\bar K K and\bar p p off-shell annihilations fromK − +p → Λ + pions at 4.2 GeV/c

We have investigated the properties of off-shell \(\bar K\) K and \(\bar p\) p annihilations into pions by using the interactionsK ^? p → Λ + pions at 4.2 GeV/c. The properties considered are multiplicities, hadronic temperatures and angular distributions. These properties appear more akin to those of \(\bar p\) p annihilations in flight than to that of \(\bar p\) p annihilation at rest despite the fact that the annihilation energy is small.     

Matter radii and wave function admixtures in 2n halo nuclei

We analyze longitudinal pion spectra from $\ensuremath \sqrt{s_{NN}}=2$ GeV to $\ensuremath \sqrt{s_{NN}}=20$ GeV within Landau??s hydrodynamical model and the UrQMD hybrid approach. From the measured data on the widths of the pion rapidity spectra, we extract the sound velocity c _s ² in the dense stage of the reactions. It is found that the sound velocity has a local minimum (indicating the softest point in the equation of state, EoS) at $\ensuremath \sqrt{s_{NN}}=4\mbox{--}9$ GeV, an energy range accessible at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) as well as the RHIC-Beam Energy Scan (RHIC-BES). This softening of the EoS is compatible with the formation of a QGP at the onset of deconfinement. The extracted sound velocities are then used to calculate an excitation function for the mean transverse mass of pions from the hybrid model. We find that, above $\ensuremath \sqrt{s_{NN}} \approx 10$ GeV, even the lowest c _s ² gives a considerably larger $\ensuremath \langle m_T\rangle$ of pions compared to data.     

Multi-quark structure ofU(3.1)

We interpret the recently observedU(3.1) mesons with the \(\Lambda \bar p\) + pions decays as the bound state of \(\Lambda ,\bar p\) andX ₀(1480). TheX ₀(1480) is a mesonium with \(Q^2 \bar Q^2 \) structures observed in γγ reactions and \(\bar pn\) annihilations. With this interpretation, we can understand its decay modes. Furthermore, we predict the ratio of \(\sigma (\Lambda \bar p\pi ^ + \pi ^ - )/\sigma (\Lambda \bar p\pi ^ + \pi ^ + )\) to be ?3.1 for centrally produced events and that the width of \(U^ - (\Lambda \bar p\pi ^ + \pi ^ - )\) to be greater than that of \(U^ + (\Lambda \bar p\pi ^ + \pi ^ + )\) . Both predictions seem to be in reasonable accord with the available data. We call for the detection of the \(\Lambda \bar p\pi ^ - \pi ^ - \) mode to verify the present interpretation.     

Soft-pion emission in\bar pp annihilations

Current algebra and partially conserved axial-vector current (PCAC) hypothesis are applied to study the proton-antiproton annihilation process \(\bar pp \to K^ + K^ - 4\pi ^0 \) , treating all the emitted pions as soft. While the σ-terms are ignored, the double commutators giving rise to the divergence of axial-vector currents and representing π?π effects are retained. We express the rate for the process in a fully differential form in terms of the chosen variables and normalize it to the differential rate for the corresponding process without the soft pions. Branching ratios obtained after numerical integration of the expressions are given for various centre-of-mass energies and compared with the available experimental data.     

N\bar N annihilation at rest into πππ andK\bar K\pi in the3 P 0 model and selection rules on the πρ,K\bar K* and\bar KK* production

\(N\bar N\) annihilation into three pseudoscalar mesons especially πππ and \(K\bar K\pi \) are studied in the quark pair creation model or the³ P ₀ model in which two \(q\bar q\) pairs are annihilated and two \(q\bar q\) pairs are created with quantum numbers of the vacuum or³ P ₀. The correlations of two pions to form ?,f ₂ and the resonance AX(1565) which is recently found by the ASTERIX group are taken into account. A proper treatment of the symmetry among the three pions in the final state shows that the \({}^{31}S_0 p\bar p\) annihilation into ?π is suppressed in agreement with the experiment. We calculate the cosθ distribution or the distribution of the Dalitz plot as the function of the angle between the direction of emission of one decay pion in the resonance centre of mass and the line of flight of the resonance. The interferences of π⁺ρ⁺, π^?ρ⁺ and π⁰ρ⁰ in the isospin 0 channels and π^±ρ^? and π⁰ f ₂ in the isospin 1 channel reproduce the peaks. The cos θ distribution for the P-wave \(p\bar p\) annihilation into πAX depends strongly on the size of the pion since the amplitude interfers with the π^±ρ^? amplitude which is sensitive to the size of the pion. The same model qualitatively explains the \(p\bar p\) annihilation into \(K\bar K\pi \) in whichK or \(\bar K\) and π are correlated to formK* \(\bar K\) or \(\bar K\) *K final states. We can qualitatively reproduce different patterns of the cos θ distribution for theK ^*+ andK ^*0.     

