都是美国Rheodyne公司生产的。Rheodyne公司是一家专门从事各种阀件生产的专业公司(其产品除了各种进样阀外,还有溶剂选择阀、切换阀等。     

毛细管气相色谱法对液化石油气组分的测定

选用30 m×0.53 mm(i.d.) HP PLOT/Al2O3石英毛细管柱,程序升温和分流进样技术对液化石油气的18种C_1 ～C_5烃类组分进行分离.选择水浴加阀箱气化方式,并以80 ℃为气化温度优化了进样口温度等色谱参数.液化石油气各组分在一定浓度范围内其浓度与响应值有良好的线性关系,相关系数r为0.994 0 ～0.998 8.各组分实际样品的检出限为0.001% ～0.002%(摩尔分数).     

一种新的色谱在线预技浓缩分析白酒的方法

文中提出了一种新的在线预柱浓缩分析白酒的进样技术。采用Tenax—GC树脂为预柱中的吸附剂,应用了无阀切换和热脱附等技术。简便,快速是此法的主要优点;一次取样仅需样品10微升左右,一次操作周期约为一个小时。MES作为检测器,可不必求出组份的校正因子直接定量分析,并可给出各组份元素组成的数据。作者用此方法测定了五种白酒。此方法也可以用于其它饮料和类似稀水溶液样品的测定。     

一种新的色谱在线预柱浓缩分析白酒的方法

〕文中提出了一种新的在线预柱浓缩分析白酒的进样技术。采用Tenax-GC树脂为预柱中的吸附剂,应用了无阀切换和热脱附等技术。简便,快速是此法的主要优点;一次取样仅需样品10微升左右,一次操作周期约为一个小时。MES作为检测器,可不必求出组份的校正因子直接定量分析,并可给出各组份元素组成的数据。作者用此方法测定了五种白酒。此方法也可以用于其它饮料和类似稀水溶液样品的测定。     

负压进样-气相色谱法测定氢气体系中痕量气体组分北大核心CSCD

以氢气体系样品为研究对象,采用负压进样方式,分析样品前,对整个进样管道进行吹扫清洗3次,再抽真空。以阀进样方式调节样品的进样压力,采用附氦离子化检测器气相色谱法测定其中氧气、氮气、一氧化碳、甲烷的含量。结果表明,进样压力在10 100~101 225 Pa内与各气体组分对应的峰面积呈线性关系,4种气体组分的检出限(3S/N)依次为4.0,3.8,5.2,3.6 nmol·mol^(-1)。对一组混合标准气体平行测定6次,其峰面积的相对标准偏差为0.011%~0.72%。对另一组混合标准气体进行测定,测定值与已知值相符。此外,负压进样方式的样品用量仅为常(正)压进样的1/4 200,测定过程总耗时仅为常(正)压进样方式的1/3。     

芯片纳流动注射-等离子体质谱测定血浆中的铂

本研究基于微芯片设计了一个纳流动注射系统。将样品装载到芯片的采样通道,通过八通阀的阀位切换实现纳升试样带注射到等离子体质谱。注射体积取决于采样通道的尺寸,5～25 mm长的采样通道引入试样体积为40～200 nL。此纳流动注射系统具有试样消耗低、进样精度高(优于3.0%)、进样死体积极低(接近零)和加工简便等优点。芯片纳流动注射系统的进样量和载流流速分别为200 nL和20!L/min,可获得峰高最强、峰宽较窄的瞬时信号峰。最佳条件下纳流动注射系统的绝对检出限为2.54 fg,比常规进样系统改善了3244倍,样品通量48 h"1。10次测定20!g/L Pt标准溶液和血浆样品S1的精密度分别为1.5%和2.7%。采用纳流动注射系统和常规进样系统测定的6个血浆中Pt含量一致,加标回收率为94.3%～103.0%,表明前者具有很好的准确性。     

微流控芯片电泳电导检测分离分析尿蛋白

基于自行构建的微流控芯片电泳集成非接触式电导检测分析系统,建立了一种集进样、分离与检测为一体的微流控芯片电泳电导检测蛋白质的方法,并用于人白蛋白(HSA)和人转铁蛋白(TRF)两种尿蛋白的分离分析以及肾病综合症病人尿液中白蛋白的定量检测.考察并优化了缓冲液、分离电压、进样方式、进样时间等电泳分离的影响因素,在缓冲液为p...     

