台阶状面形的投影栅线法测量技术

采用光栅投影式三维轮廓术测量物体三维形貌时，当物体是台阶状物体时，物体表面的光栅条纹有阴影，导致后面的叠相还原过程无法进行。为了解决这一问题，将被测物体放在精密的旋转平台上。通过2次成像后，对2幅图像进行图像拼接，得到清晰的被光栅调制的物体图像。在图像拼接时，引入区域黑白对比度概念，区域的黑白对比度最大位置就是黑白区域的分界线。从而精确确定中间块2个边界的位置,然后进行图像拼接。最后采用双频光栅的傅里叶变换轮廓术来实现物体的三维形貌重建。结果表明：本方法简单、精度高，可以成功解决投影时具有阴影物体的三维形貌重建问题。     

Refractive power mapping of progressive power lenses using Talbot interferometry and digital image processing

A method of refractive power mapping of a lens is presented which is based on Talbot interferometry and utilizes a digital image processor. By adding a digital image processing system, fast measurement of a lens power distribution is feasible. A test lens is placed in front of two collinearly arranged gratings. The light passing through the test lens produces a shifted Talbot image of the first grating on the second grating and generates moiré fringes. Given the inclination angle of moiré fringes, the refractive power of the lens can be calculated. The calculation is performed using a digital image processor. This method is effective in finding the refractive power distribution of progressive power lenses.     

基于声光栅的变频条纹投射系统

针对三维形貌测量中结构光照明系统投影速度慢、结构复杂、在线集成困难的问题,提出了一种基于声光栅的变频条纹投射系统。该系统利用拍频信号驱动声光偏转器,在声光晶体中形成两个重叠的光栅,光源发出的激光以布拉格角入射,形成两束一级衍射光,经透镜聚焦形成光强按正弦规律分布的结构光条纹。建立了数学模型,同时提出了一种新的相位凝固技术,使条纹空间频率和相位的变化规律得到了很好的解释。该系统结构紧凑、体积小,全电控可调,无任何机械移动部件,具有条纹投影速度快、精度高、动态可编程的特点。应用该系统对石膏像形貌进行测量,获得了用于三维成像的相位图。该投射系统对于解决复杂几何形状物体的三维测量问题具有较高的工程应用价值。     

多频光栅物体高精度廓形三维测量及重建研究

针对目前实际系统中,由于噪声的存在,单频光栅逐点解相时无法获得全场相位值,导致对廓形复杂、体积小物体的重建精度低,提出多频结构光栅投影实现体积较小、形貌复杂物体的高精度重建。系统算法基于随时间序列变化改进的四步相移法对多频光栅进行解相,多频光栅解相是对每种频率的光栅单独展开相位,每种频率的光栅解相是逐点进行的,单频光栅中因噪声得到不连续的相位可通过其他频率光栅拟合修补,得到一个全场范围内连续的相位。经实验单频结构光测量体积小、形貌复杂物体的误差范围为0.1 mm～0.5 mm,而文中所提出方法精度达到了0.03 mm～0.05 mm,该方法精度提高了10倍左右。     

Three-dimensional integral imaging with improved visualization using subpixel optical ray sensing

In this Letter, we propose an improved three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction method for integral imaging. We use subpixel sensing of the optical rays of the 3D scene projected onto the image sensor. When reconstructing the 3D image, we use a calculated minimum subpixel distance for each sensor pixel instead of the average pixel value of integrated pixels from elemental images. The minimum subpixel distance is defined by measuring the distance between the center of the sensor pixel and the physical position of the imaging lens point spread function onto the sensor, which is projected from each reconstruction point for all elemental images. To show the usefulness of the proposed method, preliminary 3D imaging experiments are presented. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method may improve 3D imaging visualization because of the superior sensing and reconstruction of optical ray direction and intensity information for 3D objects.     

Phase shifting grating-slit test utilizing a liquid crystal display

A quantified focal plane testing method, termed phase-shifting grating-slit test, is demonstrated by utilizing a micro liquid crystal display. In contrast to the setup in the Ronchi Test, an incoherent illuminating grating is used and an optical slit is located at the image plane of the tested lens to modulate the aberrated wavefront. With the micro liquid crystal display generating and phase shifting the incoherent illuminating grating with variable frequency, a higher measurement dynamic range can be achieved on demand.     

Projection-type moiré topography with frequency modulation technique using liquid crystal digital gratings

A projection-type moiré topography that uses a frequency modulation technique with two liquid crystal digital gratings (LCDGs) is proposed. In this method, moiré contours are filtered to remove the image of the original grating from the moiré contours by moving the image created by the LCDGs. The frequency modulation technique can be used to analyze the fringe of step heights or other separate areas by modulating the fringe interval. The experimental results showed the possibility of measuring three-dimensional shapes and step heights.     

