相衬显微镜的简易实验方法

相衬显微镜的简易实验方法白晓林（山西医学院物理教研室０３０００１）刘珍（山西职工医学院０３００１２）相衬显微镜相板设计、安装难以实现，且位相概念抽象，学生较难理解．本文提出一种简易方法演示相衬显微镜以解决教学难点．一、理论分析设光通过物体后复振幅分布...     

泽尔尼克与相衬显微镜

相衬法是通过空间滤波器将物体的位相信息转换为相应的振幅信息，用改变频谱的位相来改善透明物体成像的反衬度，从而提高透明物体的可分辨性，泽尔尼克首先提出相衬法并发明了相衬显微镜．相衬显微镜现已在生物学、医学、晶体学、高分子材料结构性能的研究和矿物晶体微形貌学进行晶体表面生长的动态观察中获得了相当好的效果．     

X射线相衬成像

本文介绍了近年来X射线位相衬度成像技术的发展状况，详细论述了X射线干涉相衬、衍射增强相衬，类同轴相衬和数字位相重构等几种典型的成像原理，讨论了影响成像衬度与分辨率的若干因素，并对位相成像的发展趋势作了展望。     

X射线相衬成像

本文介绍了近年来X射线位相衬度成像技术的发展状况,详细论述了X射线干涉相衬、衍射增强相衬,类同轴相衬和数字位相重构等几种典型的成像原理,讨论了影响成像衬度与分辨率的若干因素,并对位相成像的发展趋势作了展望。     

基于深度学习的虚拟相衬成像方法

对于传统的显微镜来说,其相衬成像模式需要通过配备专用光阑、聚光镜或者在物镜上添加嵌件来实现,这就增加了相衬显微成像的难度和成本.鉴于此,本文提出了一种基于深度学习算法的虚拟相衬成像方法,只需要采用一台普通的光学明场显微镜获取细胞明场图像,然后使用深度学习方法,就可以将明场图像转换成相衬图像.将虚拟相衬图像与显微镜获取的标准相衬图像进行对比,对比结果证明了这种虚拟相衬成像方法的有效性,为低成本相衬显微成像提供了范例.     

普通显微镜改装成相衬显微镜的一种新方法

本文提出了一种新的相衬显微镜的光路系统,这种系统非常适用于将普通显微镜改装成相衬显微镜。首先,叙述了相衬法的基本原理;接着提出了一种将相衬板置于物镜前方的相衬显微镜系统,并运用傅里叶光学证明了在非柯勒照明条件下在物镜前方确实存在物体的频谱面。这种相衬显微镜系统对于将普通显微镜改装成相衬显微镜来说,不仅简单实用,而且杂散光小,有利于提高灵敏度。     

谈谈相衬法

本文结合一些新的实验结果，从空间频谱滤波的角度，将实现相位物体的可见和振幅型物体的对比度反转、边缘增强等各种结果统一起来进行分析．可以作为泽尼克相衬法的一个补充和发展．     

泽尼克是如何发明相衬显微镜的

介绍了泽尼克的生平和他对物理学发展的主要贡献,着重介绍了他是如何发明相衬原理和相衬显微镜的,以及这一发明对我们的启示－创新将面临重重困难,为了增强学生的创新能力,必须注意理论与实验结合能力的培养。     

Development of neutron spin phase contrast imaging

We present an imaging technique utilizing a neutron spin interferometer. Neutron spin phase contrast is achieved in spatial resolved measurements of the phase difference between two superposed neutron spin states introduced by passing through a magnetic sample. Since the phase difference of spin states parallel and anti-parallel to the magnetic field is proportional to the magnetic field integral, it is possible to record images of the internal magnetic field distribution of the sample. Taking advantage of high transmission probabilities, neutron spin phase contrast provides non-destructive images of internal magnetic structures.     

数字相衬法成像

本文给出了数字相衬法成像的技术,并对激光扫描声显微镜的数据进行了处理,结果表明数字相衬法的像比普通方法的像更好.和相位板相比,数字方法简单易行,用途广泛.     

X射线相位衬度成像

文章使用形象、生动、通俗、易懂的语言,介绍X射线相位衬度成像的基本概念,物理思想和方法,其中包括X射线的基本性质、光的波粒二象性、同步辐射X射线光源和常规非相干X射线光源的相位相干性,以及X射线相位衬度成像方法、三维成像的基本原理和相位衬度成像的最新进展,将抽象的相位、相位一阶导数和相位二阶导数概念与形象的光波阵面平移、倾斜和弯曲等形变联系在一起,着重介绍相位衬度成像发展中的创新思想,力图使读者能分享人类文明在这个学科发展中积累的精神财富.     

