随机激励下双稳态压电俘能系统的相干共振及实验验证

随着压电晶体材料的迅速发展, 基于压电效应的能量采集系统是俘获环境中的宽带随机振动能量的一种有效途径. 研究了有限宽带随机激励作用下, 磁斥力双稳态压电俘能系统的相干共振俘能机理, 并进行了实验验证. 运用Euler-Maruyama方法求解了随机非线性压电振动耦合方程, 比较分析了相干共振发生前后系统的动力学特性和俘能效率, 然后基于Kramers逃逸速率解释了相干共振. 最后的随机振动实验结果验证了双稳态压电俘能系统的相干共振俘能机理. 并且观察到: 当相干共振发生时, 系统会在两个势能阱之间剧烈运动, 此时宽带随机振动能量会被转化为大幅值窄带低频振动响应, 从而极大地提高了宽带随机振动能量的俘获效率.     

基于磁化电流法的双稳压电悬臂梁磁力精确分析

双稳压电悬臂梁结构常常用于振动能量采集系统,其中的非线性磁力与系统势函数和动力学方程的建立紧密相关,非线性磁力的正确分析和精确计算对系统振动响应和能量采集效果的准确预测至关重要.本文采用形状函数分析方法,通过悬臂梁弯曲斜率的整体积分计算,得到了悬臂梁末端的运动轨迹及其末端磁铁精确的位置与姿态,并由此根据磁化电流理论建立了双稳压电悬臂梁能量采集系统的磁力计算模型,给出了末端磁铁受到的水平轴向磁力和竖直纵向磁力及其合磁力的变化规律.数值模拟发现,随着末端磁铁竖直纵向位移逐渐增大,磁铁受到的水平轴向磁力和竖直纵向磁力都会依次由排斥力转变为吸引力,从而导致磁力合力的方向会随磁铁位移发生跨越两个象限的大幅度变化.实验验证表明,磁力计算结果与实验测量结果符合良好,其精确度优于现有文献方法的精度,因此本文的方法可以准确预测双稳压电悬臂梁振动过程的磁力变化规律.     

采用磁电换能器的振动能量采集器

采用磁致伸缩/压电层合磁电换能器设计了一个振动能量采集器,该能量采集器采用悬臂梁作为振动敏感机构,并用四个NdFeB磁铁组成磁路放在悬臂梁末端.该磁路在空气隙中产生梯度较大的非均匀磁场,使得磁电换能器在较小的振动下感应到较大的磁场变化量,输出较高的功率.利用等效磁荷理论,分析了空气隙磁场分布以及振动时磁路受到的磁力,并用林斯泰特-庞加莱法研究了能量采集器的非线性振动特性,同时将能量采集器的振动方程和换能器的磁电特性结合,分析了能量采集器谐振时的机-磁-电转换特性.通过实验表明：理论与实验符合得较好,且在加 关键词： 振动能量采集 磁致伸缩/压电层合材料 机磁电转换 非线性振动     

窄带随机激励双稳压电悬臂梁响应机制与能量采集研究

具有中心频率的窄带随机振动是一种典型的环境振动,其振动特征与环境的变化密切相关.本文以双稳压电悬臂梁能量采集系统为研究对象,分析系统在不同磁铁间距下的等效线性固有频率特性,以带通滤波器输出一定带宽的窄带随机激励模拟环境振动,研究系统的响应和能量采集特征.研究表明,对于一定带宽的窄带随机激励,一方面系统始终存在一个固定的磁铁间距使其输出达到峰值,另一方面当激励中心频率在一定范围内变化时,系统还分别存在另外两个或一个不同磁铁间距也能使系统输出达到峰值,而且该峰值特性是系统在其等效线性固有频率处诱导双稳或单稳“共振”形成的.研究结果可为具有窄带随机激励特征的振动能量采集提供一定的理论和技术支持.     

宽频随机激励下非线性压电能量采集器的相干共振

近年来随着微机电系统的发展,非线性能量采集系统受到了研究者的极大关注.本文采用随机线性化方法对一类环境噪声作用下能量采集系统进行了分析.首先根据受压梁的双稳态特性,建立了等效的随机激励作用下压电能量采集系统的数学模型.采用随机线性化方法获得了输出电压近似闭合形式的表示,并且通过数值分析说明了系统相干共振现象.相干共振的相关研究可应用于优化系统参数使能量采集效果最大化.     

双稳态压电悬臂梁发电系统的动力学建模及分析

针对双稳态压电悬臂梁发电系统进行了动力学建模与分析.首先建立了能引发系统双稳态现象的磁力模型,给出了两磁铁之间磁力的数学表达式;其次建立了压电悬臂梁发电系统的集中参数模型,得到了系统发生双稳态现象时磁铁之间的距离范围;通过数值计算分析了系统的响应特性,发现双稳态运动大大提高了系统的频率响应范围,并且系统在低激励频率和低激励幅值下能发生大幅运动,而激励幅值越大,系统具有越高的能量逃离势阱产生大幅运动;最后通过实验对数值计算结果进行了验证.研究结果为双稳态压电悬臂梁发电系统的设计与应用提供了理论依据.     