A flexible fast 3D profilometry based on modulation measurement

This paper proposes a flexible fast profilometry based on modulation measurement. Two orthogonal gratings through a beam splitter are vertically projected on an object surface, and the measured object is placed between the imaging planes of the two gratings. Then the image of the object surface modulated by the orthogonal gratings can be obtained by a CCD camera in the same direction as the grating projection. This image is processed by the operations consisting of performing the Fourier transform, spatial frequency filtering and inverse Fourier transform. Using the modulation distributions of two grating patterns, we can reconstruct the 3D shape of the object. In the measurement process, we only need to capture one fringe pattern, so it is faster than the MMP and remains the advantages of it. In the article, the principle of this method, the setup of the measurement system, some simulations and primary experiment results are given. The simulative and experimental result proves it can restore the 3D shape of the complex object fast and comparatively accurate. Because only one fringe pattern is needed in the testing, our method has a promising extensive application prospect in real-time acquiring and dynamic measurement of 3D data of complex objects.     

均值量化与中值量化光栅性能的理论研究

对相移技术的投影栅相位法的传统中值量化方法提出改进,设计和制作出小误差、低高阶谐波的均值量化光栅.理论讨论了相位值、离散等级和量化等级等因素对两种量化光栅性能的影响;在标准偏差和频谱分布两方面比较后,得出均值量化光栅性能优于中值量化光栅且更接近正弦光栅的结论.     

应用CCD的投影物镜调制传递函数测量系统

调制传递函数是评价光学成像系统成像质量的重要方法,因而测量光学系统的调制传递函数在各种成像光学系统生产实践中具有相当重要的作用。但是长期以来,投影显示设备的生产中缺少能够定量的检测投影物镜性能的标准化方法。根据线性系统和傅里叶变换的理论,结合液晶投影机投影物镜生产、检测的实际需要,提出了应用CCD图像采集系统的投影物镜调制传递函数测量方法,为生产实践提供了可行的定量判断投影物镜性能的手段。给出了实际物镜的检测结果,并与物镜的设计参量进行了比较,同时对影响系统测量精度的一些因素进行了分析。     

Sectional image reconstruction and three-dimensional microscopy of small particles by angular spectrum method

In this letter, we demonstrate sectional image reconstruction and three-dimensional microscopy of small particles. We demonstrate sectional image reconstruction and holographic methods to obtain 2D and 3D images of small particles. A single hologram is sufficient to obtain a section containing only the focused parts of the reconstructed image. One can obtain images of different plane sections of a specimen in addition to its 3D display. The reconstruction of a digital hologram is based on the plane-wave expansion of the diffracted wave fields using Fourier optics (this method is also known as the angular spectrum method). With this method, the object-to-hologram distance can be quite small because the minimum-distance requirement does not apply. Furthermore, numerical reconstruction of transparent objects by this method may be interesting for micro-structure measurement.     

基于单目结构光的大物体三维测量关键方法的研究

在单目结构光的三维测量系统中,由于投影仪倾斜投影, 参考平面上的条纹周期展宽, 给测量带来误差,降低了测量精度。同时受大物体自身几何和形貌等因素的影响,以及相交轴测量系统的限制,其单幅面测量范围受限,很难一次测量大物体完整的三维形貌,而且在测量大物体时,摄像机镜头非线性畸变也影响测量精度。根据参考平面上光栅条纹的周期变化规律,提出了一种适用性好、方便快捷的条纹周期校正的理论模型, 在此基础上, 提出了基于条纹周期校正的四步相移法的理论模型,进而提出了基于条纹周期校正的时间相位展开法的理论模型。采用摄像机镜头非线性畸变校正模型,提高测量精度。在被测物表面粘贴标志点,获取其三维坐标,利用SVD分解和L-M优化算法求取转换矩阵,并在设定的全局坐标系下实现三维图像拼接,采用线性加权算法,对重叠区域进行图像融合。实验结果表明,X轴的拼接误差为0.14 mm,Y轴的拼接误差为0.16 mm,Z轴的拼接误差为0.19 mm,其拼接误差均在测量误差允许范围之内。     

Autostereoscopic three-dimensional display with high dense views and the narrow structure pitch

An auto-stereoscopic three-dimensional （3D） display method with the narrow structure pitch and high dense viewpoints is presented. Normally, the number of views is proportional to the structure pitch of the lenticular lens array. Increasing the density of views will decrease the spatial display resolution. Here a lenticular lens array with one pitch covering 5.333 subpiexels and a novel subpixel arrangement method are designed, and a 32 view 3D display is demonstrated. Compared with the traditional 6-view 3D display, the angular resolution and the displayed depth of field are significantly improved.     

