Application of robust color composite fringe in flip-chip solder bump 3-D measurement

This study developed a 3-D measurement system based on flip-chip solder bump, used fringes with different modulation intensities in color channels, in order to produce color composite fringe with robustness, and proposed a multi-channel composite phase unwrapping algorithm, which uses fringe modulation weights of different channels to recombine the phase information for better measurement accuracy and stability. The experimental results showed that the average measurement accuracy is 0.43μm and the standard deviation is 1.38 µm. The results thus proved that the proposed 3-D measurement system is effective in measuring a plane with a height of 50 μm. In the flip-chip solder bump measuring experiment, different fringe modulation configurations were tested to overcome the problem of reflective coefficient between the flip-chip base board and the solder bump. The proposed system has a good measurement results and robust stability in the solder bump measurement, and can be used for the measurement of 3-D information for micron flip-chip solder bump application.     

Nonlinear flutter analysis of stiffened composite panels in super-sonic flow

The flutter instability of stiffened composite panels subjected to aerodynamic forces in the supersonic flow is investigated. Based on Hamilton's principle,the aeroelastic model of the composite panel is established by using the von Karman large deflection plate theory,piston theory aerodynamics and the quasi-steady thermal stress theory. Then,using the finite element method along with Bogner-Fox-Schmit elements and three-dimensional beam elements,the nonlinear equations of motion are derived. The effect of...     

Transmission loss of periodically stiffened laminate composite panels: shear deformation and in-plane interaction effects

This paper investigates the transmission loss of symmetric and asymmetric laminate composite panels periodically reinforced by composite stiffeners. A comprehensive model based on periodic structure theory is developed. First order shear deformation theory is used and the coupling of the in-plane motion of the panel with its out-of-plane motion is taken into account. Stiffeners interact with the panel through three forces (two in-plane, one out-of-plane) and a torsion moment. Three types of cross sections are investigated for the composite stiffeners: I-shaped, C-shaped, and omega-shaped cross-sections. The model is validated numerically by comparison with the finite element/boundary element method. Experimental validations are also conducted. In both cases, excellent agreement is obtained. Numerical results show that the in-plane coupling effect is increased by increasing the panel thickness and the stiffener's eccentricity. The in-plane coupling effect is also found to increase with frequency.     

均匀流中剪切变形加筋层合板声与振动特性研究

基于一阶剪切变形理论, 建立了分析均匀流中周期加筋层合板声振特性的理论模型. 该模型应用对流波动方程及边界条件精确考虑了均匀流与层合板的耦合作用, 加强筋通过法向线力及扭矩与层合板相互作用, 利用傅里叶波数变换和稳相法, 得到了位移谱和辐射声压的解析表达式. 计算结果与已有公开数据符合良好, 验证了模型的有效性. 数值结果表明, 在高频段不能忽略剪切变形和加强筋扭转运动的影响; 增大均匀流速度可降低结构的辐射声压; 适当调整板厚和加强筋间距可有效避开结构的辐射声压波峰. 关键词： 均匀流 第一阶剪切变形理论 层合板 波数变换     

A novel three-dimensional shape measurement method based on a look-up table

Fringe projection profilometry is widely used for three-dimensional shape measurement. In an oblique-angle projection, the fringe cycle is broadened on the reference plane. Phase errors are mainly caused by the nonlinear gamma of the projector and fringe cycle broadening. This study describes a phase error compensation method to eliminate these phase errors. A look-up table that stores phase errors is constructed for phase error compensation. Based on it, a new height equation is proposed. The experimental results show that the proposed method can compensate for the phase errors of the fringe projection profilometry, thereby improving the measurement accuracy significantly.     

Lens distortion elimination for improving measurement accuracy of fringe projection profilometry

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) is a powerful method for three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement. However, the measurement accuracy of the existing FPP is often hindered by the distortion of the lens used in FPP. In this paper, a simple and efficient method is presented to overcome this problem. First, the FPP system is calibrated as a stereovision system. Then, the camera lens distortion is eliminated by correcting the captured images. For the projector lens distortion, distorted fringe patterns are generated according to the lens distortion model. With these distorted fringe patterns, the projector can project undistorted fringe patterns, which means that the projector lens distortion is eliminated. Experimental results show that the proposed method can successfully eliminate the lens distortions of FPP and therefore improves its measurement accuracy.     

Flexible digital projector calibration method based on per-pixel distortion measurement and correction

When a digital projector is applied in high precision applications, the intrinsic parameters and distortion characteristics should be calibrated precisely. In this paper, a flexible full-field projector calibration method is proposed without any approximate distortion model. With planar homography theory and fringe projection technique, the projector distortion characteristic on each pixel can be measured independently and an initial distortion map is generated. The intrinsic parameters are calibrated afterwards. Then, the initial distortion map can be refined by correcting the non-perpendicularity between the optical axis and image plane. The original pattern to be projected is corrected with the refined distortion map. Thus, the calibrated projector can be regarded as an ideal projector conforming to the pinhole model. Experimental results show a nearly ideal residual map for the corrected projection pattern. In addition, the proposed calibration method is flexible without any sophisticated ancillary equipment or complicated procedure.     