Reaction pp \rightarrow pp \pi \pi \pi as a background for hadronic decays of the \eta^{{\prime}}_{} meson

Isospin violating hadronic decays of the $ \eta$ and $ \eta{^\prime}$ mesons into 3 $ \pi$ mesons are driven by a term in the QCD Lagrangian proportional to the mass difference of the d and u quarks. The source giving large yield of the mesons for such decay studies are pp interactions close to the respective kinematical thresholds. The most important physics background for $ \eta$ , $ \eta{^\prime}$ $ \rightarrow$ $ \pi$ $ \pi$ $ \pi$ is coming from direct three-pion production reactions. In case of the $ \eta$ meson the background for the decays is relatively low ( $ \approx$ 10% . The purpose of this article is to provide an estimate of the direct pion production background for the $ \eta{^\prime}$ $ \rightarrow$ 3 $ \pi$ decays. Using the inclusive data from the COSY-11 experiment we have extracted the differential cross-section for the pp $ \rightarrow$ pp -multipion production reactions with the invariant mass of the pions equal to the $ \eta{^\prime}$ meson mass and estimated an upper limit for the signal to background ratio for studies of the $ \eta{^\prime}$ $ \rightarrow$ $ \pi^{+}_{}$ $ \pi^{-}_{}$ $ \pi^{0}_{}$ decay.     

Hadronization in the Nuclear Media

The influence of the nuclear environment on the production of charged pions, kaons and (anti)protons in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering has been studied by the HERMES experiment at DESY using a 27.6?GeV positron beam. Identified hadron multiplicities have been measured for helium, neon, krypton and xenon relative to that of deuterium as a function of ??, z and ${p_{t}^{2}}$ . Dependences have been extracted in a one and two-dimensional representation, i.e. in the form of detailed binning over one variable and integrating over all other variable or three slices over the other variable. The most prominent feauteres compared to a one-dimensional analysis are changes of the ??-, ${p_{t}^{2}}$ two-dimensional dependences of ratios, in particular in case of protons. In general pions and negative kaons show similar dependences, however, positive kaons, protons and antiprotons behave quite differently.     

Neutral pion photoproduction on tensor-polarized deuterium on the VEPP-3 storage ring

An experiment to measure component T ₂₀ of the tensor analyzing power for the coherent photo-production of neutral pions on polarized deuterons is described. The measurements cover the photon energies in the ranges E _γ = 200–500 MeV and E _γ = 300–600 MeV, and the emission angles of neutral pions in the ranges = \(\theta _{\pi ^0 }^{c.m.} \) = 100°–140° and = \(\theta _{\pi ^0 }^{c.m.} \) = 60°–65°, respectively. The experiment uses a hyperfine internal gas polarized target. Detectors of neutral pions and deuterons register these particles in coincidence. The target’s degree of polarization and luminosity is measured by detecting elastic electron-deuteron scattering at low momentum transfer. A selection of the preliminary results is presented.     

Fragmentation in neutrino and antineutrino charged current interactions on proton and neutron

Some experimental properties of the charged hadronic fragments are compared for νp, νn, \(\bar vp\) and \(\bar vn\) interactions: multiplicities of forward and backward going particles,x _F distributions for pions, fragmentation functions and theirQ ² andW ² dependence. The results are compared with the predictions of the Lund fragmentation model.     

Cold, ultracold and Nariai black holes with quintessence

In this paper, we study the properties of the charged black hole surrounded by the quintessence. The solution space for the horizons for various values of the mass $M$ M , charge $Q$ Q , and the quintessence parameter $\alpha $ α are studied in detail. Special focus in given to the degenerate horizons: we obtain cold, ultracold and Nariai black holes which has similar topologies as for the Reissner–Nordstrom-de Sitter black holes. We also study the lukewarm black hole with the quintessence in this paper.     

