Statistical investigation of some element distributions in healthy and pathologically altered human colon mucosa

In this paper are presented the theoretical approaches and some considerations of the TE-role in biological processes of diseases development in HCM-specific diagnostic series (N, CCH, CU, AT and ACa) and the influence of the pathological alterations on the numerical changes of C_E (contents of elements) and D (distribution coefficient) parameter values in the mentionend serier. The C_E and D parameters for elements, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Sb and Sc are obtained by INAA of HCM and were verified and evaluated by statistical treatments in parts 1 and 2 of this communication. The following can be concluated by statistical treatments in parts 1 and 2 of this communication. The following can be concluded: — the C_E parameters can still not be used as the absoloute measure of the pathological alterations in HCM-DS (insufficient knowledge of TE-role in living matter); — the D parameters could be used as the relative measure of pathological alterations in such DS, and — numerical changes of C_E and D parameters in DS could be explained on the basis of biological/biochemical behaviour of the TE found in HCM-DS and on the possible variations of D parameters (as a function of C_E parameters) for the cases: (1) C_EC_E¨' and (2)C_EC_E¨' presented in this paper.     

Computer treatment of the contents of some elements in the normal and pathologically altered human colon mucosa tissues obtained by INAA

Distributions of some elements (Cr, Fe, Co, Sb, Sc and Zn) in normal and pathologically altered human colon mucosa tissues have been investigated by INAA. The following tissues were analyzed: normal colon mucosa, colitis chronica, colitis ulcerosa, adenoma tubulare and adenocarcinoma (Diagnoses were previously confirmed clinically and histopathologically).The values of contents of elements in these tissues (C_x in nkg/g) are treated by specific computer funcional programs. The following was found: regression functions of these parameters for the altered tissues in comparison to the normal, and specific functional correlations of the C_x/C_y relations for pairs of investigated elements. We have also determined the functions which characterize these relations for the investigated colon mucosa tissues.Paper presented at the Third Meeting of Nuclear Analytical Procedures, Dresden (GDR), April 11–15, 1983.     

Spectral, magnetic and thermal investigations of some d-electron element 3-methoxy-4-methylbenzoates

Conditions for the preparation of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) 3-methoxy-4-methylbenzoates were investigated and their quantitative composition and magnetic moments were determined. The IR spectra and powder diffraction patterns of the complexes prepared of general formula M(C₉H₉O₃)₂·nH₂O (n=2 for Mn, Co n=1 for Ni, Cu, n=0 for Zn, Cd) were prepared and their thermal decomposition in air was studied. Their solubility in water at 293 K is of the order 10^–2 (Mn)–10^–4 (Cu) mol dm^–3. IR spectra of the prepared 3-methoxy-4-methylbenzoates suggest that carboxylate groups are bidentate bridging. The magnetic moments for the paramagnetic complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) attain values 5.50, 4.45, 3.16 and 1.79 B. M., respectively. During heating the hydrated complexes lose crystallization water molecules in one step and then the anhydrous complexes decompose directly to oxides MO and Mn3O4. Only Co(II) complex decomposes to Co₃O₄ with intermediate formation CoO.     

Statistical theory of parcticle size distributions in emulsions and suspensions

Summary The particle size distributions in emulsions and suspensions are mostly empirical. Here a rigorous statistical theory of the problem is given, leading to the logarithmic-normal distribution for the sizes of the particle. On the simple physical basis that the disruption of the interface and the evolution of the particle sizes during emulsification are random turbulent processes, the log-normal law is derived by considering the process as aMarkoff chain. An alternate simpler derivation is also presented. The nature of the simplifying assumption involved in the theory is clearly brought out. Some properties of the log-normal curve are given. The statistical analysis in fitting the log-normal distribution to the experimental data with special reference to the distortion of the fractile diagram and the advantages of a theoretical distribution over an empirical one are discussed in detail with suitable examples.

