Coordination-driven self-assembly of 2D-metallamacrocycles using a new carbazole-based dipyridyl donor: synthesis, characterization, and C60 binding study

A new carbazole-based 90° dipyridyl donor 3,6-di(4-pyridylethynyl)carbazole (L) containing carbazole-ethynyl functionality is synthesized in reasonable yield using the Sonagashira coupling reaction. Multinuclear NMR, electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), including single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis characterized this 90° building unit. The stoichiometry combination of L with several Pd(II)/Pt(II)-based 90° acceptors (1a-1d) yielded [2 + 2] self-assembled metallacycles (2a-2d) under mild conditions in quantitative yields [1a = cis-(dppf)Pd(OTf)(2); 1b = cis-(dppf)Pt(OTf)(2); 1c = cis-(tmen)Pd(NO(3))(2); 1d = 3,6-bis{trans-Pt(C≡C)(PEt(3))(2)(NO(3))}carbazole]. All these macrocycles were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, and the molecular structure of 2a was unambiguously determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Incorporation of ethynyl functionality to the carbazole backbone causes the resulted macrocycles (2a-2d) to be π-electron rich and thereby exhibit strong emission characteristics. The macrocycle 2a has a large internal concave aromatic surface. The fluorescence quenching study suggests that 2a forms a ~1:1 complex with C(60) with a high association constant of K(sv) = 1.0 × 10(5) M(-1).     

Theoretical study of Pt(PR3)(2)(AlCl3) (R = H, Me, Ph, or Cy) including an unsupported bond between transition metal and non-transition metal elements: geometry, bond strength, and prediction

The molecular structure and the binding energy of Pt(PR(3))(2)(AlCl(3)) (R = H, Me, Ph, or Cy) were investigated by DFT, MP2 to MP4(SDTQ), and CCSD(T) methods. The optimized structure of Pt(PCy(3))(2)(AlCl(3)) (Cy = cyclohexyl) by the DFT method with M06-2X and LC-BLYP functionals agrees well with the experimental one. The MP4(SDTQ) and CCSD(T) methods present similar binding energies (BE) of Pt(PH(3))(2)(AlCl(3)), indicating that these methods provide reliable BE value. The DFT(M06-2X)-calculated BE value is close to the MP4(SDTQ) and CCSD(T)-calculated values, while the other functionals present BE values considerably different from the MP4(SDTQ) and CCSD(T)-calculated values. All computational methods employed here indicate that the BE values of Pt(PMe(3))(2)(AlCl(3)) and Pt(PPh(3))(2)(AlCl(3)) are considerably larger than those of the ethylene analogues. The coordinate bond of AlCl(3) with Pt(PR(3))(2) is characterized to be the σ charge transfer (CT) from Pt to AlCl(3). This complex has a T-shaped structure unlike the well-known Y-shaped structure of Pt(PMe(3))(2)(C(2)H(4)), although both are three-coordinate Pt(0) complex. This T-shaped structure results from important participation of the Pt d(σ) orbital in the σ-CT; because the Pt d(σ) orbital energy becomes lower as the P-Pt-P angle decreases, the T-shaped structure is more favorable for the σ-CT than is the Y-shaped structure. [Co(alcn)(2)(AlCl(3))](-) (alcn = acetylacetoneiminate) is theoretically predicted here as a good candidate for the metal complex, which has an unsupported M-Al bond because its binding energy is calculated to be much larger than that of Pt(PCy(3))(2)(AlCl(3)).     

Metal-metal interactions in dinuclear d(8) metal cyanide complexes supported by phosphine ligands. Spectroscopic properties and ab initio calculations of [M(2)(mu-diphosphine)(2)(CN)(4)] and trans-[M(phosphine)(2)(CN)(2)] (M = Pt,Ni)

