一种乳腺癌检测的改进微波共焦成像方法

尝试引入因媒质不均匀而产生的折射效应,改进原有算法.共焦过程选用鲁棒的Capon波束成形（RCB）算法.乳房模型选用较为简单的三维（3-D）半球,为了更好地描述人体组织电参数的色散特性,各组织建模为多极柯尔-柯尔（Cole-Cole）媒质.在超宽带（UWB）平面波激励下,利用时域有限差分（FDTD）法模拟电波传播.数值应用中,乳房植入两个半径3 mm球状肿瘤,分别应用原有微波共焦成像方法和改进方法检测乳腺肿瘤.仿真结果对比显示：改进方法在复杂度略微增加的同时,提高了计算精度.     

超宽带微波检测早期乳腺肿瘤三维仿真

超宽带微波成像技术可作为有效的方法用于乳房早期乳腺肿瘤的检测. 该方法基于乳房组织和肿瘤之间较大的电学特性差异的特点进行成像, 能提供足够的分辨率以及足够的穿透深度. 本文采用时域有限差分方法建立超宽带微波信号在三维乳房组织中传播的模型, 并采用单极德拜模型完成了生物组织色散特性的模拟. 利用8发9收的天线阵列实现微波肿瘤探测, 利用共焦成像算法对乳房组织进行图像重构并进行肿瘤定位. 仿真结果显示共焦成像算法能够实现最小直径3 mm的肿瘤的检测, 同时证实了超宽带微波成像技术应用于早期乳腺肿瘤检测的有效性. 关键词： 微波成像 肿瘤检测 时域有限差分 共焦成像算法     

S波段微波热致超声成像系统研究

微波热致超声成像技术通过向物体发射微波脉冲, 导致物体吸收电磁波温度迅速升高, 产生瞬时压力波, 从而激发产生超声波信号, 通过传感器对产生的超声波信号进行采集并成像, 最终还原了反映物体吸收电磁波能量特性的图像, 由于此方法兼具了微波成像的高对比性和超声成像的高分辨率特点, 理论上验证了热声成像技术对早期乳腺肿瘤检测的可行性. 本实验兼顾系统成像深度和分辨率, 采用S波段的微波脉冲信号源对物体进行辐射, 利用圆形扫描方式对待测物体进行检测, 同时为了更好的验证成像性能, 本实验同时使用了肿瘤仿体及实际生物组织进行成像实验. 通过实验分析, 验证了该系统对肿瘤仿体和生物组织检测的有效性, 以及系统的高分辨率和高对比度特性, 为早期乳房肿瘤检测提供了进一步的理论支撑.     

早期乳腺肿瘤的超宽带微波稳健波束形成成像检测系统

提出了一种基于自主设计小型超宽带天线的微波稳健波束形成(RCB)成像肿瘤检测系统.仿真结果表明,该检测系统对肿瘤反射信号有很高的敏感度.在简单平面模型和核磁共振成像图(MRI)导出模型中进行仿真检测实验,并将天线阵列接收信号用RCB算法进行成像处理.从乳房重构图像中能够得到正确的肿瘤位置及大小信息,实现了平面模型中最小直径3 mm和MRI导出模型中最小直径4 mm的肿瘤检测,证实了该检测系统用于早期乳腺肿瘤检测的可行性.     

脉冲微波辐射场空间分布的热声成像研究

微波热声成像技术具有非侵入式、高对比度、高分辨率和低成本等优点而日益受到重视, 基于以上特点该技术有望发展成为早期乳腺癌常规或者辅助筛查手段. 本文基于脉冲微波热声成像系统, 利用软件仿真和对装有饱和盐水的塑料管阵列进行三维热声成像, 对脉冲微波辐射场的空间分布进行了理论和实验研究, 其中: 塑料管阵列为直径3 mm, 间隔8 mm的9×9方形结构. 仿真和实验结果表明距离天线越远脉冲能量覆盖范围越大, 能被有效成像的塑料管数目越多; 塑料管阵列的热声成像结果为3.1 mm直径, 7.7 mm间距. 本文验证了微波热声成像技术对脉冲微波辐射场空间分布的成像能力, 对解决定量热声成像技术中微波场能量分布不均匀问题的研究具有重要意义.     