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Zusammenfassung Die Teilchenverteilungen von Emulsionen und Dispersionen sind meist empirisch. Hier wird eine strenge statistische Theorie des Problems gegeben, die zu der logarithmischen Normalverteilung der Teilchengr?\en führt. Auf der einfachen physikalischen Grundlage, da\ Zerbrechen der Oberfl?chen und die Entstehung der Teilchengr?\en w?hrend Emulgierung einem zuf?lligen turbulenten Proze\ zuzuschreiben sind, wird die log-Normalverteilung durch Analyse dieses Prozesses als eineMarkoffsche Kette abgeleitet. Eine einfache alternative Ableitung wird au\erdem gebracht. Die Natur der in die Theorie eingehenden Grundannahmen wird erkl?rt. Einige Eigenschaften der log-Normal-Kurve werden diskutiert. Die statistische Analyse zur Darstellung von Beobachtungsdaten mit Hilfe der log-Normalverteilung, speziell in Bezug auf die Ver?nderung der Kurven für H?ufigkeitsverteilungen sowie die Vorteile einer theoretischen Verteilung gegenüber einer empirischen Kurve, werden an geeigneten Beispielen in allen Einzelheiten dargelegt.

     

Statistical investigations of interferences in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

Summary Interferences in the flameless determination of lead using the HGA 72 were studied for HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, HClO₄, HF and for a number of cations. In certain instances interferents in just 1000-fold concentration over lead are shown to cause deviations in the lead signal. Many of the interferences are matrix-dependent themselves and can be reduced by matrix variations. Optimization of the thermal pretreatment can be used effectively to reduce random error and/or systematic errors. The thermal stability of lead compounds in the graphite furnace was sufficient for charring procedures up to 900° C for 20 s.

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Statistische Untersuchungen über Störungen bei der flammenlosen Atomabsorptionsspektralphotometrie

Zusammenfassung Interferenzen, die bei der flammenlosen Bestimmung von Blei in der HGA 72 auftreten, wurden bei HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, HClO₄, HF und einigen Kationen studiert. In gewissen Fällen reicht ein nur 1000 facher Überschuß des Störions, um Abweichungen vom Signal des Bleistandards hervorzurufen. Da das Auftreten von Interferenzen auch oft matrixabhängig ist, können Matrixvariationen zur Unterdrückung von Interferenzen eingesetzt werden. Die Optimierung des Temperaturprogrammes wird erfolgreich zur Beeinflussung des Zufallsfehlers und/ oder systematischer Fehler herangezogen. In der Graphitrohrküvette reichte die Stabilität der Bleiverbindung aus, um beim Veraschungsschritt die Temperatur bis auf 900° C (20 s) zu steigern.

Part I: Z. Anal. Chem. [13].Part II: Z. Anal. Chem. [14].     

Statistical investigations of interferences in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

Summary In the first part different methods for studying interferences of the time dependent signal in flameless AAS are presented with emphasis on factorial designs in experimentation as opposed to the one-factor-at-a-time approach.An example of the statistical computations necessary for interpretation of a multifactor experiment is worked out and discussed in detail with special consideration of the explanation of first-order interactions.The influence of instrumentation upon determinations in the graphite furnace is dealt with in the second part: The temperature in the graphite furnace was measured with a pyrometer, a thermocouple and a Hg-thermometer. The results obtained with the pyrometer were in good agreement with the values given by the manufacturer. The stability of the AAS system was checked and found to be sufficient for the investigation of interferences.

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Statistische Untersuchungen über Störungen bei der flammenlosen AtomabsorptionsspektralphotometrieI. Methoden und Apparaturen

Zusammenfassung Im ersten Abschnitt werden die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung von Störungen des zeitabhängigen Signals bei der flammenlosen AAS aufgezeigt, wobei besondere Bedeutung den faktoriellen Versuchsplänen im Gegensatz zu einparametrigen Untersuchungen beigemessen wird.Ein Beispiel der statistischen Auswertung zur Interpretation eines Experiments mit mehreren Faktoren wird gebracht, und dabei besonderes Gewicht auf die Erklärung von Wechselwirkungen zwischen zwei Faktoren gelegt.Im zweiten Abschnitt werden die apparativen Einflüsse auf Messungen in der Graphitrohrküvette behandelt. Dazu wurde die Temperatur im Graphitrohr mit einem Pyrometer, einem Thermoelement und einem Quecksilberthermometer gemessen. Die Temperaturen, die mit der pyrometrischen Methode gefunden wurden, stimmen gut mit den vom Hersteller angegebenen Werten überein. Die Stabilität des AAS-Gerätes wurde überprüft: sie reicht für die Durchführung von Interferenzstudien aus.