球面上皱褶花样的演化

文章从理论和实验两方面研究了通过控制柔性衬底的曲率来调控球面上应力诱导之皱褶花样的可行性.研究以Ag内核/SiO2壳层微结构为对象.结果表明,当球形衬底的曲率较小且应力刚超过临界值时,皱褶花样为三角铺排的凹痕结构;而当应力进一步增大和/或衬底的半径增大时,则出现迷宫形的花样.皱褶的周期长度和临界屈曲应力都随衬底半径的增大而增大.此方向上的研究对于理解大自然中许多花样(比如花叶序与皱纹)的产生和演化具有重要的意义.     

Nonlocal shear deformable shell model for bending buckling of microtubules embedded in an elastic medium

A nonlocal shear deformable shell model is developed for buckling of microtubules embedded in an elastic matrix of cytoplasm under bending in thermal environments. The results reveal that the lateral constraint has a significant effect on the buckling moments of a microtubule when the foundation stiffness is sufficiently large.     

High dynamic range imaging for fringe projection profilometry with single-shot raw data of the color camera

It is a challenging issue to get satisfied results in terms of 3D imaging for shiny surface with fringe projection profilometry (FPP), as the wide variation of surface reflectance for shiny surface will lead to bad exposure, which requires the high dynamic range imaging (HDRI) technique. HDRI with monochromatic illumination and single-shot raw data of the color camera is presented in this paper. From the single-shot raw data, 4 monochrome sub-images corresponding to R, G, G and B channels can be separated respectively. After the attenuation ratios between R&G, G&B channels are calibrated, an image with higher dynamic range can be synthesized with the 4 sub-images, which can help to avoid the impact of bad exposure and improve the accuracy of phase calculation. Experiments demonstrate the validity of proposed method for shiny surface.     

Effects of residual stress and interfacial frictional shear stress on interfacial debonding at notch-tip in two-dimensional unidirectional composite

A calculation method based on the shear lag approach was presented to get an approximate estimate of influences of residual stresses and frictional shear stress at the debonded interface on the interfacial debonding behavior at the notch-tip along fiber direction in two-dimensional unidirectional double-edge-notched composites. With this method, the energy release rate for initiation and growth of debonding as a function of composite stress were calculated for some examples. The calculation results showed in outline how much the tensile and compressive residual stresses in the matrix and fiber along fiber direction, respectively, act to hasten the initiation and growth of the debonding when the final cut element in the notch is matrix, while they act to retard them when the final cut element is fiber, and how much the frictional shear stress at the debonded interface reduces the growth rate of the debonding.     

Relation between interfacial shear strength and compressive strength of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite strands

The mechanism with which the fiber-matrix interfacial strength exerts its influence on the compressive strength of fiber reinforced composites has been studied by measuring the axial compressive strength of carbon fiber/epoxy resin unidirectional composite strands having different levels of interfacial shear strength. The composite strands are used for experiments in order to investigate the compressive strength which is not affected by the delamination taking place at a weak interlayer of the laminated composites. The interfacial strength is varied by applying various degrees of liquid-phase surface treatment to the fibers. The efficiency of the compressive strength of the fibers utilized in the strength of the composite strands is estimated by measuring the compressive strength of the single carbon filaments with a micro-compression test. The compressive strength of the composite strands does not increase monotonically with increasing interfacial shear strength but showes lower values at higher interfacial shear strengths. With increasing interfacial shear strength, the suppression of the interfacial failure in the misaligned fiber region increases the compressive strength, while at higher interfacial shear strengths, the enhancement of the crack sensitivity decreases the compressive strength.     

Nonlinear dynamic characteristics and optimal control of a giant magnetostrictive film-shaped memory alloy composite plate subjected to in-plane stochastic excitation

The nonlinear dynamic characteristics and optimal control of a giant magnetostrictive film(GMF)-shaped memory alloy(SMA) composite plate subjected to in-plane stochastic excitation are studied. GMF is prepared based on an SMA plate, and combined into a GMF–SMA composite plate. The Van der Pol item is improved to explain the hysteretic phenomena of GMF and SMA, and the nonlinear dynamics model of a GMF–SMA composite cantilever plate subjected to in-plane stochastic excitation is developed. The stochastic stability of the system is analyzed, and the steady-state probability density function of the dynamic response of the system is obtained. The condition of stochastic Hopf bifurcation is discussed, the reliability function of the system is provided, and then the probability density of the first-passage time is given. Finally, the stochastic optimal control strategy is proposed by the stochastic dynamic programming method.Numerical simulation shows that the stability of the trivial solution varies with bifurcation parameters, and stochastic Hopf bifurcation appears in the process; the system’s reliability is improved through stochastic optimal control, and the firstpassage time is delayed. A GMF–SMA composite plate combines the advantages of GMF and SMA, and can reduce vibration through passive control and active control effectively. The results are helpful for the engineering applications of GMF–SMA composite plates.     