Structural, spectroscopic properties on the dinuclear [M(2)(dcpm)(2)(CN)(4)] (M = Pt, 1a; Ni, 2a, dcpm = bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane) and [M(2)(dmpm)(2)(CN)(4)] (M = Pt, 1b; Ni, 2b, dmpm = bis(dimethylphosphino)methane) and the mononuclear trans-[M(PCy(3))(2)(CN)(2)] (M = Pt, 3; Ni, 4, PCy(3) = tricyclohexylphosphine) and theoretical investigations on the corresponding model compounds are described. X-ray structural analyses reveal Pt.Pt and Ni.Ni distances of 3.0565(4)/3.189(1) A and 2.957(1)/3.209(8) A for 1a/1b and 2a/2b, respectively. The UV-vis absorption bands at 337 nm (epsilon 2.41 x 10(4) dm(3) mol(-)(1) cm(-)(1)) for 1a and 328 nm (epsilon 2.43 x 10(4) dm(3) mol(-)(1) cm(-)(1)) for 1b in CH(2)Cl(2) are assigned to (1)(5d(sigma) --> 6p(sigma)) electronic transitions originating from Pt(II)-Pt(II) interactions. Resonance Raman spectroscopy of 1a, in which all the Raman intensity appears in the Pt-Pt stretch fundamental (93 cm(-)(1)) and overtone bands, verifies this metal-metal interaction. Complexes 1a and 1b exhibit photoluminescence in the solid state and solution. For the dinuclear nickel(II) complexes 2a and 2b, neither spectroscopic data nor theoretical calculation suggests the presence of Ni(II)-Ni(II) interactions. The intense absorption bands at lambda > 320 nm in the UV-vis spectra of 2a and 2b are tentatively assigned to d --> d transitions.     

Selenoether macrocyclic chemistry--syntheses and properties of new potentially tridentate and hexadentate Se/O-donor macrocycles

Treatment of O(CH2CH2SeCN)2 with Na in NH3(l), followed by dropwise addition of a thf solution of o-C6H4(CH2Br)2 at -40 degrees C leads to formation of three mixed Se/O-donor macrocycles which are separable by column chromatography, the [1 + 1] species L1, the [2 + 2] ring L2 and the [3 + 3] ring L3, of which L2 is by far the major species. Using the same starting materials, but in a high dilution cyclisation at room temperature with NaBH4 in thf/EtOH gives exclusively the [1 + 1] ring, L1. The saturated ring Se/O-donor macrocycles, L4 and L5 are obtained by simultaneous dropwise addition of solutions of O(CH2CH2SeCN)2 and Br(CH2)3Br to NaBH4 suspended in thf/EtOH. The small tridentate Se2O-donor ring, L4, is again the dominant product under these conditions (71%), although the more flexible precursors in this reaction also give rise to the larger Se4O2-donor ring, L5, as a by-product in 8% yield. These compounds are readily separated and purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate:hexane, 1:19). The new macrocycles have been characterised by 1H, (13)C{1H} and (77)Se{1H} NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, together with crystal structures of L1 and L2. Complexes of L1 and L2 with late transition metals (Pd(II), Pt(II), Cu(I) and Ag(I)) are also described.     

Reactions of halogens with Pt(II) complexes of N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkyl-N'-benzoylthioureas: oxidative addition and formation of an I2 inclusion compound

The treatment of cis-[Pt(II)(L(1a/b)-S,O)2] complexes of N,N-diethyl- (HL(1a)) and N,N-di(n-butyl)-N'-benzoylthiourea (HL(1b)) with I2 or Br2 in chloroform, leads to rapid oxidative addition to yield several geometric isomers of [Pt(IV)(L-S,O)(2)X(2)](X = I, Br); the reactions can be monitored by (195)Pt NMR and UV-visible spectrophotometry. The products cis-[Pt(IV)(L(1a)-S,O)2I2] and cis-[Pt(IV)(L(1a)-S,O)2Br2], which have been isolated and structurally characterized, are the first-reported crystal structures of complexes of Pt(iv) with this class of ligand. Molecules of 6 pack such that the I-Pt-I axes are essentially aligned, with unusually close nearest-neighbour iodide contacts (3.553(1)A). These short II intermolecular interactions lead to infinite chains of weakly connected molecules in crystals of the compound. No such interactions are evident in the corresponding crystals of . Reaction of the Pt(II) complex of N-propyl-N'-benzoylthiourea (H2L(2a))cis-/trans-[Pt(II)(H2L(2a)-S)2Br2] with Br2 also results in oxidative addition, to yield trans-Pt(IV)(H2L(2a)-S)2Br4. By contrast, treatment of cis-/trans-[Pt(II)(H2L(2a)-S)2I2] with I2 does not lead to an oxidative addition product, yielding instead an interesting iodine inclusion compound of Pt(II), trans-[Pt(II)(H2L(2a)-S)2I2.I2. In 8, short intermolecular II distances of 3.453(1)A between I2 and coordinated iodide ions in trans-[Pt(II)(H(2)L(2a)-S)(2)I(2)] molecules, result in infinite chains of weakly linked trans-[Pt(II)(H2L(2a)-S)2I2]...I2 groups in the lattice. However, the empirically estimated bond order of 0.75 for the included I2 molecules does not support the possible existence of discrete tetraiodide ions (I4(2-)) in the lattice of compound 8.     