重建Cole-Cole模型参数的时域微波乳腺筛查技术

提出一种时域微波层析成像新技术，分别通过非线性最优化方法、正则化方法、Cole-Cole建模方法，有效地克服了时域微波成像技术在筛查早期乳腺肿瘤出现的成像问题非线性、病态特性及乳腺组织色散特性等困难.在二维的数值算例中，考虑噪声影响，仿真结果初步证实：该技术检测小尺寸乳腺肿瘤是可行的；易于发现浅层肿瘤；且反演静态电导率的精度最高.     

基于镂空阵列探头的反射式光声/热声双模态组织成像

光声和热声成像技术除激发源不同外,可共用一套数据采集和处理系统,具有天然的融合优势.本文提出了一种基于镂空阵列的反射式光声/热声双模态成像技术,该技术利用光纤与天线,通过镂空阵列的开孔进行光声/热声信号激发,使得激发光、微波和接收超声信号共轴,构成明场光声/热声双模态成像模式.通过对探头镂空部分晶元相位和幅值的补偿校准,成功实现了3 mm直径塑料管、人体手臂、手背和脚背的双模态成像.实验结果表明:系统空间分辨率为0.33 mm,双模态成像技术可同时提供组织的光学和微波吸收分布,有助于肿瘤、糖尿病足等疾病的精准检测,具有极广泛的临床应用前景.     

基于长焦区聚焦换能器的扫描光声乳腺成像技术

报道了一种利用长焦区聚焦超声换能器检测光声信号的扫描光声乳腺成像系统.通过增加聚焦换能器焦区的长度,该技术可以快速实现对大块组织(如乳腺)的光声成像.测试结果表明,该实验系统能够对大块模拟样品中吸收体的位置、尺寸以及光能量吸收情况实现较为准确的成像.另外,实验中,该系统还可便捷地与传统的超声技术相结合,从而实现多模式复合的乳腺癌诊断.初步结果显示了该技术路线在乳腺癌早期诊断应用上的前景. 关键词： 乳腺癌诊断 光声成像 扫描光声层析术 脉冲回波法     

声速不均匀介质热声成像的声场仿真

为了精确表示声速不均匀介质热声成像的声场,提出了一种时域有限差分(FDTD)仿真方法.先用FDTD将热声成像的基本方程离散化,给出描述热声成像的离散差分方程;再对电磁波脉冲进行两次修正,以消除高频电磁波引入的计算误差.计算机仿真研究的结果表明:当介质声速不均匀时,FDTD仿真方法其准确度高于目前常用的飞行时间法.在仿真实验条件下,当介质的声速差异大于50%时,FDTD法的误差比飞行时间法小十倍以上.可见,FDTD方法是一种有效的热声成像声场仿真方法,可以为声速不均匀介质热声成像算法的研究提供理论基础.     

高分辨率快速数字化光声CT乳腺肿瘤成像

提出了一种基于聚焦线性阵列探测器的快速光声计算机断层成像技术（光声CT）.在光声二维图像重建中,根据阵列探测器机械扫描和电子扫描相结合的组合扫描模式,提出了改进的有限场滤波反投影重建算法.一方面该算法适合多元探测器旋转扫描模式,另一方面探测器的指向性函数作为反投影的权重因子提高了系统的横向分辨率.同时,该成像系统还利用柱面声透镜实现Z轴方向上的聚焦扫描以实现三维层析成像.实验中,这套成像系统空间分辨率达到0.2mm,Z轴方向分辨率为1.5mm,扫描一幅二维图像仅需150s,得到 关键词： 光声CT 有限场滤波反投影算法 声透镜聚焦 乳腺肿瘤检测     

Dynamic sequential 3D gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the whole breast

Dynamic contrast-enhanced 2D MR imaging of the breast has shown high sensitivity and specificity for the detection and characterization of breast lesions. We investigated the ability of a dynamic fast 3D MR imaging technique that repeatedly scans the whole breast in 44-s intervals without an interscan delay time to obtain similar sensitivity and specificity as 2D imaging. Fifty-six patients scheduled for breast biopsy were entered into the study, and 83 lesions detected by 3D dynamic scanning were biopsied. Dynamic 3D contrast-enhanced breast imaging with subtraction detected and correctly classified all 23 cancers, and 44 of the 60 benign lesions yielding a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 73%, and a 100% predictive negative value. The enhancement profiles of metastatic lymph nodes were similar to those of primary cancer. This technique allowed detection of multifocal and multicentric lesions and did not require a priori knowledge of lesion location. These results indicate that dynamic contrast-enhanced 3D MRI of the whole breast is a useful and economically feasible method for staging breast cancer, providing a comprehensive noninvasive method for total evaluation of the breast and axilla in patients considering breast conservation surgery or lumpectomy.     