X射线相位衬度成像

文章使用形象、生动、通俗、易懂的语言,介绍X射线相位衬度成像的基本概念,物理思想和方法,其中包括X射线的基本性质、光的波粒二象性、同步辐射X射线光源和常规非相干X射线光源的相位相干性,以及X射线相位衬度成像方法、三维成像的基本原理和相位衬度成像的最新进展,将抽象的相位、相位一阶导数和相位二阶导数概念与形象的光波阵面平移、倾斜和弯曲等形变联系在一起,着重介绍相位衬度成像发展中的创新思想,力图使读者能分享人类文明在这个学科发展中积累的精神财富.     

X射线光栅相位成像的理论和方法

通过对X射线光栅相位衬度成像实验装置的理论分析,提出了光栅位移曲线的表达式,推导出了X射线光栅相位衬度成像方程.根据该成像方程,提出了基于光栅成像相位提取方法.这些理论结果将简化光栅相位衬度成像实验步骤,提高信息获取效率,并为X射线光栅相位衬度成像和计算机断层成像的结合,进一步提出光栅相位衬度CT的简化理论奠定基础. 关键词： X射线 相位衬度成像 光栅衍射 Talbot效应     

近场X射线位相衬度成像及位相恢复算法

理论分析了X射线衍射位相成像和近场位相恢复算法。定义了一个最佳成像距离，给出了基于最佳成像距离和特征空间频率的衍射场光强分布新的表达形式。基于模拟位相物体给出了数值模拟结果。由此得出了探测距离和多色辐照对相衬图像和位相恢复结果的影响。本文给出的结果将对同轴x射线相衬成像实验具有一定的指导作用。     

Elemental x-ray imaging using Zernike phase contrast

We develop an element-specific x-ray microscopy method by using Zernike phase contrast imaging near absorption edges, where a real part of refractive index changes abruptly. In this method two phase contrast images are subtracted to obtain the target element: one is at the absorption edge of the target element and the other is near the absorption edge. The x-ray exposure required by this method is expected to be significantly lower than that of conventional absorption-based x-ray elemental imaging methods. Numerical calculations confirm the advantages of this highly efficient imaging method.     

A new method for information retrieval in two-dimensional grating-based X-ray phase contrast imaging

Grating-based X-ray phase contrast imaging has been demonstrated to be an extremely powerful phase-sensitive imaging technique.By using two-dimensional(2D) gratings,the observable contrast is extended to two refraction directions.Recently,we have developed a novel reverse-projection(RP) method,which is capable of retrieving the object information efficiently with one-dimensional(1D) grating-based phase contrast imaging.In this contribution,we present its extension to the 2D grating-based X-ray phase contrast imaging,named the two-dimensional reverseprojection(2D-RP) method,for information retrieval.The method takes into account the nonlinear contributions of two refraction directions and allows the retrieval of the absorption,the horizontal and the vertical refraction images.The obtained information can be used for the reconstruction of the three-dimensional phase gradient field,and for an improved phase map retrieval and reconstruction.Numerical experiments are carried out,and the results confirm the validity of the 2D-RP method.     

Single-shot grating-based x-ray differential phase contrast imaging with a modified analyzer grating

X-ray grating interferometer has attracted widely attention in the past years due to its capability in achieving x-ray phase contrast imaging with low brilliance source. However, the widely used phase stepping information extraction method reduces system stability and prolongs data acquisition time by several times compared with conventional x-ray absorptionbased imaging. The mechanical stepping can be avoided by using a staggered grating, but at the cost of low vertical spatial resolution. In this paper, employing a modified staggered grating and the angular signal radiography, we proposed a single-shot grating-based x-ray differential phase contrast imaging with decent vertical spatial resolution. The theoretical framework was deduced and proved by numerical experiments. Absorption, phase, and scattering computed tomography can be performed without phase stepping. Therefore, we believe this fast and highly stable imaging method with decent resolution would be widely applied in x-ray grating-based phase contrast imaging.     

Microbubbles containing gadolinium as contrast agents for both phase contrast and magnetic resonance imaging

Portal vein imaging is an important method for investigating portal venous disorders. However, the diagnostic requirements are not usually satisfied when using single imaging techniques. Diagnostic accuracy can be improved by combining different imaging techniques. Contrast agents that can be used for combined imaging modalities are needed. In this study, the feasibility of using microbubbles containing gadolinium (MCG) as contrast agents for both phase contrast imaging (PCI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are investigated. MCG were made by encapsulating sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) gas with gadolinium and lyophilized powder. Absorption contrast imaging (ACI) and PCI of MCG were performed and compared in vitro. MCG were injected into the main portal trunk of living rats. PCI and MRI were performed at 2 min and 10 min after MCG injection, respectively. PCI exploited the differences in the refractive index and visibly showed the MCG, which were not detectable by ACI. PCI could facilitate clear revelation of the MCG‐infused portal veins. The diameter of the portal veins could be determined by the largest MCG in the same portal vein. The minimum diameter of clearly detected portal veins was about 300 µm by MRI. These results indicate that MCG could enhance both PCI and MRI for imaging portal veins. The detection sensitivity of PCI and MRI could compensate for each other when using MCG contrast agents for animals.