Metal-free and dicopper(II) complexes of Schiff base [2 + 2] macrocycles derived from 2,2'-iminobisbenzaldehyde: syntheses, structures, and electrochemistry

Three new bis-terdentate Schiff base [2 + 2] macrocycles (H(2)L(Et), H(2)L(Pr), and H(2)L(Bu)) have been prepared in high yields by 1:1 condensation of 2,2'-iminobisbenzaldehyde with 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane, and 1,4-diaminobutane, respectively. Metalation of these macrocycles yields the corresponding dicopper(II) acetate (1, 2, and 3) and tetrafluoroborate (4, 5, and 6) complexes. The structures of H(2)L(Et), H(2)L(Pr), H(2)L(Bu), [Cu(II)(2)L(i)(OAc)(2)]·solvents (where i is Et, Pr or Bu) and [Cu(II)(2)L(Pr)(DMF)(4)] (BF(4))(2)·0.5H(2)O are reported. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is a feature of the metal-free macrocycles. The copper(II) centers in [Cu(II)(2)L(i)(OAc)(2)]·solvents are four coordinate, and the macrocycles have U-shaped (Et, Bu) or stepped (Pr) conformations. Complex 5 crystallizes with two dimethylformamide (DMF) molecules bound per five coordinate copper(II) center. Electrochemical studies revealed ligand based oxidations for all of the macrocycles and complexes. Complexes 1 and 2 undergo two quasi-reversible oxidations in DCM which are associated with the deposition of a visible film on the electrode after multiple scans in this oxidative region, suggestive of electropolymerization. Complexes 4-6, studied in MeCN, have Cu(II) → Cu(I) redox potentials at more positive potentials than for 1-3.     

Inter- and intramolecular Mitsunobu reaction and metal complexation study: synthesis of S-amino acids derived chiral 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline, benzo-annulated [9]-N3 peraza, [12]-N4 peraza-macrocycles

Substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline, benzo-annulated unsymmetrical chiral [9]-N(3) peraza, and [12]-N(4) peraza-macrocycles have been synthesized employing an inter- and intramolecular Mitsunobu reaction from an amino acid derived common synthetic intermediate 3. The metal complexation study of these macrocycles has been investigated by UV-visible spectroscopic technique with binding constant (K(b)) value 1.84 × 10(3) dm(3) mol(-1) using the Benesi-Hildebrand equation and a Gibbs free energy (ΔG) -19.4 kJ mol(-1) at 35 °C for 14d with Co(2+). The binding properties of the metal were dependent on the structure of polyaza-macrocycles that were confirmed by the DFT optimized structure of two macrocycles. A detailed investigaton of UV-visible spectra of macrocycles and their complete interpretation with the help of TD-DFT along with the frontier molecular orbital calculations are presented.     

Synthesis of macrocycles incorporating azo‐bis(azofurazan) framework

A series of macrocycles containing four furazan rings bonded by three azo bonds 2, 5 and 7 have been synthesized from the common precursor, 3‐amino‐3′‐nitro(azofurazan) 3 . The macrocycles closure is a result of N?N bond formation at oxidative cyclization of corresponding bis(3‐aminofurazan‐4‐yl) precursors. X‐Ray crystal structures of macrocycles 2, 2 ?AcOH, 11 and 13 are reported.     

Synthesis,X-ray crystal structure,UV/visible linear and nonlinear (optical limiting) spectral properties of symmetrical and unsymmetrical porphyrazines with annulated 1,2,5-thiadiazole and 1,4-diamyloxybenzene moieties