Influence of assortativity and degree-preserving rewiring on the spectra of networks

Newman’s measure for (dis)assortativity, the linear degree correlation coefficient $\rho _{D}$ , is reformulated in terms of the total number N _k of walks in the graph with k hops. This reformulation allows us to derive a new formula from which a degree-preserving rewiring algorithm is deduced, that, in each rewiring step, either increases or decreases $\rho _{D}$ conform our desired objective. Spectral metrics (eigenvalues of graph-related matrices), especially, the largest eigenvalue $\lambda _{1}$ of the adjacency matrix and the algebraic connectivity $\mu _{N-1}$ (second-smallest eigenvalue of the Laplacian) are powerful characterizers of dynamic processes on networks such as virus spreading and synchronization processes. We present various lower bounds for the largest eigenvalue $\lambda _{1}$ of the adjacency matrix and we show, apart from some classes of graphs such as regular graphs or bipartite graphs, that the lower bounds for $\lambda _{1}$ increase with $\rho _{D}$ . A new upper bound for the algebraic connectivity $\mu _{N-1}$ decreases with $\rho _{D}$ . Applying the degree-preserving rewiring algorithm to various real-world networks illustrates that (a) assortative degree-preserving rewiring increases $\lambda _{1}$ , but decreases $\mu _{N-1}$ , even leading to disconnectivity of the networks in many disjoint clusters and that (b) disassortative degree-preserving rewiring decreases $\lambda _{1}$ , but increases the algebraic connectivity, at least in the initial rewirings.     

A review of spin Hamiltonian forms for various point-group site symmetries

A review has been made of the spin Hamiltonian forms for all the 32 point groups, including linear magnetic field-dependent terms in spin operators $\hat O_1^m $ , $\hat O_3^m $ , $\hat O_5^m $ , $\hat O_1^m $ , $\hat O_3^m $ , and $\hat O_5^m $ . All spin operators, as well as their matrix elements, to be used in constructing spin Hamiltonian matrices, have been listed. The various point group aggregates for distinct spin-Hamiltonian forms have been classified. In addition, descent of symmetry point groups, useful for studying structural phase transitions, have been indicated.     

Influence of temperature on the electric,dielectric and AC conductivity properties of nano-crystalline zinc substituted cobalt ferrite synthesized by solution combustion technique

Cobalt–zinc nanoferrites with formulae Co $_{1-x}$ Zn $_{x}$ Fe $_{2}$ O $_{4}$ , where x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, have been synthesized by solution combustion technique. The variation of DC resistivity with temperature shows the semiconducting behavior of all nanoferrites. The dielectric properties such as dielectric constant ( $\varepsilon $ ’) and dielectric loss tangent (tan $\delta )$ are investigated as a function of temperature and frequency. Dielectric constant and loss tangent are found to be increasing with an increase in temperature while with an increase in frequency both, $\varepsilon $ ’ and tan $\delta $ , are found to be decreasing. The dielectric properties have been explained on the basis of space charge polarization according to Maxwell–Wagner’s two-layer model and the hopping of charge between Fe $^{2+}$ and Fe $^{3+}$ . Further, a very high value of dielectric constant and a low value of tan $\delta $ are the prime achievements of the present work. The AC electrical conductivity ( $\sigma _\mathrm{AC})$ is studied as a function of temperature as well as frequency and $\sigma _\mathrm{AC}$ is observed to be increasing with the increase in temperature and frequency.     

Beam spin asymmetries of charged and neutral pion production in semi-inclusive DIS

We present a study on the beam single spin asymmetries $A_{LU}^{\sin\phi_{h}}$ of π ⁺, π ^? and π ⁰ production in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering process, by considering Collins effect and the g ^⊥ D ₁ term simultaneously. We calculate the twist-3 distributions $e(x, \boldsymbol{k}_{T}^{2})$ and $g^{\perp}(x, \boldsymbol{k}_{T}^{2})$ for the valence quarks inside the proton in a spectator model. We consider two different options for the form of diquark propagator, as well as two different choices for the model parameters in the calculation. Using the model results, we estimate the beam spin asymmetries $A_{LU}^{\sin\phi_{h}}$ for the charged and neutral pions and compare the results with the measurement from the HERMES Collaboration. We also make predictions on the asymmetries at CLAS with a 5.5 GeV beam using the same model results. It is found that different choices for the diquark propagator will not only lead to different expressions for the distribution functions, but also result in different sizes of the asymmetries. Our study also shows that, although the spectator model calculation can describe the asymmetries for certain pion production in some kinematic regions, it seems difficult to explain the asymmetries of pion production for all three pions in a consistent way from the current versions.     

