Scattering by an anisotropic circle

The scattering by a circle is considered when the outside medium is isotropic and the inside medium is anisotropic (orthotropic). The problem is a scalar one and is phrased as a scattering problem for elastic waves with polarization out of the plane of the circle (SH wave), but the solution is with minor modifications valid also for scattering of electromagnetic waves. The equation inside the circle is first transformed to polar coordinates and it then explicitly contains the azimuthal angle through trigonometric functions. Making an expansion in a trigonometric series in the azimuthal coordinate then gives a coupled system of ordinary differential equations in the radial coordinate that is solved by power series expansions. With the solution inside the circle complete the scattering problem is solved essentially as in the classical case. Some numerical examples are given showing the influence of anisotropy, and it is noted that the effects of anisotropy are generally strong except at low frequencies where the dominating scattering only depends on the mean stiffness and not on the degree of anisotropy.     

On the convergence of the time-domain bremmer series

The frequency-dependent Bremmer series for wave propagation in a plane stratified medium has been well studied. It is known that the series converges if the variations in the medium are not too large. Less well-known is the fact that the series is more likely to converge in a medium with large variations if the frequency of the incident wave is high than if it is low. Here we show that if the variations in the medium remain finite, a frequency-independent (Fourier transformed) version of the series converges. We obtain exponential bounds for the series, which can often be improved.     

Analytical extension of Finite Element solution for computing the nonlinear far field of ultrasonic waves scattered by a closed crack

Nonlinear scattering of ultrasonic waves by closed cracks subject to contact acoustic nonlinearity (CAN) is determined using a 2D Finite Element (FE) coupled with an analytical approach. The FE model, which includes unilateral contact with Coulomb friction to account for contact between crack faces, provides the near-field solution for the interaction between in-plane elastic waves and a crack of different orientations. The numerical solution is then analytically extended in the far-field based on a frequency domain near-to-far field transformation technique, yielding directivity patterns for all linear and nonlinear components of the scattered waves. The proposed method is demonstrated by application to two nonlinear acoustic problems in the case of tone-burst excitations: first, the scattering of higher harmonics resulting from the interaction with a closed crack of various orientations, and second, the scattering of the longitudinal wave resulting from the nonlinear interaction between two shear waves and a closed crack. The analysis of the directivity patterns enables us to identify the characteristics of the nonlinear scattering from a closed crack, which provides essential understanding in order to optimize and apply nonlinear acoustic NDT methods.     

Scattering of plane SH-waves on cylindrical canyon of arbitrary shape in anisotropic media

The complex function method is used to solve problems of scattering of plane SH-waves on cylindrical canyon topography of arbitrary shape in anisotropic media. This paper gives the complete function series and general expressions with boundary condition to approach the solution of steady state scattering of plane SH-waves on two-dimensional canyon topography in anisotropic media. The problem to be solved can be reduced to a solution of infinite algebraic equation series by using Hermite function and it's orthogonal conditions. The solution can be obtained directly by using computers. Finally, as an example, computational results of scattering of plane SH-waves on a semi-cylindrical canyon topography are presented. The projects sponsored by The Joint Seismological Science Foundation.     

An application of the operational calculus to the equations of the Rayleigh Problem in MHD

Summary The operational calculus in the form developed by Van der Pol and Bremmer is applied to obtain some solutions for the equations of the Rayleigh Problem in MHD. The diffusivities in these solutions can have arbitrary values. A limiting case of the solutions is studied, and it is shown that the solutions have some advantages as compared to the integrals of Chang and Yen, and of Hide and Roberts. Finally an example of Ludford is used to verify that the integrals obtained here will make their appearance in the solution of some boundary value problems.MHD stands for magnetohydrodynamics.     