Co-cyclization of 1,2,5-thiadiazole-3,4-dicarbonitrile and 3,6-diamyloxyphthalodinitrile in the presence of magnesium or lithium amylate in amyl alcohol leads to mixtures containing the Mg derivatives of the symmetrical species tetrakis(1,2,5-thiadiazolo)porphyrazine, (S(4))PzH(2), and tetrakis(1,4-diamyloxybenzo)porphyrazine, (A(4))PzH(2), and the low-symmetry macrocycles bearing peripheral 1,2,5-thiadiazole and 1,4-diamyloxybenzene rings in the ratio 1:3, 2:2 (cis and trans), and 3:1, that is, (SA(3))PzH(2), (S(2)A(2))PzH(2), (SASA)PzH(2), and (S(3)A)PzH(2), respectively. The basic Mg materials were converted to the corresponding free-base macrocycles by treatment with CF(3)COOH. The species were separated from the mixtures by chromatography, either as Mg complexes or demetalated materials. With results on (S(4))PzH(2) and (SA(3))PzH(2) in hand, including crystallographic work on the latter, a general chemical physical investigation has been carried out of all the symmetrical and unsymmetrical free-base macrocycles. The structures of the species (S(2)A(2))PzH(2) and (A(4))PzH(2). were elucidated by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The effect of the progressive variation of the macrocyclic structure along the series, from the symmetrical (S(4))PzH(2) to its symmetrical partner (A(4))PzH(2) via the low-symmetry 3:1, 2:2 (cis and trans), and 1:3 macrocycles, was studied by IR, (1)H NMR, and UV/Vis linear and nonlinear (optical limiting) measurements. The results are interpreted on the basis of intra- and intermolecular interactions between the electron-deficient 1,2,5-thiadiazole and the electron-donating 1,4-diamyloxybenzene moieties.     

Coordination-driven self-assembly of 2D-metallamacrocycles using a shape-selective Pt(II)2-organometallic 90° acceptor: design, synthesis and sensing study

Synthesis of a series of two-dimensional metallamacrocycles via coordination-driven self-assembly of a shape-selective Pt(II)(2)-molecular building unit incorporating carbazole-ethynyl functionality is described. An equimolar (1?:?1) combination of a Pt(II)(2)-organometallic 90° acceptor, 1, with rigid linear ditopic donors (L(a) and L(b)) afforded [4 + 4] self-assembled octanuclear molecular squares, 2 and 3, in quantitative yields, respectively [L(a) = 4,4'-bipyridine; L(b) = trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene]. Conversely, a similar treatment of 1 with an amide-based unsymmetrical flexible ditopic donor, L(c), resulted in the formation of a [2 + 2] self-sorted molecular rhomboid (4a) as a single product [L(c) = N-(4-pyridyl)isonicotinamide]. Despite the possibility of several linkage isomeric macrocycles (rhomboid, triangle and square) due to the different connectivity of L(c), the formation of a single and symmetrical molecular rhomboid (4a) as the only product is an interesting observation. All the self-assembled macrocycles (2, 3 and 4a) were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR ((1)H and (31)P) and ESI-MS analysis. Further structural insights about the size and shape of the macrocycles were obtained through energy minimization using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Decoration of the starting carbazole building unit with Pt-ethynyl functionality enriches the assemblies to be more π-electron rich and luminescent in nature. Macrocycles 2 and 3 could sense the presence of electron deficient nitroaromatics in solution by quenching of the initial intensity upon gradual addition of picric acid (PA). They exhibited the largest quenching response with high selectivity for nitroaromatics compared to several other electron deficient aromatics tested.     

Electronic Structure of [Pt(2)(&mgr;-O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2)](2+) Using the Quasi-Relativistic Xalpha-SW Method: Analysis of Metal-Metal Bonding, Assignment of Electronic Spectra, and Comparison with Rh(2)(&mgr;-O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2)

