In-plane elastic wave propagation and band-gaps in layered functionally graded phononic crystals

In-plane wave propagation in layered phononic crystals composed of functionally graded interlayers arisen from the solid diffusion of homogeneous isotropic materials of the crystal is considered. Wave transmission and band-gaps due to the material gradation and incident wave-field are investigated. A classification of band-gaps in layered phononic crystals is proposed. The classification relies on the analysis of the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix for a unit-cell and the asymptotics derived for the transmission coefficient. Two kinds of band-gaps, where the transmission coefficient decays exponentially with the number of unit-cells are specified. The so-called low transmission pass-bands are introduced in order to identify frequency ranges, in which the transmission is sufficiently low for engineering applications, but it does not tend to zero exponentially as the number of unit-cells tends to infinity. A polyvalent analysis of the geometrical and physical parameters on band-gaps is presented.     

基于多重多级子结构声子能带与传输特性分析

基于多重多级子结构方法提出一种快速的声子晶体能带与传输特性的计算策略. 主要思想是将声子晶体划分成多层级子结构有限元模型,在能带计算中采用静凝聚和子结构周游树技术将子结构的内部刚度阵凝聚到Bloch 边界上. 由于内部刚度阵并不随着简约波矢变化,所以这种计算策略可以大大降低求解规模并提高计算效率,并不对整体有限元模型引入近似. 在传输特性计算中同样采用该策略,由于声子晶体单胞具有周期性,所以各个单胞的系数矩阵是相同的,从而减少计算量,并且可以灵活地选择是否回代求解单胞内部自由度. 数值算例以三维局域共振型声子晶体和二维Bragg 散射型声子晶体为例,计算结果验证了这种求解策略的正确性和高效性,并适用于复杂声子晶体分析.      

BAND STRUCTURE AND TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS CALCULATION OF PHONONIC CRYSTALS BASED ON MULTI-LEVEL SUBSTRUCTURE TECHNIQUE

基于多重多级子结构方法提出一种快速的声子晶体能带与传输特性的计算策略. 主要思想是将声子晶体划分成多层级子结构有限元模型,在能带计算中采用静凝聚和子结构周游树技术将子结构的内部刚度阵凝聚到Bloch 边界上. 由于内部刚度阵并不随着简约波矢变化,所以这种计算策略可以大大降低求解规模并提高计算效率,并不对整体有限元模型引入近似. 在传输特性计算中同样采用该策略,由于声子晶体单胞具有周期性,所以各个单胞的系数矩阵是相同的,从而减少计算量,并且可以灵活地选择是否回代求解单胞内部自由度. 数值算例以三维局域共振型声子晶体和二维Bragg 散射型声子晶体为例,计算结果验证了这种求解策略的正确性和高效性,并适用于复杂声子晶体分析.     

WAVE PROPAGATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL DISORDERED PIEZOELECTRIC PHONONIC CRYSTALS

The wave propagation is studied in two-dimensional disordered piezoelectric phononic crystals using the finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method. For different cases of disorder, the transmission coefficients are calculated. The influences of disorders on band gaps are investigated. The results show that the disorder in the piezoelectric phononic crystals has more significant influences on the band gap in the low frequency regions than in the high frequency ones. The relation between the width of band gap and the direction of position disorder is also discussed. When the position disorder is along the direction perpendicular to the wave transmission, the piezoelectric phononic crystals have wider band gaps at low frequency regions than the case of position disorder being along the wave transmission direction. It can also be found that the effect of. size disorder on band gaps is analogous to that of location disorder. When the perturbation coefficient is big, it has more pronounced effects on the pass bands in the piezoelectric phononic crystals with both size and location disorders than in the piezoelectric phononic crystals with single disorder. In higher frequency regions the piezoelectric effect reduces the transmission coefficients. But for larger disorder degree, the effects of the piezoelectricity will be reduced.     