SERIES SOLUTION FOR SCATTERING OF PLANE SH－WAVES BY MULTIPLE SHALLOW CIRCULAR－ARC CANYONS

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用二维逆Born近似法对杆中圆形缺陷的反演

在三维弹性波散射问题的Born近似解基础上,进一步分析了在纵波入射条件下二维散射问题的Born近似解,对铝质长杆中的椭圆形空穴缺陷的散射场情况进行了对比分析;最后,提出了在低频下识别缺陷几何特征的二维逆Born近似法,并用此法对铝质长杆中的圆形空穴缺陷作了计算机模拟。     

Scattering far field solution of SH-wave by movable rigid cylindrical interface inclusion

The Green's function is used to solve the scattering far field solution of SH-wave by a movable rigid cylindrical interface inclusion in a linear elastic body. First, a suitable Green's function is developed, which is the fundamental displacement solution of an elastic half space with a movable rigid half-cylindrical inclusion impacted by out-of-plane harmonic line source loaded at any point of its horizontal surface. By using the Green's function, a series of Fredholm integral equations of the first kind which determine the scattering far field can be set up. Then the paper gives the expressions on the far field including the displacement mode of scattering wave and the solution of scattering cross-section. Finally, some examples and numerical results are discussed to analyze the influence of the combination of different media parameters on the answer of far field.     

An extensive numerical benchmark of the various magnetohydrodynamic flows

There is a continuous need for an updated series of numerical benchmarks dealing with various aspects of the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) phenomena (i.e. interactions of the flow of an electrically conducting fluid and an externally imposed magnetic field). The focus of the present study is numerical magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) where we have performed an extensive series of simulations for generic configurations, including: (i) a laminar conjugate MHD flow in a duct with varied electrical conductivity of the walls, (ii) a back-step flow, (iii) a multiphase cavity flow, (iv) a rising bubble in liquid metal and (v) a turbulent conjugate MHD flow in a duct with varied electrical conductivity of surrounding walls. All considered benchmark situations are for the one-way coupled MHD approach, where the induced magnetic field is negligible. The governing equations describing the one-way coupled MHD phenomena are numerically implemented in the open-source code OpenFOAM. The novel elements of the numerical algorithm include fully-conservative forms of the discretized Lorentz force in the momentum equation and divergence-free current density, the conjugate MHD (coupling of the wall/fluid domains), the multi-phase MHD, and, finally, the MHD turbulence. The multi-phase phenomena are simulated with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach, whereas the MHD turbulence is simulated with the dynamic Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) method. For all considered benchmark cases, a very good agreement is obtained with available analytical solutions and other numerical results in the literature. The presented extensive numerical benchmarks are expected to be potentially useful for developers of the numerical codes used to simulate various types of the complex MHD phenomena.     

An investigation on microscopic and macroscopic stability phenomena of composite solids with periodic microstructure

An analysis of the effects of microscopic instabilities on the homogenized response of heterogeneous solids with periodic microstructure and incrementally linear constitutive law is here carried out. In order to investigate the possibility to obtain a conservative prediction of microscopic primary instability in terms of homogenized properties, novel macroscopic constitutive stability measures are introduced, corresponding to the positive definiteness of the homogenized moduli tensors relative to a class of conjugate stress–strain pairs.Numerical simulations, addressed to hyperelastic microstructural models representing cellular solids and reinforced composites, are worked out through the implementation of an innovative one-way coupled finite element formulation able to determine sequentially the principal equilibrium solution, the incremental equilibrium solutions providing homogenized moduli and the stability eigenvalue problem solution, for a given monotonic macrostrain path. Both uniaxial and equibiaxial loading conditions are considered.The exact microscopic stability region in the macrostrain space, obtained by taking into account microstructural details, is compared with the macroscopic stability regions determined by means of the introduced macroscopic constitutive measures. These results highlight how the conservativeness of the adopted macroscopic constitutive stability measure with respect to microscopic primary instability, strictly depends on the type of loading condition (tensile or compressive) and the kind of microstructure.     

