HL-2M环向场线圈的结构设计

设计了HL-2M 环向场线圈基本形状、特殊的指形接头和斜面接头以及馈线、绝缘结构和水冷回路。每个环向场线圈由L 形中心段、上弧段和外弧段分别通过指形接头和斜面接头组装成完整的D 形线圈。分段可拆卸的D 形线圈结构可以使得真空室和单个极向场线圈分别整体吊装到环向场线圈内侧。单根引线和双回线的馈线结构既能节省装置空间,又能降低杂散磁场。TF 线圈匝间绝缘500V,对地绝缘30kV。采用软焊在线圈旁侧槽内的铜管对线圈进行水冷以带走线圈放电产生的焦耳热。     

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设计了HL-2M环向场线圈基本形状、特殊的指形接头和斜面接头以及馈线、绝缘结构和水冷回路。每个环向场线圈由L形中心段、上弧段和外弧段分别通过指形接头和斜面接头组装成完整的D形线圈。分段可拆卸的D形线圈结构可以使得真空室和单个极向场线圈分别整体吊装到环向场线圈内侧。单根引线和双回线的馈线结构既能节省装置空间,又能降低杂散磁场。TF线圈匝间绝缘500V,对地绝缘30kV。采用软焊在线圈旁侧槽内的铜管对线圈进行水冷以带走线圈放电产生的焦耳热。     

基于构建初始测量网络的相机内部参数校准

提出了一种基于构建初始测量网络的相机内部参数校准方法,有效解决了二维平面靶标在深度方向信息的不足以及三维靶标空间的限制等问题。通过对靶标板进行初始成像,按照测量网络的构建原则建立初始测量网络,经过后方交会求解外方位、前方交会求解空间三维靶标点坐标,最后由光束平差优化求解相机内部参数。利用标定后内部参数求解空间点坐标,实验结果表明,采用构建初始测量网的误差平均值为0.0794,优于平面靶标和立体靶标标定的-0.2443和-0.1916。同时校准所用时间也明显小于虚拟立体校准,即该方法具有快速、精确和方便等优点,满足大空间视觉测量中相机内部参数现场校准的要求。     

单相机立体视觉测量技术的研究

基于双目视觉理论,提出一种摆动式单目立体视觉测量方法,并搭建了相应测量系统。建立了精度分析模型,确定了系统各部分的视场范围,相机在摆动臂的带动下可以完成两个不同位置的拍摄。通过2D平面靶标定法对系统进行标定,采用Canny算子和Hough算子相结合的方式完成轮廓检测,并得到待测工件的匹配点图像。利用最小二乘法进行曲线拟合求取长方体的轮廓交点坐标及空间圆最优化拟合法求取圆的直径,实现对实验样品的三维测量,结果显示该系统相对检测精度达0.6%。     

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介绍了一种计算HL-2M装置环向场线圈自感的简捷方法，即用多个多边形电流丝模拟环向场线圈，用两个小直线段的互感求和代替多重积分，使问题得到简化。利用HL-2A装置的放电数据拟合计算了HL-2A装置环向场线圈的自感，从而验证了方法的正确性。     

基于RANSAC的空间圆拟合算法及其在机械手运动检测中的应用

为了实现对水下机械手运动范围的检测,研发了一套多目立体视觉测量系统。通过测量机械手末端空间运动轨迹,利用空间圆拟合算法可计算出被测关节的实际运动范围。对其中的核心算法空间圆拟合进行了研究。首先空间圆可看作是由一个平面与球体相交而成,其圆心必定在球体上任意两点连线的中垂面上,可基于空间向量的拟合方法推导出中垂面的方程,与拟合的空间平面联立即可求出空间圆方程,进而利用拟合出来的空间圆的圆心坐标求出圆半径。然后对实际测量过程中的错误跟踪点进行了分析,如果在空间圆拟合的过程中对错误跟踪点不加以去除,则会带来错误的拟合结果,从而会大大影响测量结果的正确性。最后提出了基于RANSAC(Random Sample Consensus)的空间圆拟合算法,它可以从一组包含错误点的测量数据集中通过迭代方式有效剔除粗大误差点,从而估计出数学模型的参数和正确的拟合结果。仿真测试及实际测量实验的结果表明,当粗大误差点所占总测量点数的比例小于20%时,所提出的算法可有效地剔除所有粗大误差点,很好地解决了机械手运动范围检测系统在实际工程应用中所遇到的问题。     

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为环向场线圈防倾覆结构及其它支撑部件的设计提供依据,采用有限元实体模型分析方法,通过电磁-结构耦合计算对HL-2M装置的环向场线圈进行电磁力分析。计算结果表明,在目前的防倾覆结构和一般的运行情况下,环向场线圈所受最大剪切应力约为7.2MPa,在材料许用应力范围之内。     