     

Statistical investigations of interferences in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

Summary Interferences in the flameless determination of cadmium using the HGA 72 were studied for HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HClO₄ and HF and found to be depending on different thermal pretreatment. The interferences of cations were much smaller than for anions. The results are discussed with respect to thermal stability as well as atomization rate of the compositions under investigation. Special emphasis is put upon the presence of interactions between interferents, which in some cases can be used to eliminate interferences.

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Statistische Untersuchungen über Störungen bei der flammenlosen AtomabsorptionsspektralphotometrieII. Cadmium

Zusammenfassung Interferenzen, die bei der flammenlosen Bestimmung von Cadmium in der HGA 72 auftreten, wurden bei HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, HClO₄ und HF studiert; die AbhÄngigkeit ihres Auftretens von der thermischen Vorbehandlung wird gezeigt. Interferenzen von Kationen sind kleiner. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die thermische StabilitÄt und die Atomisierungsgeschwindigkeit der Proben diskutiert. Besonders betont wird die Gegenwart von Wechselwirkungen zwischen Störungen, die manchmal auch benützt werden können, um Interferenzen auszuschalten.

Part I: Z. Anal. Chem. [10]     

A study of trace element concentrations in human hair of some local population in Malaysia

The content of the trace elements As, Br, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Sb and Zn has been evaluated in hair samples from selected population groups within Malaysia. Each population group was formed of individuals selected to be representative of the adult population living in a well-defined community. The groups were chosen from distinct regions with different socio-economical living habits in order to detect variability of the trace element burden among Malaysian. All the measurements were performed by means of instrumental neutron activation analysis after the hair samples were carefully washed according to standard procedures. The results for all elements investigated do not differ significantly from reported values for other regions of the world. The levels of As, Hg, and Sb are significantly different for the various groups and is strongly linked to local environmental factors.     

Light-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of adenomas, adenocarcinomas and non-neoplastic mucosa in human colon. I. In vitro measurements.

In an attempt to evaluate whether induced fluorescence could be exploited to discriminate neoplastic from non-neoplastic tissue, fluorescence spectroscopy was performed at 450-800 nm on 83 biopsy specimens of colonic mucosa. Measurements showed that fluorescence spectra of adenoma, adenocarcinoma and non-neoplastic mucosa manifest dissimilar patterns. Nine variables, whose photophysical and/or biological bases need further investigation, were derived from the spectra. Discriminant functions between the groups of lesions were determined by using a stepwise discriminant analysis. The diagnostic test had a sensitivity of 80.6% and 88.2%, and a specificity of 90.5% and 95.2% in discriminating neoplastic from non-neoplastic mucosa and adenoma from non-neoplastic mucosa respectively. These results suggest that fluorescence spectroscopy has the potential to improve endoscopic diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesions of colonic mucosa.     

A study of relationship of element contents in human hair with some respiratory system diseases

19 elements, such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Se, Cu, Zn, etc., in hair of 65 patients with chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema and cor-pulmonale diseases and 65 healthy people have been investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results show that the contents of Ca and Mg are lower and Fe, As and Co are higher in the hair of patients than in healthy persons. The contents of Ca and Mg are lower and Fe is higher in the hair of patients during attack periods of chronic bronchitis than in relaxed periods. The differences are significant (P<0.05–0.01). The content of Ca is closely related to that of Mg in hair (P<0.01). The contents of inorganic elements in the Chinese medicine cough and asthma capsule used to treat chronic bronchitis have been determined. The results show that the contents of elements Ca, Mg, Sr, etc., are higher in this medicine than the average amounts of these elements in 120 other Chinese medicines.     