Wave localization in randomly disordered layered three-component phononic crystals with thermal effects

In this paper, the propagation and localization of elastic waves in randomly disordered layered three-component phononic crystals with thermal effects are studied. The transfer matrix is obtained by applying the continuity conditions between three consecutive sub-cells. Based on the transfer matrix method and Bloch theory, the expressions of the localization factor and dispersion relation are presented. The relation between the localization factors and dispersion curves is discussed. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the influences of the incident angle on band structures of ordered phononic crystals. For the randomly disordered ones, disorders of structural thickness ratios and Lamé constants are considered. The incident angles, disorder degrees, thickness ratios, Lamé constants and temperature changes have prominent effects on wave localization phenomena in three-component systems. Furthermore, it can be observed that stopbands locate in very low-frequency regions. The localization factor is an effective way to investigate randomly disordered phononic crystals in which the band structure cannot be described.     

一维声子晶体中声波能带的解析研究

为了对一维声子晶体的能带进行解析研究,采用一维声子晶体的色散法,推导出一维声子晶体禁带频率和通带频率的解析公式;并利用此式对一维声子晶体的能带结构进行了解析研究,得到了禁带和导带的频率中心、频率宽度分别随介质厚度和声阻抗两者的变化规律,并与转移矩阵方法的计算结果进行了比较.研究结果表明:两种方法得到的结论相同,但解析法能更准确、更深刻地反映出一维声子晶体的能带随介质厚度和声阻抗等因素的变化规律;并且解析法克服了转移矩阵法等其他方法不能对能带结构进行解析研究的不足,是一种研究一维声子晶体能带更有效的方法.     

局域共振型声子晶体板缺陷态带隙及其俘能特性研究

设计了一种由圆柱形散射体嵌入环氧树脂基体而组成的周期阵列局域共振型声子晶体板结构,分析了其平直带区域以及缺陷态的能量集中特性,并研究了其振动能量采集特性.首先基于超元胞法结合有限元方法分析了5×5完美声子晶体结构和缺陷态声子晶体结构的能带曲线和能量传输特性;考虑点缺陷局域共振声子晶体结构的能量集中特性,利用压电材料代替...     

基于双边Lanczos算法的声子晶体复模态重分析

针对声子晶体拓扑结构修改时模态计算效率低的问题,提出基于双边Lanczos算法的复模态重分析。与全分析不同,本方法利用声子晶体原始结构的模态分析结果,通过双边Lanczos算法构建投影向量矩阵,将广义特征值方程映射进子空间来压缩矩阵规模,求解方程后再利用近似模态关系得到最终解。通过对尺寸和形状发生修改的声子晶体进行分析,验证了方法所求结果具有高精度,与全分析相比缩减了约35%的计算时间,在处理拓扑修改变化量大和计算规模大的声子晶体模态分析问题上有很大潜力。     

Simulation of elastic wave diffraction by multiple strip-like cracks in a layered periodic composite

The problem of numerical simulation of the steady-state harmonic vibrations of a layered phononic crystal (elastic periodic composite) with a set of strip-like cracks parallel to the layer boundaries is solved, and the accompanying wave phenomena are considered. The transfer matrix method (propagator matrix method) is used to describe the incident wave field. It allows one not only to construct the wave fields but also to calculate the pass bands and band gaps and to find the localization factor. The wave field scattered by multiple defects is represented by means of an integral approach as a superposition of the fields scattered by all cracks. An integral representation in the form of a convolution of the Fourier symbols of Green’s matrices for the corresponding layered structures and a Fourier transform of the crack opening displacement vector is constructed for each of the scattered fields. The crack opening displacements are determined by the boundary integral equation method using the Bubnov-Galerkin scheme, where Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind, which take into account the behavior of the solution near the crack edges, are chosen as the projection and basis systems. The system of linear algebraic equations with a diagonal predominance of components arising when the system of integral equations is discretized has a block structure. The characteristics describing qualitatively and quantitatively the wave processes that take place under the diffraction of plane elastic waves by multiple cracks in a phononic crystal are analyzed. The resonant properties of a system of defects and the influence of the relative positions and sizes of defects in a layered phononic crystal on the resonant properties are studied. To obtain clearer results and to explain them, the energy flux vector is calculated and the energy surfaces and streamlines corresponding to them are constructed.     