Hydroelastic analysis of surface wave interaction with concentric porous and flexible cylinder systems

The present study deals with the hydroelastic analysis of gravity wave interaction with concentric porous and flexible cylinder systems, in which the inner cylinder is rigid and the outer cylinder is porous and flexible. The problems are analyzed in finite water depth under the assumption of small amplitude water wave theory and structural response. The cylinder configurations in the present study are namely (a) surface-piercing truncated cylinders, (b) bottom-touching truncated cylinders and (c) complete submerged cylinders extended from free surface to bottom. As special cases of the concentric cylinder system, wave diffraction by (i) porous flexible cylinder and (ii) flexible floating cage with rigid bottom are analyzed. The scattering potentials are evaluated using Fourier–Bessel series expansion method and the least square approximation method. The convergence of the double series is tested numerically to determine the number of terms in the Fourier–Bessel series expansion. The effects of porosity and flexibility of the outer cylinder, in attenuating the hydrodynamic forces and dynamic overturning moments, are analyzed for various cylinder configurations and wave characteristics. A parametric study with respect to wave frequency, ratios of inner-to-outer cylinder radii, annular spacing between the two cylinders and porosities is done. In order to understand the flow distribution around the cylinders, contour plots are provided. The findings of the present study are likely to be of immense help in the design of various types of marine structures which can withstand the wave loads of varied nature in the marine environment. The theory can be easily extended to deal with a large class of problems associated with acoustic wave interaction with flexible porous structures.     

Coupled mode theory for acoustic resonators

We develop the effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian approach for open systems with Neumann boundary conditions. The approach can be used for calculating the scattering matrix and the scattering function in open resonator–waveguide systems. In higher than one dimension the method represents acoustic coupled mode theory in which the scattering solution within an open resonator is found in the form of expansion over the eigenmodes of the closed resonator decoupled from the waveguides. The problem of finding the transmission spectra is reduced to solving a set of linear equations with a non-Hermitian matrix whose anti-Hermitian term accounts for coupling between the resonator eigenmodes and the scattering channels of the waveguides. Numerical applications to acoustic two-, and three-dimensional resonator–waveguide problems are considered.     

二维直角平面内固定圆形夹杂对稳态入射反平面剪切波的散射

利用复变函数法、多极坐标及傅立叶级数展开技术求解了二维直角平面内固定圆形夹杂对稳态入射反平面剪切（shearing horizontal, SH）波的散射问题。首先构造出介质内不存在夹杂时的入射波场和反射波场,然后建立介质内存在夹杂时由夹杂边界产生的能够自动满足直角边应力自由条件的散射波解，从而利用叠加原理写出介质内的总波场。利用夹杂边界处位移条件和傅立叶级数展开方法列出求解散射波中未知系数的无穷代数方程组，在满足计算精度的前提下通过有限项截断，得到相应有限代数方程组的解，最后通过算例具体讨论了二维直角平面水平边界点的位移幅度比和相位随量纲一波数、入射波入射角及夹杂位置的不同而变化的情况，结果表明了算法的有效实用性。     

A Volterra Series Approach to the Approximation of Stochastic Nonlinear Dynamics

A response approximation method for stochastically excited, nonlinear, dynamic systems is presented. Herein, the output of the nonlinear system isapproximated by a finite-order Volterra series. The original nonlinear system is replaced by a bilinear system in order to determine the kernels of this series. The parameters of the bilinear system are determined by minimizing, in a statistical sense,the difference between the original system and the bilinear system. Application to a piecewise linear modelof a beam with a nonlinear one-sided supportillustrates the effectiveness of this approach in approximatingtruly nonlinear, stochastic response phenomena in both the statistical momentsand the power spectral density of the response of this system in case ofa white noise excitation.     