Semileptonic decays of Pseudoscalar mesons in the instant form of relativistic Hamiltonian dynamics

A formalism for describing semileptonic decays of pseudoscalar mesons is developed on the basis of the instant form of relativistic Hamiltonian dynamics. By way of example, this formalism is applied to the decay process $K^ - \to \pi ^0 + \mu ^ - + \bar \nu _\mu $ . Relevant calculations are performed with wave functions that correspond to various models of constituent-quark interactions in mesons. Free parameters that appear in these models are determined from a fit to the root-mean-square radii of the kaons and pions. The results of the calculations agree well with experimental data.     

Inclusive γ and π0 production in\bar PP interactions at 32 GeV/c

The inclusive π⁰ and γ production is studied in a \(\bar PP\) experiment at 32.1 GeV/c performed in the Mirabelle bubble chamber with a sensitivity of ～2.7 events/μb. Total and topological π⁰ cross sections are presented. The π⁰ and γ longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions are obtained and compared with \(\bar PP\) data at 22.4 GeV/c andK ^± P data at 32.1 GeV/c. The inclusive π⁰ distributions are also compared to those obtained for charged pions in the same experiment.     

Thermal emission of pions in antiproton-proton annihilation at 12 GeV/c

Using data of \(\bar pp\) annihilation at 12 GeV/c we have found that centrally-emitted pions follow a thermal energy spectrum with an inclusive temperature of 111±2 MeV, the same as has been found for pions produced in πp collisions at 16 GeV/c. An analysis of individual high-multiplicity events to search for fluctuations in the temperature parameter on an event-byevent basis has been made, using two different methods. We obtained the value 0.18±0.02 for the relative dispersion of the temperature fluctuations.     

Theoretical study of lepton events in the atmospheric neutrino experiments at SuperK

Super-Kamiokande has reported the results for the lepton events in the atmospheric neutrino experiment. These results have been presented for a 22.5kT water fiducial mass on an exposure of 1489 days, and the events are divided into sub-GeV, multi-GeV and PC events. We present a study of nuclear medium effects in the sub-GeV energy region of atmospheric neutrino events for the quasielastic scattering, incoherent and coherent pion production processes, as they give the most dominant contribution to the lepton events in this energy region. We have used the atmospheric neutrino flux given by Honda et al. These calculations have been done in the local density approximation. We take into account the effects of Pauli blocking, Fermi motion, Coulomb effect, renormalization of weak transition strengths in the nuclear medium in the case of the quasielastic reactions. The inelastic reactions leading to production of leptons along with pions is calculated in a $ \Delta$ -dominance model by taking into account the renormalization of $ \Delta$ properties in the nuclear medium and the final-state interaction effects of the outgoing pions with the residual nucleus. We present the results for the lepton events obtained in our model with and without nuclear medium effects, and compare them with the Monte Carlo predictions used in the simulation and the experimentally observed events reported by the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration.     

Study of Alpha Decay Chains of Superheavy Nuclei and Magic Number Beyond Z = 82 and N = 126

We study various $\alpha $ -decay chains on the basis of the preformed cluster decay model. Our work targets the superheavy elements, which are expected to show extra stability at shell closure. Our computations identify the following combinations of proton and neutron numbers as the most stable nuclei: $Z=112$ , $N=161, 163$ ; $Z=114$ , $N=171, 178, 179$ ; and $Z=124$ , $N=194$ . We also investigate the alternative of heavy cluster emissions in the decay chain of ³⁰¹120, instead of $\alpha $ decay. Our study of cluster radioactivity shows that the half-life for ¹⁰Be decay in ²⁸⁹114 is larger, indicating enhanced stability at $Z=114$ , $N=175$ . Similar calculations concerning the emission of $\ ^{14}{\rm C}$ and $\ ^{34}{\rm Si}$ from ³⁰¹120 find the more stable combinations $Z=114$ , $N=173$ , and $Z=106$ , $N=161$ , respectively. From the same parent, ³⁰¹120, the emission of a $\ ^{49-51}{\rm Ca}$ cluster yielding a $Z=100$ , $N=152$ daughter is the most probable.