Flexural wave bandgap properties of phononic crystal beams with interval parameters

Uncertainties are unavoidable in practical engineering, and phononic crystals are no exception. In this paper, the uncertainties are treated as the interval parameters,and an interval phononic crystal beam model is established. A perturbation-based interval finite element method(P-IFEM) and an affine-based interval finite element method(A-IFEM) are proposed to study the dynamic response of this interval phononic crystal beam, based on which an interval vibration transmission analysis can be easi...     

ELASTIC WAVE LOCALIZATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHONONIC CRYSTALS WITH ONE-DIMENSIONAL QUASI-PERIODICITY AND RANDOM DISORDER

The band structures of both in-plane and anti-plane elastic waves propagating in two-dimensional ordered and disordered （in one direction） phononic crystals are studied in this paper. The localization of wave propagation due to random disorder is discussed by introducing the concept of the localization factor that is calculated by the plane-wave-based transfer-matrix method. By treating the quasi-periodicity as the deviation from the periodicity in a special way, two kinds of quasi phononic crystal that has quasi-periodicity （Fibonacci sequence） in one direction and translational symmetry in the other direction are considered and the band structures are characterized by using localization factors. The results show that the localization factor is an effective parameter in characterizing the band gaps of two-dimensional perfect, randomly disordered and quasi-periodic phononic crystals. Band structures of the phononic crystals can be tuned by different random disorder or changing quasi-periodic parameters. The quasi phononic crystals exhibit more band gaps with narrower width than the ordered and randomly disordered systems.     

方形固-液声子晶体的全反射隧穿及其多通道滤波

为了研究一维固-液结构方形声子晶体中弹性波的全反射隧穿效应,利用传输矩阵法计算了弹性波在大于全反射角入射一维固-液结构方形声子晶体的透射率,在透射渡中发现了全反射隧穿效应,并且全反射隧穿峰具有优良的多通道滤波特性,得出了一维固-液结构声子晶体的全反射隧穿的滤波特性随周期数、模式量子数、边长的变化规律.为设计性能优良的多通道声子晶体滤波器提供了理论依据.     

Structure optimization of quasi one-dimensional acoustic filters with the use of a genetic algorithm

The paper shows how to use a genetic algorithm to design quasi one-dimensional structures with given properties. The superlattices were surrounded by water and made of epoxy resin and glass, with a layer thicknesses selected in such a way that a phononic bandgap occurs in the frequency range of acoustic waves. Multilayer transmission was calculated using the Transfer Matrix Method algorithm. In order to determine the optimal objective function for the genetic algorithm, the entire space of the possibility of the layers’ distribution for a six-layer structure was analyzed. The spread of the transmission integral values even for the 6-layer structure was significant and ranged from 11.9% to 81.5%. Minimizing the value of the transmission integral as an objective function could lead to a large number of high transmission peaks with a small half width. It allowed the determining of the optimal objective functions for minimizing transmission in a given frequency range, and another allowing for its maximization. The phase diagram of the solution space for the transmission integral from the integral of the absolute value of the transmission functions derivative was determined. Transmission of the most and the least optimal six-layer structures was shown depending on the assumed objective function. Then, the analysis of fifteen and thirty-layer structures was carried out. From the dependence of the objective function values for the best individuals for each generation, it was determined that despite carrying out a thousand iterations, the stable state was determined before reaching 250 iterations of the algorithm, and thus the optimal structure was determined. The transmissions ratio of analyzed structures in the studied frequency range (up to 20 kHz) to full transmission (without structures) in this acoustic frequency range for the analyzed optimal 6, 15 and 30-layer structures were 16.78%, 9.6% and 4.41%, respectively.     

利用叠加理论研究固-液声子晶体纵波的能带结构

采用相干叠加原理推导出一种研究一维固-液有限周期声子晶体中纵波的透射率公式,建立了一种研究一维固-液有限周期声子晶体能带的新方法——波叠加理论。将波叠加理论和转移矩阵法进行了比较研究,结果表明波叠加理论和转移矩阵法得出的结果是一致的。波叠加理论不仅具有转移矩阵法的优点,而且又克服了转移矩阵法的不足。因此波叠加理论是一种研究一维固-液有限周期声子晶体中纵波能带的更为有效的方法。     

基于材料相变的声子晶体带隙可调结构设计与性能分析

提出一种基于材料相变的穿孔型带隙可调声子晶体结构.其结构形式为含缝隙的形状记忆合金和环氧树脂的组合体,通过温度变化诱发相变引起的形状记忆合金材料性质的变化,实现声子晶体的带隙变化;通过合理布置缝隙与形状记忆合金相变材料的位置,实现声子晶体带隙性质的可调设计.基于有限元方法,建立了可调声子晶体的分析模型,分析了形状记忆合...     