基于激光雷达平面实时定位研究

将激光雷达安置于坐标原点,利用激光雷达测定平面上目标点坐标(r,θ),实现对目标点的定位。为了避免激光雷达测量上的视野盲区,设置激光雷达在平面上360°旋转对空间进行扫描捕获目标点,为了消除激光雷达位于一固定点对目标点的定位,导致定位测量上数据的单一性,将激光雷达置于一移动平台,构建动态坐标系,测量与平台同平面目标点相对激光雷达位置的坐标(r_i,θ_i),通过坐标转换,将多次测量的坐标平均值作为目标点的定位坐标值,实现对平面上特征点的定位,最后利用MATLAB进行数据处理绘图。     

聚变堆环向场D形线圈应力计算

本文用有限元素法求解了托卡马克型聚变堆环向场D形线圈的应力分布。计算结果表明,拉应力结果与JET环向场D形线圈的结果一致,沿导体的剪应力很小,近似为纯张力线圈。     

镜头畸变及其校正技术

根据镜头畸变的数学模型,利用平面圆形网格模板的网格交点来求取镜头的径向、切向和薄棱镜畸变系数。利用网格交点及其附近的像素点信息,来拟合解析曲面并将所求曲面顶点坐标作为网格交点坐标,使像素位置坐标达到亚像素精度,事先求出镜头畸变系数,并在实际测量中对成像点加以校正的方法,可在不影响处理速度的前提下,提高了求解精度。     

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By measuring the spatial coordinates of several points on the figure joints and slice joints of the toroidal field coils on HL-2M device, the outer contour planes of the coils are fitted with the spatial data of the points by the least squared method and the tilt angle of central axis is calculated by the spatial relation between the planes and the central axis. With the simplified model and numerical simulation, the tilt angles of different spatial points with several standard deviations of measurement are calculated. The average relative error of tilt angle is 0.10‰ and the relative standard deviation is 1.21‰ with a low standard deviation of metrology (σ=0.05mm).     

分时偏振成像系统中光束偏离的补偿方法研究

分时偏振成像系统需要通过旋转检偏器获取场景的偏振信息(I, Q, U), 检偏器的前后表面间不平行(也称为楔角)将导致成像光束发生偏离且随检偏器旋转而旋转, 这将降低偏振成像系统的空间分辨率和偏振测量精度. 本文提出调整检偏器相对于入射主光轴倾斜角的方法来补偿上述光束偏离. 以格兰棱镜作为检偏器, 根据几何光学理论, 推导了分时偏振成像系统光束偏离的一阶近似补偿模型, 获得倾斜角与格兰棱镜楔角之间的函数关系, 并通过仿真模拟验证了该补偿方法的可行性和有效性. 研究结果表明, 将格兰棱镜置于汇聚光路中, 光束偏离的一阶误差可以通过调节格兰棱镜的倾斜角有效补偿; 倾斜角大小与棱镜折射率、楔角及棱镜距电荷耦合元件靶面的距离成正比, 与棱镜厚度成反比. 该结果为研制高精度分时偏振成像系统提供了切实可行的理论依据.     

Asymmetric tilt grain boundary structure and energy in copper and aluminium

Atomistic simulations were employed to investigate the structure and energy of asymmetric tilt grain boundaries in Cu and Al. In this work, we examine the Σ5 and Σ13 systems with a boundary plane rotated about the ? 100 ? misorientation axis, and the Σ9 and Σ11 systems rotated about the ? 110 ? misorientation axis. Asymmetric tilt grain boundary energies are calculated as a function of inclination angle and compared with an energy relationship based on faceting into the two symmetric tilt grain boundaries in each system. We find that asymmetric tilt boundaries with low index normals do not necessarily have lower energies than boundaries with similar inclination angles, contrary to previous studies. Further analysis of grain boundary structures provides insight into the asymmetric tilt grain boundary energy. The Σ5 and Σ13 systems in the ? 100 ? system agree with the aforementioned energy relationship; structures confirm that these asymmetric boundaries facet into the symmetric tilt boundaries. The Σ9 and Σ11 systems in the ? 110 ? system deviate from the idealized energy relationship. As the boundary inclination angle increases towards the Σ9 (221) and Σ11 (332) symmetric tilt boundaries, the minimum energy asymmetric boundary structures contain low index {111} and {110} planes bounding the interface region.     