Sensitivity of the ultrasonic CARI technique for breast tumor detection using a FETD scheme

The CARI (clinical amplitude/velocity reconstruction imaging) technique is a new ultrasonography for better detection of the breast cancer. The method uses the mammography-like positioning of the breast and a reference structure to assess the changes of sound velocity in the screened region. In this work, we present a first attempt to simulate the CARI technique using finite element time-domain (FETD) wave propagation. The CARI sensitivity to the size, shape and location of the tumors is investigated via the simulations on 2D and 3D breast models. Small lesions can be detectable under a suitable spatial resolution. 3D simulations agree with the quantitative results of the 2D case. Moreover, the FETD approximation is proving to be a simple, but robust tool in the CARI simulation.     

Enhanced resolution for EPR imaging by two-step deblurring

The broad spectrum of spin probes used for electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) result in poor spatial resolution of the reconstructed images. Conventional deconvolution procedures can enhance the resolution to some extent but obtaining high resolution EPR images is still a challenge. In this work, we have implemented and analyzed the performance of a postacquisition deblurring technique to enhance the spatial resolution of the EPR images. The technique consists of two steps; noniterative deconvolution followed by iterative deconvolution of the acquired projections which are then projected back using filtered backprojection (FBP) to reconstruct a high resolution image. Further, we have proposed an analogous technique for iterative reconstruction algorithms such as multiplicative simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (MSIRT) which can be a method of choice for many applications. The performance of the suggested deblurring approach is evaluated using computer simulations and EPRI experiments. Results suggest that the proposed procedure is superior to the standard FBP and standard iterative reconstruction algorithms in terms of mean-square-error (MSE), spatial resolution, and visual judgment. Although the procedure is described for 2D imaging, it can be readily extended to 3D imaging.     

Computer simulation of time-resolved optical imaging of objects hidden in turbid media

We review research on time-resolved optical imaging of objects hidden in strongly scattering media, with emphasis on the application to breast cancer detection. A method is presented to simulate the propagation of light in turbid media. Based on a numerical algorithm to solve the time-dependent diffusion equation, the method takes into account spatial variations of the reduced scattering and absorption factors of the medium due to the presence of objects as well as random fluctuations of these factors. It is shown that the simulation method reproduces, without fitting, experimental results on tissue-like phantoms. Using experimental and simulation results, an assessment is made of the reliability for extracting the reduced scattering and absorption coefficients of the medium from time-resolved reflection and transillumination data. The simulation technique is employed to study the conditions for locating mm-sized objects immersed in a turbid medium, by direct, time-resolved imaging. We discuss a simple method to enhance the imaging power of the time-resolved technique. The mathematical justification of the method, as well as some applications to simple problems, is given. The simulation technique is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the data processing technique. Results of time-resolved reflection experiments and simulations are presented, showing that the use of the latter allow us to locate 1 mm diameter objects under conditions which would prevent detection otherwise. Our results demonstrate that the combination of simulation and the appropriate processing of the diffusive part of the time-resolved reflected or transmitted light intensity may substantially increase the potential of the time-resolved near-infrared diffusive light imaging technique as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer detection.     

Three dimension double inversion recovery gray matter imaging using compressed sensing

The double inversion recovery (DIR) imaging technique has various applications such as black blood magnetic resonance imaging and gray/white matter imaging. Recent clinical studies show the promise of DIR for high resolution three dimensional (3D) gray matter imaging. One drawback in this case however is the long data acquisition time needed to obtain the fully sampled 3D spatial frequency domain (k-space) data. In this paper, we propose a method to solve this problem using the compressed sensing (CS) algorithm with contourlet transform. The contourlet transform is an effective sparsifying transform especially for images with smooth contours. Therefore, we applied this algorithm to undersampled DIR images and compared with a CS algorithm using wavelet transform by evaluating the reconstruction performance of each algorithm for undersampled k-space data. The results show that the proposed CS algorithm achieves a more accurate reconstruction in terms of the mean structural similarity index and root mean square error than the CS algorithm using wavelet transform.     