提高碘量法测定天然气中硫化氢效率的方法

碘量法是测定管道输送天然气中硫化氢的一种经典方法,而管道输送天然气中硫化氢含量较低,按照GB/T11060.1–2010方法测定,取样量较大,取样时间长,影响工作效率。针对此问题,从两方面对碘量法进行改进:减小天然气取样量进行试验,并与国标规定取样量时的实验结果进行比对,确定最佳取样量;增大取样流量进行试验,并与国标规定取样流量时的实验结果进行比对,确定最佳取样流量。对硫化氢质量浓度为7.2~14.3,14.3~28.7 mg/m~3的天然气样品进行试验测定,结果表明,将天然气取样量减少为20 L,取样时间分别由200,100 min缩短为40 min;将天然气取样流量设定为750 m L/min,取样时间分别由200,100 min缩短为133,67 min。减少取样量或者提高取样流量,均能缩短管输天然气的取样时间,提高检测效率。     

Validation of the Willems badge diffusive sampler for nitrogen dioxide determinations in occupational environments

The Willems badge, a diffusive sampler for nitrogen dioxide, has previously been validated for ambient air measurements. This paper describes the laboratory and field validation of the Willems badge for personal sampling under working environment conditions. The mean sampling rate in the laboratory tests was 46 ml min(-1), with an RSD of 12%. No statistically significant effects on sampling rate of the sampling time, concentration of NO2 or relative humidity were found. A slightly decreased sampling rate was observed at low wind velocity. This was also confirmed during static sampling, which makes the sampler less appropriate for static sampling indoors. No back diffusion was observed. Storage of the samplers for two weeks before or after exposure did not affect the sampling rate. Our analysis is based on a modified colorimetric method, performed by FIA (flow injection analysis). This technique was compared to ion chromatography analysis. The use of ion chromatography lowered the detection limit from 11 to 2 microg m(-3) for an 8 h sample, and furthermore enabled the detection of other anions. In conclusion, the diffusive sampler was found to perform well for personal measurements in industrial environments.     

Automated DNA fragment collection by capillary array gel electrophoresis in search of differentially expressed genes

An automatic DNA fragment collector using capillary array gel electrophoresis has been developed. A sheath flow technique is used for not only detection but also collection of DNA fragments. In a sheath flow cell, the DNA fragments separated by 16 capillaries flow independently into corresponding sampling capillaries. The fraction collector consists of 16 sampling trays and each sampling tray is set beneath each end of the sampling capillaries to collect the flow-through DNA fragments. Certain DNA fragments are automatically sorted by controlling the movement of the sampling trays according to the signals from the system. The collector experimentally separated two mixtures of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products: one prepared by using eight different sizes (base lengths from 161 to 562) of DNAs; and the other prepared by a differential display (DD) method with cDNA fragments. Collected DNA fragments are amplified by PCR and measured by electrophoresis. DNA fragments with base length differences of one (base lengths 363 and 364) were successfully separated. A separated DNA fragment from the DD sample was also successfully sequenced. In addition, differentially expressed DNA fragments were automatically sorted by comparative analysis, in which two similar cDNA fragment groups, labeled by two different fluorophores, respectively, were analyzed in the same gel-filled capillary. These results show that the automatic DNA fragment collector is useful for gene hunting in research fields such as drug discovery and DNA diagnostics.     

Evaluation of needle trap micro-extraction and automatic alveolar sampling for point-of-care breath analysis

Needle trap devices (NTDs) have shown many advantages such as improved detection limits, reduced sampling time and volume, improved stability, and reproducibility if compared with other techniques used in breath analysis such as solid-phase extraction and solid-phase micro-extraction. Effects of sampling flow (2–30 ml/min) and volume (10–100 ml) were investigated in dry gas standards containing hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and aromatic compounds and in humid breath samples. NTDs contained (single-bed) polymer packing and (triple-bed) combinations of divinylbenzene/Carbopack X/Carboxen 1000. Substances were desorbed from the NTDs by means of thermal expansion and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An automated CO₂-controlled sampling device for direct alveolar sampling at the point-of-care was developed and tested in pilot experiments. Adsorption efficiency for small volatile organic compounds decreased and breakthrough increased when sampling was done with polymer needles from a water-saturated matrix (breath) instead from dry gas. Humidity did not affect analysis with triple-bed NTDs. These NTDs showed only small dependencies on sampling flow and low breakthrough from 1–5 %. The new sampling device was able to control crucial parameters such as sampling flow and volume. With triple-bed NTDs, substance amounts increased linearly with increasing sample volume when alveolar breath was pre-concentrated automatically. When compared with manual sampling, automatic sampling showed comparable or better results. Thorough control of sampling and adequate choice of adsorption material is mandatory for application of needle trap micro-extraction in vivo. The new CO₂-controlled sampling device allows direct alveolar sampling at the point-of-care without the need of any additional sampling, storage, or pre-concentration steps.     

Construction and evaluation of a flow-through cell adapted to a commercial static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) to study the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) on vermiculite

This paper describes the construction and application of a robust flow-through cell for use with the capillary of a commercial static mercury drop electrode. Linearity of peak current was observed up to 0.50 mumol l(-1) for Cd(II) or Pb(II) in anodic stripping voltammetry experiments performed under continuous flow during the deposition step, using 120 s of deposition time and flow rate of 4.0 ml min(-1). Under these conditions the limits of detection for Cd(II) and Pb(II) were 13 and 17 nmol l(-1), respectively. An analytical throughput of 20 analyses per h was possible using 10 s for cleaning the cell between two samples and including the time needed for the potential scan, which was performed with the flow stopped, using the differential pulse mode for current sampling. The linear dynamic range can be extended up to 5 mumol l(-1) for both cations if the deposition time is decreased to 30 s, a condition in which the sampling throughput is 35 analyses per h. The proposed manifold was used to study the adsorption rates of Cd(II) and Pb(II) onto vermiculite at different pHs, allowing one to perform high sensitivity measurements at high sampling frequency, using low cost instrumentation.     