HIAF电子冷却装置高精度线圈磁轴测量

强流重离子加速器装置（HIAF）将采用电子冷却技术,降低重离子束流的发射度和动量分散,提高核物理及原子物理实验的精度与亮度。电子冷却装置的冷却段磁场均匀度是影响冷却效率的主要参数,HIAF电子冷却装置采用多个独立高精度线圈串联产生纵向磁场的设计,获得极高的冷却段磁场均匀度。本文介绍了一种测量高精度线圈磁轴偏角的装置,采用定位装置测量线圈的几何对称轴,通过旋转霍尔探头测量线圈中心平面上的径向与轴向磁场分布,再根据磁场测量数据计算出线圈磁轴与几何对称轴之间的偏角。实际测量表明该装置的磁轴偏角测量精度达到±0.10 mrad。测量得到的HIAF电子冷却装置冷却段线圈样品的磁轴偏角为（1.28±0.10）mrad,达到设计要求。     

HIRFL-CSR电子冷却装置高精度螺线管线圈制作及磁场测量

 采用特殊工艺制作了HIRFL-CSR电子冷却装置冷却段高精度螺线管线圈,两个产生反向磁场的线圈同轴、平行地放置在特制的测量装置上,高精度霍尔探头位于测量装置中心平面上,探头测量面与测量装置轴线重合,测量单个线圈磁场的横向分量,调节线圈几何轴相对于测量装置轴线的夹角,测得线圈磁轴的偏角小于1×10^-3。     

Analyses of pseudo-nondiffracting beams at oblique incidence

We design three types of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) which generate pseudo-nondiffracting beams (PNDBs) in different regions by using the conjugate gradient method. In order to analyze the influence of the tilt angles of the DOEs, the coordinate-transformation method is used to simplify the calculation. The uniformity of the out-coupling illuminance along the optical axis is calculated. The analyzed results show that when the tilt angle increases, the uniformity in the region [140 mm, 200 mm] has more violent fluctuations than those in the regions [280 mm, 340 mm] and [380 mm, 520 mm]. The analyses also reveal that the uniformity of DOEs with a longer focal length is less sensitive to the tilt angle, and some points within the PNDB region have small variations of axial illuminance while the tilt angle increases.     

基于IMU的3D扫描仪倾角标定方法北大核心CSCD

3D扫描仪以精度高、速度快、自动处理、稳定性好等优势在场景三维重建、智能制造、自动驾驶、虚拟现实等领域得到了广泛的应用。目前3D扫描仪设备多是安装在三脚架上,容易因为地面不平使得扫描仪的转轴和重力方向产生夹角,最终导致拍摄出的全景图和点云倾斜,成为影响三维重建精度的关键难题。针对该问题,提出一种借助惯性测量单元标定3D扫描仪倾角的方法。该方法利用惯性测量单元输出的加速度信息,通过一个面阵相机建立惯性测量单元和3D扫描仪的联系,将惯性测量单元的加速度信息转到扫描仪的转轴上。利用该信息计算出扫描仪转轴与重力方向的夹角,并将该倾角补偿到生成的全景图和点云中,校正倾斜模型。通过实验对校正前后计算的角度进行对比,实验结果证明倾角测量误差可以控制在0.5°以内。并且经过标定后,精度至少提升20%,验证了整个标定方法的可靠性和准确性。     

自准直法测GdTaO4晶体折射率

本文利用自准直法在473, 532, 632.8和1064 nm的激光波长上精确地测量出GdTaO₄晶体的折射率, 得到了Sellmeier方程, 并计算了在632 nm处光轴与折射率主轴n_z的夹角为21.75°, 进而得知GdTaO₄晶体是正光性双轴晶体.     

Comparing Kirchhoff-approximation and boundary-element models for computing gadoid target strengths

To establish the validity of the boundary-element method (BEM) for modeling scattering by swimbladder-bearing fish, the BEM is exercised in several ways. In a computation of backscattering by a 50-mm-diam spherical void in sea water at the four frequencies 38.1, 49.6, 68.4, and 120.4 kHz, agreement with the analytical solution is excellent. In computations of target strength as a function of tilt angle for each of 15 surface-adapted gadoids for which the swimbladders were earlier mapped, BEM results are in close agreement with Kirchhoff-approximation-model results at each of the same four frequencies. When averaged with respect to various tilt angle distributions and combined by regression analysis, the two models yield similar results. Comparisons with corresponding values derived from measured target strength functions of the same 15 gadoid specimens are fair, especially for the tilt angle distribution with the greatest standard deviation, namely 16 degrees.     

Measurement of linear birefringence using a rotating-wave-plate Stokes polarimeter

In this study, a compact polarimeter is developed to measure the linear birefringence property of optical materials. The principal axis angle and the retardance are obtained by a simple signal-processing algorithm, which is derived via Stokes parameters extractions when using an incident light linearly polarized at 45°. There exists an absolute error of 0.0296° on average in the principal axis angle measurement and a relative error of 2.54% in the retardance measurement of a quarter-wave-plate sample with its principal axis ranging from −40° to 40°. The standard deviations for the principal axis angle and retardance measurements are determined to be 0.015° and 0.018°, respectively, while one standard deviation to the average value of the principal axis angle and retardance, respectively, are just 0.066% and 0.020% with high repeatability, and corresponding dynamic ranges of −45° to 45° and −180° to 180°, respectively. Consequently, the developed polarimeter has a potential in linear birefringence measurement, especially in the retardance measurement.