The electronic structure and metal-metal bonding in the classic d(7)d(7) tetra-bridged lantern dimer [Pt(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2)](2+) has been investigated by performing quasi-relativistic Xalpha-SW molecular orbital calculations on the analogous formate-bridged complex. From the calculations, the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied metal-based levels are delta(Pt(2)) and sigma(Pt(2)), respectively, indicating a metal-metal single bond analogous to the isoelectronic Rh(II) complex. The energetic ordering of the main metal-metal bonding levels is, however, quite different from that found for the Rh(II) complex, and the upper metal-metal bonding and antibonding levels have significantly more ligand character. As found for the related complex [W(2)(O(2)CH)(4)], the inclusion of relativistic effects leads to a further strengthening of the metal-metal sigma bond as a result of the increased involvement of the higher-lying platinum 6s orbital. The low-temperature absorption spectrum of [Pt(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2)](2+) is assigned on the basis of Xalpha-SW calculated transition energies and oscillator strengths. Unlike the analogous Rh(II) spectrum, the visible and near-UV absorption spectrum is dominated by charge transfer (CT) transitions. The weak, visible bands at 27 500 and 31 500 cm(-)(1) are assigned to Ow --> sigma(Pt(2)) and OAc --> sigma(Pt(2)) CT transitions, respectively, although the donor orbital in the latter transition has around 25% pi(Pt(2)) character. The intense near-UV band around 37 500 cm(-)(1) displays the typical lower energy shift as the axial substituents are changed from H(2)O to Cl and Br, indicative of significant charge transfer character. From the calculated oscillator strengths, a number of transitions, mostly OAc --> sigma(Pt-O) CT in nature, are predicted to contribute to this band, including the metal-based sigma(Pt(2)) --> sigma(Pt(2)) transition. The close similarity in the absorption spectra of the CH(3)COO(-), SO(4)(2)(-), and HPO(4)(2)(-) bridged Pt(III) complexes suggests that analogous spectral assignments should apply to [Pt(2)(SO(4))(4)(H(2)O)(2)](2)(-) and [Pt(2)(HPO(4))(4)(H(2)O)(2)](2)(-). Consequently, the anomalous MCD spectra reported recently for the intense near-UV band in the SO(4)(2)(-) and HPO(4)(2)(-) bridged Pt(III) complexes can be rationalized on the basis of contributions from either SO(4) --> sigma(Pt-O) or HPO(4) --> sigma(Pt-O) CT transitions. The electronic absorption spectrum of [Rh(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2)] has been re-examined on the basis of Xalpha-SW calculated transition energies and oscillator strengths. The intense UV band at approximately 45 000 cm(-)(1) is predicted to arise from several excitations, both metal-centered and CT in origin. The lower energy shoulder at approximately 40 000 cm(-)(1) is largely attributed to the metal-based sigma(Rh(2)) --> sigma(Rh(2)) transition.     

Fe(II) in different macrocycles: electronic structures and properties

A theoretical comparative study of complexes of porphyrin (P), porphyrazine (Pz), phthalocyanine (Pc), porphycene (Pn), dibenzoporphycene (DBPn), and hemiporphyrazine (HPz) with iron (Fe) has been carried out using a density functional theory (DFT) method. The difference in the core size and shape of the macrocycle has a substantial effect on the electronic structure and properties of the overall system. The ground states of FeP and FePc were identified to be the 3A2g [(d(xy))2(d(z)2)2(d(pi))2] state, followed by 3E(g) [(d(xy))2(d(z)2)1(d(pi))3]. For FePz, however, the 3E(g)-3A2g energy gap of 0.02 eV may be too small to distinguish between the ground and excited states. When the symmetry of the macrocycle is reduced from D4h to D2h, the degeneracy of the d(pi) (d(xz), d(yz)) orbitals is removed, and the ground state becomes 3B2g [(d(xy))2(d(z)2)1(d(yz))2(d(xz))1] or 3B3g [...(d(yz))1(d(xz))2] for FePn, FeDBPn, and FeHPz. The calculations also show how the change of the macrocycle can influence the axial ligand coordination of pyridine (Py) and CO to the Fe(II) complexes. Finally, the electronic structures of the mono- and dipositive and -negative ions for all the unligated and ligated iron macrocycles were elucidated, which is important for understanding the redox properties of these compounds. The differences in the observed electrochemical (oxidation and reduction) properties between metal porphycenes (MPn) and metal porphyrins (MP) can be accounted for by the calculated results (orbital energy level diagrams, ionization potentials, and electron affinities).     

C-H Activation and C-C coupling of arenes by cationic Pt(II) complexes

The synthesis and characterization of cationic platinum complexes of the type [(R(2)PC(2)H(4)PR(2))PtMe(OEt(2))]BAr(F) (R = Cy, Et) are reported. These electrophilic platinum cations are found to react quantitatively with arenes (benzene, toluene) at room temperature by undergoing intermolecular C-H activation with concomitant C-C coupling to generate complexes of the type [[Pt(R(2)PC(2)H(4)PR(2))](2)(mu-eta(3):eta(3)-biaryl)][BAr(F)](2). The dianionic biaryl ligands in these compounds exhibit a rare mu-eta(3):eta(3)-bis-allyl bonding mode and can be removed from the complex with stoichiometric oxidants to generate the free biaryl and [(R(2)PC(2)H(4)PR(2))Pt(mu-X)](2)[BAr(F)](2) (R = Cy, Et; X = Cl, I). The cationic platinum complexes [(R(2)PC(2)H(4)PR(2))PtMe(OEt(2))]BAr(F) (R = Cy, Et) are also quite reactive with water, forming the bridging hydroxide complexes [(R(2)PC(2)H(4)PR(2))Pt(mu-OH)](2)[BAr(F)](2) (R = Cy, Et). A possible mechanism is proposed for the C-C coupling reaction based upon the structures of these bridging biphenyl complexes, which provides a new perspective for the related palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of arenes to form biaryls.     