双室热保护法测定真空绝热板导热系数的研究

给出了双室热保护法测定真空绝热板(VIP)的导热系数的原理,设计了测试装置.外室作为热保护装置,内室作为测试加热装置,基于稳态下测试VIP平板的导热系数,该装置不受VIP尺寸的限制.分析了影响测试结果的因素和理论误差,并与标定值对比,测试结果较精确.该装置可以用于VIP出厂前的导热系数的测试及使用过的VIP的老化程度的...     

Effect of Al content on impact resistance behavior of Al-Ti-B4C composite fabricated under air atmosphere

Reaction behavior, mechanical property and impact resistance of TiC-TiB₂/Al composite reacted from Al-Ti-B₄C system with various Al content via combination method of combustion synthesis and hot pressed sintering under air was investigated. Al content was the key point to the variation of mechanical property and impact resistance. Increasing Al content could increase the density, strength and toughness of the composite. Due to exorbitant ceramic content, 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% Al-Ti-B₄C composites exhibited poor molding ability and machinability. Flexural strength, fracture toughness, compressive strength and impact toughness of 30–50 wt.% Al-Ti-B₄C composite were higher than those of Al matrix. The intergranular fracture dispersed and defused impact load and restricted crack extension, enhancing the impact resistance of the composite. The composite with 50 wt.% Al content owned highest mechanical properties and impact resistance. The results were useful for the application of TiC-TiB₂/Al composite in impact resistance field of ceramic reinforced Al matrix composite.     

基于硅基液晶微显示立体投影光学引擎的设计

从平衡两路图像对比度的角度,采用双硅基液晶(LCoS)芯片设计了一种实用的微型立体投影光学引擎。光学引擎中双LCoS芯片分别用于调制左右眼的图像,一个白光LED作为投影光源,两个标准的MacNeille偏振分光棱镜(PBS)用于产生两路偏振方向相互垂直的高偏振度光束。整个引擎设计简单,结构紧凑,其尺寸约为105mm×28mm×25mm。测量了本设计中光学引擎的各部件的实际参数值,根据所测量的数据通过理论计算得到:左右两光路的对比度完全平衡且均为64…1,光效率均为3.61%,整机的光通量为20lm。     

Initial damage induced by thermal residual stress and microscopic failure analysis of carbon-fiber reinforced composite under shear loading

In order to study the mechanical properties and the progressive failure process of composite under shear loading, a representative volume element (RVE) of fiber random distribution was established, with two dominant damage mechanisms – matrix plastic deformation and interfacial debonding – included in the simulation by the extended Drucker–Prager model and cohesive zone model, respectively. Also, a temperature-dependent RVE has been set up to analyze the influence of thermal residual stress. The simulation results clearly reveal the damage process of the composites and the interactions of different damage mechanisms. It can be concluded that the in-plane shear fracture initiates as interfacial debonding and evolves as a result of interactions between interfacial debonding and matrix plastic deformation. The progressive damage process and final failure mode of in-plane shear model which are based on constitute are very consistent with the observed result under scanning electron microscopy of V-notched rail shear test. Also, a transverse shear model was established as contrast in order to comprehensively understand the mechanical properties of composite materials under shear loading, and the progressive damage process and final failure mode of composite under transverse shear loading were researched. Thermal residual stress changes the damage initiation locations and damage evolution path and causes significant decreases in the strength and fracture strain.     

Growth of interfacial debonding in notched two-dimensional unidirectional composite under stress and displacement controls

A simplified calculation method for study of the growth of interfacial debonding between elastic fiber and elastic matrix ahead of the notch-tip in composites under displacement and stress controlled conditions was presented based on the shear lag approach in which the influences of residual stress and frictional shear stress at the debonded interface were incorporated. The calculation method was applied to a model two-dimensional composite. An outline is given of the difference and similarity in the growing behavior of the debonding between the displacement and stress controls, and of the influences of the residual stresses, frictional shear stress, the nature of the final cut component (fiber or matrix) and sample length on the debonding behavior.     

分散介质和温度对纳米二氧化硅胶体剪切增稠行为的影响

对分散介质和温度对纳米二氧化硅胶体剪切增稠行为的影响进行了系统研究. 用四种液体分散介质(乙二醇, 聚乙二醇400, 丙二醇, 聚丙二醇400)制备的纳米二氧化硅胶体表现出不同的连续剪切增稠或者跳变剪切增稠行为. 温度上升降低了分散介质的黏度, 进而降低了胶体的表观黏度. 剪切增稠的临界黏度与温度的关系符合“Arrhenius”公式的描述. 胶体黏度与分散介质黏度的比值用来归一化不同温度下的稳态剪切流变曲线. 在低剪切速率的剪切变稀阶段, 剪切变稀现象与分散介质黏度没有明显相关性, 而与分散介质的化学性质密切相关. 在高剪切速率的剪切增稠阶段, 分散介质黏度越高, 胶体剪切增稠现象越强烈.