Protein abundance alterations in matched sets of macroscopically normal colon mucosa and colorectal carcinoma

Our current results, aimed at the detection of protein abundance alterations that could be associated with the process of colon tumorigenesis, are summarized. The matched sets of macroscopically normal colon mucosa and colorectal carcinoma were examined by a one- or two-dimensional electrophoretic approach and proteins were identified using immunoblotting or mass spectrometry. The following results were observed: The levels of liver fatty acid-binding protein, actin-binding protein/smooth muscle protein 22-alpha and cyclooxygenase 2 were downregulated in colorectal carcinoma compared to normal colon mucosa. Conversely, the expression of a novel variant of heat shock protein70 and several members of the S100 protein family of calcium-binding proteins (two isoforms of S100A9, S100A8, S100A11 and S100A6) were upregulated in transformed colon mucosa. Despite the variations of the levels of expression of given protein among analyzed samples, all quantitative changes were found to be statistically significant (Mann-Whitney test assuming p < or = 0.05). We conclude that the proteomic approach is useful for the study of complex biological events underlying the process of colorectal tumorigenesis.     

Thermoanalytical investigations of some industrial wastes produced in steel works

The experiments involves three types of industrial wastes produced by iron works, which create serious hazards to the natural environment: (1) paint-shop sludge, (2) oil-polluted diatomite, and (3) oil-polluted scale. The choice of an appropriate and safe storage method should be based on extensive physicochemical examination.DTA, in combination with other data, allows characterization of the combustible properties of wastes. Thermoanalytical measurements were carried out in a dynamic air atmosphere. Enthalpy values were calculated from peak areas of DTA curves. Thermoanalytical data were compared with calorimetric results obtained with an oxygen bomb.

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Zusammenfassung Drei Arten industrieller Abtälle eines Stahlwerks, die schwere Umweltbelastungen darstellen, wurden untersucht: (1) Lackiererei-Schlamm, (2) ölhaltiger Diatomit, (3) ölhaltiger Kesselstein. Geeignete sichere Deponien setzen ausführliche physikalisch-chemische Untersuchungen voraus. DTA in Kombination mit anderen Untersuchungen erlaubt die Charakterisierung der Verbrennungseigenschaften der Abfälle. Die thermoanalytischen Untersuchungen erfolgten im Luftstrom, die Verbrennungswärmen wurden aus den DTA-peak-Flächen berechnet. Die Ergebnisse werden mit denen kalorimetrischer Messungen in einer Sauerstoffbombe verglichen.

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NMR and theoretical conformational investigations of some 3-substituted propionitriles

The gauche/trans rotational isomerism of the compounds PhXCH₂CH₂CN (X = O, NH, S) is investigated by means of ¹ H NMR, IR, semiempirical MO and molecular mechanics methods. It is shown that in nonpolar solvents the compounds with X = O and X = S possess similar conformational behaviour (favoured trans conformation) whereas that with X = NH appears in the gauche favoured form. This difference is explained by the presence of a NH ... CN hydrogen bond. The ¹³C chemical shift/carbon atomic charge relationship is also investigated.     

Theoretical study of sequence distributions in polydienes. I. Statistical treatment

In this paper, the sequence distribution of polydienes is studied systematically by means of statistics. The discriminants for Bernoullian and various Markovian processes are obtained. In addition, the condition of statistical stationarity and a series of relationships among frequencies of occurrence of sequences with different lengths are given. When the polydiene consisting of only two structural units is taken into account, the statistical treatment of this paper degenerates into that for vinyl polymers.     