Reductive elimination/oxidative addition of carbon-hydrogen bonds at Pt(IV)/Pt(II) centers: mechanistic studies of the solution thermolyses of Tp(Me2)Pt(CH3)2H

Reductive elimination of methane occurs upon solution thermolysis of kappa(3)-Tp(Me)2Pt(IV)(CH(3))(2)H (1, Tp(Me)2 = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate). The platinum product of this reaction is determined by the solvent. C-D bond activation occurs after methane elimination in benzene-d(6), to yield kappa(3)-Tp(Me)2Pt(IV)(CH(3))(C(6)D(5))D (2-d(6)), which undergoes a second reductive elimination/oxidative addition reaction to yield isotopically labeled methane and kappa(3)-Tp(Me)2Pt(IV)(C(6)D(5))(2)D (3-d(11)). In contrast, kappa(2)-Tp(Me)2Pt(II)(CH(3))(NCCD(3)) (4) was obtained in the presence of acetonitrile-d(3), after elimination of methane from 1. Reductive elimination of methane from these Pt(IV) complexes follows first-order kinetics, and the observed reaction rates are nearly independent of solvent. Virtually identical activation parameters (DeltaH(++)(obs) = 35.0 +/- 1.1 kcal/mol, DeltaS(++)(obs) = 13 +/- 3 eu) were measured for the reductive elimination of methane from 1 in both benzene-d(6) and toluene-d(8). A lower energy process (DeltaH(++)(scr) = 26 +/- 1 kcal/mol, DeltaS(++)(scr) = 1 +/- 4 eu) scrambles hydrogen atoms of 1 between the methyl and hydride positions, as confirmed by monitoring the equilibration of kappa(3)-Tp(Me)()2Pt(IV)(CH(3))(2)D (1-d(1)()) with its scrambled isotopomer, kappa(3)-Tp(Me)2Pt(IV)(CH(3))(CH(2)D)H (1-d(1'). The sigma-methane complex kappa(2)-Tp(Me)2Pt(II)(CH(3))(CH(4)) is proposed as a common intermediate in both the scrambling and reductive elimination processes. Kinetic results are consistent with rate-determining dissociative loss of methane from this intermediate to produce the coordinatively unsaturated intermediate [Tp(Me)2Pt(II)(CH(3))], which reacts rapidly with solvent. The difference in activation enthalpies for the H/D scrambling and C-H reductive elimination provides a lower limit for the binding enthalpy of methane to [Tp(Me)2Pt(II)(CH(3))] of 9 +/- 2 kcal/mol.     

Effects of Pt...Pt bonding, anions, solvate molecules, and hydrogen bonding on the self-association of Chugaev's cation, a platinum complex with a chelating carbene ligand

Five salts, [(C(4)H(9)N(4))Pt(II)(CNCH(3))(2)](BPh(4)).CH(3)OH, [(C(4)H(9)N(4))Pt(II)(CNCH(3))(2)](PF(6)).CH(2)Cl(2), [(C(4)H(9)N(4))Pt(II)(CNCH(3))(2)]Cl.4H(2)O, [(C(4)H(9)N(4))Pt(II)(CNCH(3))(2)]Br.3.5H(2)O, and [(C(4)H(9)N(4))Pt(II)(CNCH(3))(2)]Cl.0.1H(2)O, have been crystallized and examined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. While the internal structure of the cation is similar in all salts, the interactions between cations vary in the different salts. Yellow [(C(4)H(9)N(4))Pt(II)(CNCH(3))(2)](BPh(4)).CH(3)OH and red [(C(4)H(9)N(4))Pt(II)(CNCH(3))(2)](PF(6)) form face-to-face dimers with Pt...Pt separations of 3.6617(6) and 3.340(2) A, respectively. In the latter, hydrogen bonding of the chelating ligand to adjacent anions facilitates the close approach of pairs of cations. The salts [(C(4)H(9)N(4))Pt(II)(CNCH(3))(2)]Cl.4H(2)O, [(C(4)H(9)N(4))Pt(II)(CNCH(3))(2)]Br.3.5H(2)O, and [(C(4)H(9)N(4))Pt(II)(CNCH(3))(2)]Cl.0.1H(2)O form columnar structures with Pt...Pt separations that range from 3.2514(5) to 3.5643(6) A. The water molecules and anions surround these columns and form bridges between neighboring columns. The electronic spectra of aqueous solutions of [(C(4)H(9)N(4))Pt(II)(CNCH(3))(2)]Cl.4H(2)O show spectral changes upon increasing concentrations of the platinum complex that are indicative of the formation of a dimer in solution with an equilibrium constant for dimerization of 23(1).     