圆弧形凹陷地形表面覆盖层对入射平面P波的影响

利用Fourier-Bessel级数展开法给出了表面具有覆盖层的圆弧形凹陷地形对入射平面P波散射问题的一个解析解，并利用该解分析了不同形状凹陷地形表面覆盖层刚度和厚度对入射P波的影响。结果表明，凹陷地形表面覆盖层的存在，即使厚度很薄，对入射P波的散射也具有很大覆盖，覆盖层刚度和厚度的变化可显著改善凹陷地形场地的动力特性。     

Scattering of Plane SH-Wave by a Cylindrical Hill of Arbitrary Shape

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功能梯度材料微梁的热弹性阻尼研究

基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论和单向耦合的热传导理论,研究了功能梯度材料(functionally graded material,FGM)微梁的热弹性阻尼(thermoelastic damping,TED).假设矩形截面微梁的材料性质沿厚度方向按幂函数连续变化,忽略了温度梯度在轴向的变化,建立了单向耦合的变系数一维热传导方程.热力耦合的横向自由振动微分方程由经典梁理论获得.采用分层均匀化方法将变系数的热传导方程简化为一系列在各分层内定义的常系数微分方程,利用上下表面的绝热边界条件和界面处的连续性条件获得了微梁温度场的分层解析解.将温度场代入微梁的运动方程,获得了包含热弹性阻尼的复频率,进而求得了代表热弹性阻尼的逆品质因子.在给定金属-陶瓷功能梯度材料后,通过数值计算结果定量分析了材料梯度指数、频率阶数、几何尺寸以及边界条件对TED的影响.结果表明:(1)若梁长固定不变,梁厚度小于某个数值时,改变陶瓷材料体积分数可以使得TED取得最小值;(2)固有频率阶数对TED的最大值没有影响,但是频率阶数越高对应的临界厚度越小;(3)不同的边界条件对应的TED的最大值相同,但是随着支座约束刚度增大对应的临界厚度减小;(4)TED的最大值和对应的临界厚度随着金属组分的增大而增大.     

Radiation and scattering from bodies of revolution

The problem of electromagnetic radiation and scattering from perfectly conducting bodies of revolution of arbitrary shape is considered. The mathematical formulation is an integro-differential equation, obtained from the potential integrals plus boundary conditions at the body. A solution is effected by the method of moments, and the results are expressed in terms of generalized network parameters. The expansion functions chosen for the solution are harmonic in ø (azimuth angle) and subsectional in t (contour length variable). Because of rotational symmetry, the solution becomes a Fourier series in ø, each term of which is uncoupled to every other term.Illustrative computations are given for radiation from apertures and plane wave scattering from bodies of revolution. The impedance elements, currents, radiation patterns, and scattering patterns for a conducting sphere are computed both from the general solution and from the classical eigenfunction solution. The agreement obtained serves to check the general solution. Similar computations for a cone-sphere illustrate the application of the general solution to problems not solvable by classical methods.     

A low cost implementation of the Phillips model in solid–liquid flow modeling

The interpolation requirements for the loosely coupled finite element solution of the Navier–Stokes equations and Phillips shear‐induced particle diffusion model are discussed. It is shown that a second‐order approximation of the fluid velocity field is required to adequately capture the spatial derivatives of the rate‐of‐strain tensor. To circumvent this limitation, a shear‐rate smoothing procedure is introduced, thereby allowing the use of lower‐order approximations for the fluid phase. Numerical experiments comparing the convergence and CPU cost of the different tetrahedral interpolation bases are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

RLC串联电路与微梁耦合系统1:2内共振分析

研究电阻电感电容串联电路与微梁耦合系统的非线性振动,应用拉格朗日-麦克斯韦方程,建立受静电激励RLC串联电路与微梁耦合系统的数学模型。根据非线性振动的多尺度法,得到了在内共振ω2≈2ω1的情况下的近似解,并进行数值计算,得到用椭圆函数表示的解析解。计算结果表明,在无阻尼情况下,振动和能量在两个态间相互转换,没有能量损失。