Experimental and theoretical investigations of angular distributions of fragments from dissociations of polyatomic ions

The possibility of correcting relative intensities of fragment ions obtained by angle-resolved mass spectrometry, for the effects of translational energy release, was investigated. The computational procedure is essentially an extension of that described by Todd et al. [10] to take account of a distribution function for translational energy release. The theoretical model permits derivation of a condition under which the deconvolution should be least ambiguous. In practice, the limiting features of the procedure appear to be lack of knowledge of the translational energy release distributions, and the very poor inter-laboratory reproducibility of the experimental data. Some experimental data are reported here for the case of the molecular ions of n-butylbenzene, obtained under conditions of high angular resolution (±0.02°). Floating the collision cell electrically, to separate unimolecular and collision-induced reactions, is shown to have a marked effect upon both relative intensities and values of translational energy release. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the present experimental data and theoretical predictions.     

Pyroelectric investigations of polarization and charge distributions in sandwich cells containing a ferroelectric liquid crystalline polymer

With the laser intensity modulation method (LIMM), polarization and charge profiles in sandwich cells containing the ferroelectric liquid crystal side group polymer LCP1 have been investigated. In a sample with a thickness larger than the helical pitch, contributions to the polarization profile due to surface anchoring were found. Additional contributions inside the cell occurred. The validity of the results, concerning numerical deviations in the deconvolution process of the pyrospectra, has been tested by simulations. The influence of space charges for measurements with a static external electrical field is discussed, giving contributions to the profile in addition to those arising from polarization.     

Thermochemical investigations of some electrolytes in water-acetamide mixtures at 298.15 K

The enthalpies of solution of NaCl, KCl, KBr, KNO₃ and CsI have been measured in mixtures of acetamide with water at 298.15 K in the miscibility range. The standard enthalpies of solutions (ΔH⁰) of the investigated electrolytes have been evaluated The corresponding enthalpies of solvation (ΔH_s⁰) and enthalples of transfer (ΔH_t⁰) from water to water-acetamide mixtures have been calculated The dependence of the standard enthalpies of solution and enthalpies of transfer of the investigated electrolytes on the solvent composition is discussed     

Selected systematic properties and some recent investigations of actinide metals and alloys

The actinide elements form a unique and scientifically interesting series. They display a wide range of physical properties from those characteristic of d-electron transition metals to those of the 4f electron, lanthanide metals. This article provides a brief summary of some important properties of the actinide elements and discusses how the changing role of the 5f electrons influences these properties. Recent results from studies on the actinides and extrapolated values of others have been incorporated into the presented systematics. Finally, some recommendations for future studies of the actinides are presented.     

Chemometric investigations on the differentiated evaluation of element trace analysis in river waters

The combination of sequential leaching methods for a first assessment of the kind of species in river sediments with multivariate-statistical methods (like factor analysis) for identifying anthropogenic and/or geogenic loading is useful for the differentiated characterization of the pollution state of a river. Electrochemical investigations, planned on the basis of statistical design and following empirical modelling, enables quantitative conclusions on the binding forms of heavy metals in river waters. Deposition-remobilisation effects of heavy metals in the complex system river water-river sediment can be described by PLS modelling.     

EPR and IR spectral investigations on some leafy vegetables of Indian origin

EPR spectral investigations have been carried out on four edible leafy vegetables of India, which are used as dietary component in day to day life. In Rumex vesicarius leaf sample, EPR spectral investigations at different temperatures indicate the presence of anti-ferromagnetically coupled Mn(IV)–Mn(IV) complexes. EPR spectra of Trigonella foenum graecum show the presence of Mn ions in multivalent state and Fe³⁺ ions in rhombic symmetry. EPR spectra of Basella rubra indicate the presence of Mn(IV)–O–Mn(IV) type complexes. The EPR spectra of Basella rubra have been studied at different temperatures. It is found that the spin population for the resonance signal at g = 2.06 obeys the Boltzmann distribution law. The EPR spectra of Moringa oliefera leaves show the presence of Mn²⁺ ions. Radiation induced changes in free radical of this sample have also been studied. The FT-IR spectra of Basella rubra and Moringa oliefera leaves show the evidences for the protein matrix bands and those corresponding to carboxylic CO bonds.