The effect of plasma operating parameters on analyte signals in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

Utilizing the SCIEX ICP-MS an extensive study of the effects that plasma operating parameters have on analyte ion signals in ICP-MS has been carried out. Parameters studied included aerosol flow rate (nebulizer pressure), auxiliary flow rate, power and sampling depth (sampling position from the load coil). The two key parameters are aerosol flow rate (nebulizer pressure) and power. Elements can be grouped into characteristic behaviour patterns based on the overall dependence of their ion count signal on these two parameters. The nebulizer pressure-power behavior patterns allow a sensible selection of compromise operating conditions and significantly clarify single parameter observations which often indicate confusing trends in behavior. In addition to characterizing analyte ion signals the parameter behavior plots have also been used to study oxide species and plus two ions in ICP-MS. While aerosol flow rate and power appear to be the key ICP parameters in ICP-MS, ion signals are dependent on sampling depth and auxiliary flow rate and some data are also presented illustrating the signal dependence on these two parameters.     

Membrane based gas sampling and analysis coupled to continuous flow systems

Summary A detection system suitable for monitoring of gaseous pollutants is described. It consists of a membrane-based sampling unit which is integral part of continuous flow or flow injection systems. Collection of the gaseous contaminants takes place by diffusive sampling under laminar flow conditions. Two geometrically different sampling devices (i.e. tubular and planar arrangements) are presented and the influence of experimental variables on collection and detection capabilities is discussed. The concept is shown to be used with numerous detection schemes. The field of application reaches from the determination of trace constituents in the atmosphere to the use in emission control.     

Automated simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite by pre-valve reduction of nitrate in a flow-injection system

Nitrate is reduced to nitrite by using the pre-valve in-valve reduction technique prior to the sampling system. One loop of a two-position sampling valve is replaced by a copperised cadmium column. Nitrite from the samples as well as nitrite formed in the reduction procedure is sampled by a second valve and introduced into the flow system. The two sampling valves are synchronised in such a way that two peaks are obtained, one corresponding to the nitrate plus nitrite and the other to the nitrite only. The method is suitable for the simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite at a sampling rate of up to 72 determinations per hour with coefficients of variation better than 1.96% for nitrate and 0.83% for nitrite.     

In vitro sampling and storage of proteins with an ultrafiltration collection device (UCD) and analysis with absorbance spectrometry and SELDI-TOF-MS

Frequent in vivo sampling of blood proteins is often stressful, making it difficult to obtain more than a few samples. As a result, only limited time-profiles can be made. We have developed an ultrafiltration collection device (UCD) for continuous sampling. The UCD consists of a hollow fiber, a coil and a flow creator. Hollow fiber membranes are often hydrophobic and this can result in adsorption of protein and/or peptides, leading to clogged membranes. Adsorption was tested with a hydrophobic and hydrophilic peptide and two biocompatible hollow fibers made from different materials. The hollow fiber made from poly(ethylene) coated with ethylenevinyl alcohol gave near 100% recovery for both peptides. This was in contrast to the poly(sulfone) hollow fiber when sampling the hydrophobic peptide. Filling the coil with various peptide concentrations gave good recovery and insignificant diffusion even after storage for 6 d at 37 degrees C. Continuous pulse-free sampling was tested by vacuum. An average flow rate of 423 +/- 50 nl min(-1) over a period of 4 d was created using S-Monovette. The flow rate gradually declined during this period by <5% every consecutive day. In addition, we also examined a complex sample-serum in the poly(ethylene) hollow fiber. Serum and ultrafiltrate were spotted onto a protein chip and analyzed by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). Six proteins out of 64 were found to be significantly different between serum and the ultrafiltrate (p < 0.05). The UCD has the potential to be used for in vivo real-time monitoring.     

Electrochemically initiated tagging of thiols using an electrospray ionization based liquid microjunction surface sampling probe two‐electrode cell

This paper reports on the conversion of a liquid microjunction surface sampling probe (LMJ‐SSP) into a two‐electrode electrochemical cell using a conductive sample surface and the probe as the two electrodes with an appropriate battery powered circuit. With this LMJ‐SSP, two‐electrode cell arrangement, tagging of analyte thiol functionalities (in this case peptide cysteine residues) with hydroquinone tags was initiated electrochemically using a hydroquinone‐doped solution when the analyte either was initially in solution or was sampled from a surface. Efficient tagging (～90%), at flow rates of 5–10 µL/min, could be achieved for up to at least two cysteines on a peptide. The high tagging efficiency observed was explained with a simple kinetic model. In general, the incorporation of a two‐electrode electrochemical cell, or other multiple electrode arrangement, into the LMJ‐SSP is expected to add to the versatility of this approach for surface sampling and ionization coupled with mass spectrometric detection. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.