基于涡激振动的压电能量收集特性数值研究

本文设计了一种基于涡激振动的流体动能收集装置。该器件主要包括钝体和PVDF(Polyvinylidene Fluoride)压电悬臂梁,涡街的交替脱落引起梁发生振动,通过压电效应将振动能量转为电能.基于流固耦合计算对该结构压电能量收集特性,以及压电悬臂梁的升阻力系数、振幅和频率等特性进行了数值分析,并着重研究圆柱型钝体与PVDF压电悬臂梁的位置对装置发电效率的影响。结果表明,圆柱与悬臂梁直接相连(即L=0.5D)会得到较高电压输出,在雷诺数Re=6000时,振幅峰值为A=0.97D,输出电压峰值达到0.923V。     

外加磁场压电悬臂梁能量采集系统的磁化电流法磁力研究

以外加磁场压电悬臂梁能量采集系统结构为研究对象, 根据磁化电流方法探讨了具有悬臂梁特征的系统结构的磁场作用力及其计算方法, 给出了相应的磁力计算模型, 并将计算结果与实验数据进行了对比. 研究表明, 磁化电流方法导出的磁力计算模型存在偏差, 其磁力计算误差随着磁铁间距缩小而增大. 通过引入悬臂梁末端磁铁的偏转角度, 对磁化电流法计算模型进行改进, 得到合理的外加磁场压电悬臂梁能量采集系统的磁力计算模型, 为该能量采集系统的进一步研究提供了可靠的磁力计算理论依据.     

共晶键合与减薄技术的压电能量采集器（英）

采用微硅 锆钛酸铅（Si-PZT）悬臂梁结构并在悬臂梁末端附加镍质量块,构成可以工作于低频环境（小于1 000 Hz）的微压电能量采集器,一种利用压电效应将环境振动能转换为电能的器件。利用金薄膜作为中间层的共晶键合技术和PZT研磨减薄技术制备了微压电悬臂梁结构,PZT减薄实验最好结果为减薄至8 m。镍质量块（2 mm2 mm0.6 mm）采用微电铸工艺制备。通过对硅片与块材PZT的共晶键合工艺与PZT减薄技术的研究,制备出总厚度约为71 m的Si-PZT悬臂梁结构,其中硅梁厚约为47 m,PZT梁厚约为24 m。制备的微压电振动能量采集器样品的测试结果表明:在谐振频率为950 Hz,1.0g加速度激励条件下,其交流输出峰值电压可达958 mV。     

弹性微管内气泡的非线性受迫振动

将弹性管壁视为膜弹性结构, 探索在外部声场作用下弹性微管内液柱-气泡-管壁构成耦合振动系统的非线性特征. 利用逐级近似法对系统非线性共振频率、基频和三倍频振动幅值响应、 分频激励共振机理等进行了理论分析. 基频和三倍频振动的幅-频响应数值结果表明: 气泡的轴向共振和管壁共振不能同时出现; 两垂直方向的振动均表现出幅值响应多值性, 进而可能引起系统的不稳定声响应; 三倍频振动在低频区的声响应强于高频区. 关键词： 弹性微管 受迫振动 非线性振动 气泡声响应     

Nonlinear dynamics for broadband energy harvesting: Investigation of a bistable piezoelectric inertial generator

Vibration energy harvesting research has largely focused on linear electromechanical devices excited at resonance. Considering that most realistic vibration environments are more accurately described as either stochastic, multi-frequency, time varying, or some combination thereof, narrowband linear systems are fated to be highly inefficient under these conditions. Nonlinear systems, on the other hand, are capable of responding over a broad frequency range; suggesting an intrinsic suitability for efficient performance in realistic vibration environments. Since a number of nonlinear dynamical responses emerge from dissipative systems undergoing a homoclinic saddle-point bifurcation, we validate this concept with a bistable inertial oscillator comprised of permanent magnets and a piezoelectric cantilever beam. The system is analytically modeled, numerically simulated, and experimentally realized to demonstrate enhanced capabilities and new challenges. In addition, a bifurcation parameter within the design is examined as either a fixed or an adaptable tuning mechanism for enhanced sensitivity to ambient excitation.     