Lesion edge preserved direct average strain estimation for ultrasound elasticity imaging

Elasticity imaging techniques with built-in or regularization-based smoothing feature for ensuring strain continuity are not intelligent enough to prevent distortion or lesion edge blurring while smoothing. This paper proposes a novel approach with built-in lesion edge preservation technique for high quality direct average strain imaging. An edge detection scheme, typically used in diffusion filtering is modified here for lesion edge detection. Based on the extracted edge information, lesion edges are preserved by modifying the strain determining cost function in the direct-average-strain-estimation (DASE) method. The proposed algorithm demonstrates approximately 3.42–4.25 dB improvement in terms of edge-mean-square-error (EMSE) than the other reported regularized or average strain estimation techniques in finite-element-modeling (FEM) simulation with almost no sacrifice in elastographic-signal-to-noise-ratio (SNRe) and elastographic-contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNRe) metrics. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is also tested for the experimental phantom data and in vivo breast data. The results reveal that the proposed method can generate a high quality strain image delineating the lesion edge more clearly than the other reported strain estimation techniques that have been designed to ensure strain continuity. The computational cost, however, is little higher for the proposed method than the simpler DASE and considerably higher than that of the 2D analytic minimization (AM2D) method.     

Flexible calibration technique for fringe-projection-based three-dimensional imaging

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) has evolved dramatically, with many highly demanded features for three-dimensional (3D) imaging, such as high accuracy, easy implementation, and capability of measuring multiple objects with complex shapes. A vital component for an FPP-based 3D imaging system is the calibration process. The existing calibration methods lack the ability to be flexibly compatible with various scales of the field of imaging. In this Letter, a technique to cope with this issue is presented; it employs a checkerboard along with practical considerations to ensure reliable and accurate calibration. The validity and practicality of the technique are verified by experiments.     

基于nnU-Net的乳腺DCE-MR图像中乳房和腺体自动分割

在乳腺动态增强磁共振（DCE-MR）图像中,乳房分割和腺体分割是进行乳腺癌风险评估的关键步骤.为实现在三维脂肪抑制乳腺DCE-MR图像中乳房和腺体的自动分割,本文提出一种基于nnU-Net的自动分割模型,利用U-Net分层学习图像特征的优势,融合深层特征与浅层特征,得到乳房分割和腺体分割结果.同时,基于nnU-Net策略,所使用的模型能根据图像参数自动进行预处理和数据扩增,并动态调整网络结构和参数配置.实验结果表明,在具有多样化参数的三维脂肪抑制乳腺DCE-MR图像数据集上,该模型能准确、有效地实现乳房和腺体分割,平均Dice相似系数分别达到0.969±0.007和0.893±0.054.     

机载激光3D探测成像系统的发展现状

机载激光3D探测成像是通过激光主动成像产生目标的角-角-距、角-角-速度3D图像的一种新的探测成像技术.本文重点阐述了机载激光3D探测成像系统的原理、功能和系统的组成.介绍了该系统在军事和民用两大领域的应用,详细地讨论了近几年机载激光3D探测成像技术的国内外发展现状及动态,总结了该项技术的发展方向.认为国外的机载激光3...     

A high spatial resolution 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging technique for breast cancer with a short echo time

The high sensitivity but low specificity of breast MRI has prompted exploration of breast (1)H MRS for breast cancer detection. However, several obstacles still prevent the routine application of in vivo breast (1)H MRS, including poor spatial resolution, long acquisition time associated with conventional multi-voxel MRS imaging (MRSI) techniques, and the difficulty of "extra" lipid suppression in a magnetic field with relatively poor achievable homogeneity compared to the brain. Using a combination of a recently developed echo-filter (EF) suppression technique and an elliptical sampling scheme, we demonstrate the feasibility of overcoming these difficulties. It is robust (the suppression technique is insensitive to magnetic field inhomogeneity), fast (acquisition time of about 12 min) and offers high spatial resolution (up to 0.6 cm(3) per voxel at 1.5 T with a TE of only 60 ms). This approach should be even better at 3 T with higher resolution and/or shorter TE.