Microwave synthesis of mono- and bis-tetrazolato complexes via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of organonitriles with platinum(II)-bound azides

[2 + 3] Cycloaddition reactions of the diazidoplatinum(II) complexes cis-[Pt(N3)2(PPh3)2] 1 and cis-[Pt(N3)2(2,2'-bipy)] 4 with organonitriles NCR 2 give the bis(tetrazolato) complexes trans-[Pt(N4CR)2(PPh3)2] 3 [R = Me (3a), Et (3b), Pr (3c), Ph (3d), 4-ClC6H4 (3e)] and cis-[Pt(N4CR)2(2,2'-bipy)] 5 [R = Me (5a), Et (5b), Pr (5c), Ph (5d)]. The reaction of cis-[Pt(N3)2(PPh3)2] I with propionitrile also affords, apart from 3b, the unexpected mixed cyano-tetrazolato complex trans-[Pt(CN)(5-ethyltetrazolato)(PPh3)2] 3b' which is derived from the reaction of the bis(tetrazolato) 3b with propionitrile, with concomitant formation of 5-ethyl-1H-tetrazole, via a suggested unusual oxidative addition of the nitrile to PtII. All these reactions are greatly accelerated by microwave irradiation and this method also shows a higher selectivity in the case of the reaction of propionitrile with 1, leading only to the formation of 3b. All the complexes obtained were characterized by IR, 1H, 13C and 31P[1H] (for complexes 3) NMR spectroscopies, FAB-MS and elemental analyses. Complexes 3b', 3d, 3e and 5d were also characterized by X-ray structural analyses.     

On the interrelationship of mu-OH bridged dimers, trimers, and tetramers of (en)PtII and their Ag+ adducts

[(en)Pt(mu-OH)2Pt(en)]2+, a dinuclear mu-hydroxo bridged complex (with en = ethylenediamine) crystallizes with excess AgNO3 in high yield as the trinuclear complex [((en)Pt(mu-OH)2Pt(en))Ag](NO3)3 (Pt2Ag, 1) from water. The two halves of the complex are significantly bent (dihedral angle 42.2 degrees ) and the three metals form a triangle with the following distances: Pt1...Pt2, 2.9729(9) angstroms, Pt1...Ag1, 2.818(1) angstroms and Pt2...Ag1, 2.809(1) angstroms. The shortness of the Pt...Ag distances and the dispositions of the three metal ions strongly suggest that dative bonds from Pt to Ag are responsible for the bending of the two halves of the edge-sharing dinuclear [(en)Pt(mu-OH)2Pt(en)]2+ complex. This scenario appears to be yet another cause of bending of edge-sharing dinuclear mu-OH bridged metal complexes of d8 metal ions, adding to those involving Pt...Pt bonding, or anion binding, among others. Comparison with related mu-OH dimers of cis-(NH3)2PtII or (tmeda)PtII (tmeda = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine), which do not display Ag+ binding, suggests that the feature of Ag+ binding is not common to all cis-bis(am(m)ine) complexes of PtII. Interestingly the complete removal of Ag+ from 1 does not lead to the mu-OH dimer but rather to the known mu-OH tetramer [((en)Pt(mu-OH))4]4+.     

Electro-oxidation of CO(chem) on Pt nanosurfaces: solution of the peak multiplicity puzzle

An understanding of the oxidation of chemisorbed CO (CO(chem)) on Pt nanoparticle surfaces is of major importance to fuel cell technology. Here, we report on the relation between Pt nanoparticle surface structure and CO(chem) oxidative stripping behavior. Oxidative stripping voltammograms are obtained for CO(chem) preadsorbed on cubic, octahedral, and cuboctahedral Pt nanoparticles that possess preferentially oriented and atomically flat domains. They are compared to those obtained for etched and thermally treated Pt(poly) electrodes that possess atomically flat, ordered surface domains separated by grain boundaries as well as those obtained for spherical Pt nanoparticles. A detailed analysis of the results reveals for the first time the presence of up to four voltammetric features in CO(chem) oxidative stripping transients, a prepeak and three peaks, that are assigned to the presence of surface domains that are either preferentially oriented or disordered. The interpretation reported in this article allows one to explain all features within the voltammograms for CO(chem) oxidative stripping unambiguously.     