Performance of a cantilever piezoelectric energy harvester impacting a bump stop

Piezoelectric cantilever beam energy harvesters are commonly used to convert ambient vibration into electrical energy. In practical applications, energy harvesters are subjected to large shocks which can shorten the service life by causing mechanical failure. In this work, a bump stop is introduced into the design of a piezoelectric cantilever beam energy harvester to limit the maximum displacement of the cantilever and prevent excessively high bending stresses developing as a result of shocks. In addition to limiting the maximum displacement of the beam, it is inevitable that the deflected shape of the beam and the electrical output are modified. A theoretical model for a piezoelectric cantilever beam harvester impacting against a stop is derived, which aims to develop an understanding of the vibration characteristics of the cantilever and quantify how the electrical output of the harvester is affected by the stop. An experiment is set up to measure the dynamics and the electrical output of a bimorph energy harvester and to validate the theoretical model. Numerical simulation results are presented for energy harvesters with different initial gaps and different stop locations, and it is found that the reduction in maximum bending stress is at the expense of the electrical power of the harvester.     

Broadband energy harvesting via magnetic coupling between two movable magnets

Harvesting energy from ambient mechanical vibrations by the piezoelectric effect has been proposed for powering microelectromechanical systems and replacing batteries that have a finite life span. A conventional piezoelectric energy harvester （PEH） is usually designed as a linear resonator, and suffers from a narrow operating bandwidth. To achieve broadband energy harvesting, in this paper we introduce a concept and describe the realization of a novel nonlinear PEH. The proposed PEH consists of a primary piezoelectric cantilever beam coupled to an auxiliary piezoelectric cantilever beam through two movable magnets. For predicting the nonlinear response from the proposed PEH, lumped parameter models are established for the two beams. Both simulation and experiment reveal that for the primary beam, the introduction of magnetic coupling can expand the operating bandwidth as well as improve the output voltage. For the auxiliary beam, the magnitude of the output voltage is slightly reduced, but additional output is observed at off-resonance frequencies. Therefore, broadband energy harvesting can be obtained from both the primary beam and the auxiliary beam.     

Electric power generation using vibration of a polyurea piezoelectric thin film

An energy harvesting system is proposed, in which mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy through the piezoelectric effect of a polymer polyurea film on the device. Electrical energy harvesting methods that use piezoelectric elements have been reported by several groups, and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is predominantly employed as the piezoelectric material. An energy harvesting device with a polyurea thin film formed through vapor deposition polymerization with 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanete (MDI) and 4,4′-diamino diphenyl ether (ODA). The conversion efficiency from mechanical to electrical energy was calculated using finite elemental analysis (FEA) of the cantilever configuration. Higher conversion efficiency was obtained using a thinner and shorter cantilever configuration with increased resonance frequency of the device. Experiments were conducted using an electric power generation device with a 3 μm thick polyurea thin film attached to a 0.1-mm-thick, 18-mm-long beryllium copper cantilever. Vibration in the vertical direction, which induces the bending vibration on the cantilever, was applied to the device and the output voltage was measured by connecting load resistances. The output power was measured with a change in the load resistance from 10 kΩ to 10 MΩ, and an optimum output was obtained at 1 MΩ, which corresponds to the value calculated using FEA. The conversion efficiency was improved by changing the cantilever length and an efficiency of 0.233% was obtained with a 4-mm-long cantilever.     

非线性磁式压电振动能量采集系统建模与分析

为便于评价、优化磁式压电振动能量采集系统的性能,系统研究了该类系统的建模与分析方法,建立了非线性的分布参数模型用于描述系统的非线性动力学行为,并采用谐波平衡法给出了谐波响应的解析解.随后利用仿真模型分析了磁铁间距、加速度幅值、负载阻抗对输出功率的影响,比较了不同激励频率和加速度幅值下的最优阻抗.结果表明:双稳态特性适用于低强度的振动环境,且愈接近临界区域,输出功率愈高,而单稳态渐硬特性适用于高强度振动环境,其最优间距并不靠近临界区域;阱间大幅运动和阱内小幅运动均存在高低能量态共存的现象,愈接近临界区域,现象愈明显;激振频率是影响最优负载阻抗的决定性因素.     

Research on coupling between thermoacoustic resonance pipe and piezoelectric acoustic source

Piezoelectric loudspeakers have been used in thermoacoustic refrigerators for operating at the high frequency to miniaturize the system. Then the coupling between the piezoelectric loudspeaker and resonance pipe becomes an important factor for improving the performances of the system. By the equivalent circuit model, the expressions of the acoustic output power and electroacoustic transfer efficiency at a low operating frequency are obtained, and then the structures of the piezoelectric loudspeaker and resonance pipe, as well as the operating frequency, are optimized to achieve a high electroacoustic transfer efficiency and a large acoustic output power. It is also shown that when the total reactance of the system equals zero, the resonance frequency of the resonance pipe is the optimized operating frequency and a high acoustic output power can be achieved. However, the highest transfer efficiency and largest acoustic power cannot be obtained simultaneously, therefore a trade-off condition must be adopted.