Band structure properties of elastic waves propagating in the nanoscaled nearly periodic layered phononic crystals

The localization factor is used to describe the band structures for P wave propagating normally in the nanoscaled nearly periodic layered phononic crystals. The localization factor is calculated by the transfer matrix method based on the nonlocal elastic continuum theory.Three kinds of nearly periodic arrangements are concerned, i.e., random disorder, quasiperiodicity and defects. The influences of randomly disordered degree of the sub-layer's thickness and mass density, the arrangement of quasi-periodicity and the location of defect on the band structures and cut-off frequency are analyzed in detail.     

The propagation and localization of Rayleigh waves in disordered piezoelectric phononic crystals

In this paper, the propagation and localization of Rayleigh waves in disordered piezoelectric phononic crystals with material 6 mm are studied taking the electromechanical coupling into account. The electric field is approximated as quasi-static. The analytical solutions of Rayleigh waves are obtained. The 6×6 transfer matrix between two consecutive unit cells is obtained by means of the mechanical and electrical continuity conditions. The expression of the localization factor in disordered periodic structures is presented by regarding the variables of the mechanical and electrical fields as the elements of the state vector. The numerical results for a piezoelectric phononic crystal—PVDF-PZT-2 piezocomposite—are presented and analyzed. From the results we can see that the localization is strengthened with the increase of the disorder degree. The characteristics of the passbands and stopbands are influenced by different ratios of the thickness of the polymers to that of the piezoelectric ceramics. Disorder in elastic constant c₁₁ of PZT-2 can also result in the localization phenomenon. The propagation and localization of Rayleigh waves in piezoelectric phononic crystals may be controlled by properly designing some structural parameters.     

新型声子晶体全反射贯穿效应的滤波特性

利用转移矩阵法计算了弹性波在大于全反射角入射一维声子晶体的透射率,结果发现：在入射角岛为0．33rad、0．4rad、0．9rad、1．3rad附近都出现了明显的透射峰带,即在透射波中出现了全反射贯穿效应;其中在0．4rad附近的这个透射峰带的频率范围小、峰值细密,可以利用它来实现多通道滤波。同时研究了贯穿效应随介质厚度和周期数的变化特征,发现贯穿效应具有优良的滤波特性。利用这些特性可以设计出结构简单、控制方便的新型一维声子晶体的滤波器。     

随机声子晶体不确定性分析的直接概率积分法

由于制造工艺存在大量不确定因素,声子晶体材料属性不可避免地具有随机不确定性,使得声子晶体的物理响应呈现随机性,进而对声子晶体的减振降噪性能造成不利影响。如果采用传统的蒙特卡洛方法对随机声子晶体的物理响应进行不确定性量化,则计算代价昂贵。为此,本文基于高效的直接概率积分法对含随机材料参数的声子晶体开展不确定性量化研究。首先,在直接概率积分法框架下,对随机声子晶体能带结构的上下边界频率、带隙宽度和频率响应函数进行了不确定性量化,考察了随机参数大变异性对声子晶体带隙宽度的影响。然后,建立了声子晶体减振降噪可靠度计算公式,对考虑随机不确定性影响下的声子晶体减振降噪性能进行了定量评估。通过与蒙特卡洛方法比较,两个算例验证了直接概率积分法在随机声子晶体不确定性传播和减振降噪可靠性评估中的准确性和高效性。最后,基于直接概率积分法对局域共振型随机声子晶体进行了可靠度分析。结果表明,橡胶材料的随机性对局域共振型声子晶体减振降噪性能有较大影响。     

Hybrid Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar to Identify Impulse-dependent Wave Characteristics of Viscoelastic Phononic Crystals

Experimental Mechanics - There has recently been a rising interest in the nonlinear wave transmission behavior of phononic crystals. However, experimental studies focusing on the nonlinear wave...