阴极射线管显示器亮度范围内对人眼视觉特性的实验研究

用CRT显示器显示5种频率的目标光栅,通过改变矩形波光栅的平均亮度,测量了9名男性青年在不同平均亮度条件下的对比度觉察阈值,并得出亮度与对比度觉察阈值间的关系曲线,从而探讨人眼在显示器亮度范围内的亮度视觉特性.实验结果表明,不同人眼对频率f＝3.79和4.97cpd(周/度)的目标光栅的对比度觉察阈值非常相近,而对频率f＝1.23,1.97和9.86cpd的目标光栅的对比度觉察阈值相差甚远;提高显示器亮度可以降低对比度觉察阈值,提高显示器显示图像分辨力,但是随着亮度的增加(达到Weber区域),亮度对分辨力的提高达到一定限度,而且,当亮度在60cd/m²左右时,显示信息效果与人眼视觉特性最匹配.基于对人眼在显示器亮度范围内的亮度视觉特性的研究,为在显示器上进行图像处理、显示器制造、摄影、印刷、配色等研究和应用奠定基础. 关键词： 人眼视觉特性 对比度觉察阈值 视角 空间频率     

Imaging surface topography using Lloyd's mirror in photoemission electron microscopy

We use Lloyd's mirror to modulate electron photoemission in photoemission electron microscopy. This results in the projection of Lloyd's fringes on to three-dimensional (3D) surface objects. An iterative reconstruction method is used to correct for distortions in the fringe pattern due to the cathode immersion lens, thereby providing a quantitative interpretation of surface shape. It is therefore possible to extract 3D height information directly from a two-dimensional, plan-view image. The technique is of sufficient intensity and contrast to study real-time changes in surface topography and we apply the method to study unusual contact-line dynamics during the reactive wetting of metal droplets.     

切趾技术对光纤布拉格光栅法布里-珀罗滤波器反射特性优化的研究

利用矩阵分析法,针对两个相同光栅构成的光纤布拉格光栅法布里-珀罗(F-P)腔滤波器进行理论分析。数值模拟分析了光栅长度变化对光栅以及F-P腔滤波器反射特性的影响,指出光栅长度增加对反射特性影响的优缺点,分析利用常用切趾函数对光栅进行切趾,减小由于光栅长度增加导致反射谱的的旁瓣增大,对组成的F-P腔滤波器的反射特性的优化,得到了光栅切趾对F-P腔滤波器的反射特性的影响规律。对于在实际应用中制作出性能优良的光纤布拉格光栅F-P腔滤波器有一定的参考价值。     

Extracting the structure of highly reflecting fiber Bragg gratings by measuring both the transmission and the reflection spectra

We demonstrate a novel method that enables one to measure the structure of highly reflecting fiber Bragg gratings. The method is based on measuring both the transmission and reflection spectra of the grating and applying an inverse-scattering algorithm. The use of the transmission spectrum significantly reduces the sensitivity of the reconstruction to measurement noise, and therefore it significantly decreases the measurement duration. We experimentally demonstrate our method for reconstructing the structure of an apodized grating with a reflectivity of 99.91%.     

Simulation study of ‘perfect lens’ for near-field nanolithography

The near-field perfect lens (NFPL) in imaging chrome gratings is investigated by using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The surface plasmon focused effect in and beneath the NFPL layer is demonstrated. The effects of the grating parameters and NFPL permittivity on image fidelity are explored. It is found that the excitation of surface plasmons results in frequency-increased images at large duty cycles and small imaginary part of NFPL permittivities. It is also shown that maximum intensity distributions on image plane occur at some specified pitches and duty cycles. The physics mechanisms are presented to explain these phenomena.     

基于自由曲面的裸眼3D显示柱透镜光栅设计

设计了一种用于裸眼3D显示屏的低串扰新型双面柱透镜光栅板,光栅板的入射面为等间距排列的与显示器子像素数量相同的凹形自由曲面光栅结构,出射面为斜置的凸形自由曲面光栅结构.根据裸眼3D显示原理和几何光学原理推导了双面光栅板的光栅单元自由曲面设计公式和光栅参数计算公式.通过MATLAB编程计算和SolidWorks软件建模得到光栅板模型.用TracePro软件对所设计的光栅板模型进行光线追迹仿真,结果表明:参数优化后的6视点斜置柱透镜双面光栅3D显示在最佳视角的图像串扰度为0.068%,与传统6视点斜置柱透镜光栅的最佳视角图像串扰度相比降低了2个数量级,并且在观看距离2 000mm~3 000mm范围内图像串扰度基本不变.     

A novel 3D measuring method for discontinuous object by non-integral twin-frequency grating

A new 3D shape measurement method based on non-integral twin-frequency grating projection is proposed. In this paper, the projected composite grating is composed of two sinusoidal gratings, and the quotient of whose frequencies is not an integer. By using appropriate phase-shifting algorithms, two wrapped phases can be obtained from sixteen frames of the distorted grating patterns. In aid of appropriate phase unwrapping method, the unwrapped phase of high frequency fringe is obtained only from the relation of the two wrapped phases by a pixel-to-pixel phase unwrapping technique. Therefore the unwrapped phase of high frequency fringe pattern is independent of the low frequency fringe pattern, different from traditional integral twin-frequency grating projection methods in which the phase unwrapping error of low frequency fringe pattern may be propagated onto the unwrapped phase of high frequency fringe pattern. The new theory proves that the proposed method is applicable to measure discontinuous object, and has considerable measurement accuracy.