Adding a new dimension to the investigation of platinum-mediated arene C-H activation reactions using 2D NMR exchange spectroscopy. Dynamics of Pt(II) phenyl/benzene site exchange

Protonation of (N-N)PtPh(2) (1; N-N = diimine ArN=CMe-CMe=NAr with Ar = 2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3) (a), 2,4,6-Me(3)C(6)H(2) (b), 4-Br-2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(2) (c), 3,5-Me(2)C(6)H(3) (d), and 4-CF(3)C(6)H(4) (e)) in the presence of MeCN at ambient temperature generates (N-N)Pt(Ph)(NCMe)(+) (2). At -78 degrees C, protonation of 1a yielded (N-N)PtPh(2)(H)(NCMe)(+) (3a), which produced benzene and 2a at ca. -40 degrees C. Protonation of 1a-e in CD(2)Cl(2)/Et(2)O-d(10) furnished (N-N)Pt(C(6)H(5))(eta(2)-C(6)H(6))(+) (4a-e). The pi-benzene complexes 4a-c, sterically protected at Pt, eliminate benzene at ca. 0 degree C. The sterically less protected 4d-e lose benzene already at -30 degrees C. SST and 2D EXSY NMR demonstrate that phenyl and pi-benzene ligand protons undergo exchange with concomitant symmetrization of the diimine ligand, most likely via oxidative insertion of Pt into a C-H bond of coordinated benzene. The kinetics of the exchange processes for 4a-c were probed by quantitative EXSY spectroscopy, resulting in DeltaH() of 70-72 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS of 37-48 J K(-1) mol(-1). A large, strongly temperature-dependent H/D kinetic isotope effect (9.7 at -34 degrees C; 6.9 at -19 degrees C) was measured for the dynamic behavior of 4a versus 4a-d(10), consistent with the proposed pi-benzene C-H bond cleavage. The fact that the pi-benzene complex 4a is thermally more robust in the absence of MeCN than is the Pt(IV) hydridodiphenyl complex 3a in the presence of MeCN agrees with the notion that arene elimination from Pt(IV) hydridoaryl complexes occurs via Pt(II) pi-arene intermediates that eliminate the hydrocarbon associatively, in this case, promoted by MeCN. Compounds 1a, 1b, 1d, 2a, and 2b have been crystallographically characterized.     

Synthesis of the pivalamidate-bridged pentanuclear platinum(II,III) linear complexes with Pt...Pt interactions

Pentanuclear linear chain Pt(II,III) complexes [[Pt2(NH3)2X2((CH3)3CCONH)2(CH2COCH3)]2[PtX'4]].nCH3COCH3 (X = X' = Cl, n = 2 (1a), X = Cl, X' = Br, n = 1 (1b), X = Br, X' = Cl, n = 2 (1c), X = X' = Br, n = 1 (1d)) composed of a monomeric Pt(II) complex sandwiched by two amidate-bridged Pt dimers were synthesized from the reaction of the acetonyl dinuclear Pt(III) complexes having equatorial halide ligands [Pt2(NH3)2X2((CH3)3CCONH)2(CH2COCH3)]X' ' (X = Cl (2a), Br (2b), X' ' = NO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, BF4-, PF6-, ClO4-), with K2[PtX'4] (X' = Cl, Br). The X-ray structures of 1a-1d show that the complexes have metal-metal bonded linear Pt5 structures, and the oxidation state of the metals is approximately Pt(III)-Pt(III)...Pt(II)...Pt(III)-Pt(III). The Pt...Pt interactions between the dimer units and the monomer are due to the induced Pt(II)-Pt(IV) polarization of the Pt(III) dimeric unit caused by the electron withdrawal of the equatorial halide ligands. The density functional theory calculation clearly shows that the Pt...Pt interactions between the dimers and the monomer are made by the electron transfer from the monomer to the dimers. The pentanuclear complexes have flexible Pt backbones with the Pt chain adopting either arch or sigmoid structures depending on the crystal packing.