γ-Hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters:asymmetric syntheses and applications

γ-Hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters are versatile synthetic precursors to many organic compounds.This paper reviews the synthesis of chiral γ-hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters by asymmetric reduction of γ-oxo-α,β-acetylenic esters,enantioselective addition to aldehydes in the presence of chiral catalysts,and diastereoselective addition to chiral aldehydes.The preparation of racemic γ-hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters is also included.Examples are provided for the application of γ-hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters in organi...     

γ-Hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters: asymmetric syntheses and applications

γ-Hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters are versatile synthetic precursors to many organic compounds. This paper reviews the synthesis of chiral γ-hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters by asymmetric reduction of γ-oxo-α,β-acetylenic esters, enantioselective addition to aldehydes in the presence of chiral catalysts, and diastereoselective addition to chiral aldehydes. The preparation of racemic γ-hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters is also included. Examples are provided for the application of γ-hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters in organic synthesis.     

Enantioselective synthesis of anti-β-hydroxy-α-amido esters via transfer hydrogenation

The asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of α-amido-β-keto esters to provide the corresponding anti-β-hydroxy-α-amido esters in good to excellent yields, diastereoselectivity, and enantioselectivity is reported. The procedure is operationally simple, and delicate handling of the catalyst is not necessary.     

Acetals of γ-oxo-α,β-unsaturated esters in nitrone cycloadditions. Regio- and stereochemical implications

Several acetals of γ-oxo-α,β-unsaturated esters have been prepared, mainly from enantiopure C₂-symmetric diols, and their 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine 1-oxide has been studied. All the reactions showed complete regioselectivity and a high preference for the endo approach of the reactants in the transition state. The enantiopure acetals derived from (cis,cis)-spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-diol gave the highest diastereofacial selectivity.     

Interaction between N-phosphoryl-α, β- and γ-amino acids and nucleosides

The reactions of four different N-(O,O′-diisopropyl) phosphoamino acids (DIPP-aa),such as N-phosphoryl-L-α-alanine (DIPP- L-α-Ala),N-phosphoryl-D-α-alanine (DIPP-D-α-Ala),N-phosphoryl-β-alanine (DIPP-β-Ala) and N-phosphoryl-γ-amino butyric acid (DIPP-γ-Aba),and four nucleosides,adenosine (A),guanosine (G),cytidinc (C) and uridine (U),were studied by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and HPLC/ESI-MS.DIPP-L-α-Ala and DIPP-D-α-Ala produced the same phosphorylated nucleosidcs,dinucleotidcs and phosphoroligopeptide.However,DIPP-β-Ala and DIPP-γ-Aba gave no relevant products.     

Catalytic asymmetric chloroamination reaction of α,β-unsaturated γ-keto esters and chalcones

Highly efficient catalytic chloroamination reaction of α,β-unsaturated γ-keto esters and chalcones has been developed via a chloronium-based mechanism to deliver anti-regioselective vicinal chloroamines instead of the aziridinium intermediates delivered aminochlorides. The combination of TsNCl(2) and TsNH(2) as reagents made the transformation highly efficient, delivering the γ-carbonyl-β-chloro-α-amino acid derivatives and α-chloro-β-amino-ketone derivatives in nearly quantitative yields with up to 99% ee and 99:1 dr under 0.05-0.5 mol % catalyst loading. TsNHCl was demonstrated to act as the key reactive species to form a bridged chloronium ion intermediate in the presence of a chiral scandium complex. The method might provide useful information for further realization of other haloamination reactions.     

Trading N and O: asymmetric syntheses of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids via α-hydroxy-β-amino esters

Both diastereoisomers of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid have been prepared from enantiopure α-hydroxy-β-amino esters via the intermediacy of the corresponding cis- and trans-aziridines. Aminohydroxylation of two α,β-unsaturated esters produced enantiopure 2,3-anti-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters in >99:1 dr. Subsequent epimerisation at the C(2)-position via a sequential oxidation/diastereoselective reduction protocol gave the corresponding enantiopure 2,3-syn-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters in >99:1 dr. These syn- and anti-substrates were then converted into the corresponding N-Boc protected cis- and trans-aziridines, respectively, via a three step reaction sequence: (i) hydrogenolysis and in situ N-Boc protection; (ii) OH-activation; and (iii) aziridine formation. Subsequent regioselective ring-opening of the C(3)-methyl-aziridines with Cl₃CCO₂H proceeded with inversion of configuration to give the corresponding 2-amino-3-trichloroacetate esters, whereas the analogous reaction with the C(3)-phenyl-aziridines resulted in rearrangement to the corresponding oxazolidin-2-ones with retention of configuration. In each case, hydrolysis of the products from these ring-opening reactions produced the corresponding enantiopure β-hydroxy-α-amino acids as single diastereoisomers.     

Organocatalytic asymmetric oxy-Michael addition to a γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated thioester via hemiacetal intermediates

We report an asymmetric oxy-Michael addition to a γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated thioester via hemiacetal intermediates in the presence of Cinchona-alkaloid-thiourea-based bifunctional organocatalysts. This method provides a novel enantioselective route to β-hydroxy carboxyl compounds, which in turn can be used to synthesize valuable chiral building blocks.     

Synthesis of α,α-dideutero-β-amino esters

A straight forward entry to α,α-dideutero-β-amino esters starting from the corresponding imines and deuterated acetonitrile has been developed involving a two-step process.     

Stereoselective cycloaddition of N-acyliminium cations withα,β-unsaturated ketones and esters

The cycloaddition of N-acyliminium cations with some deactivated alkenes such asα,β-unsaturate ketones and esters has been investigated.In most cases,the N-acyliminium cations produced from 3-hydroxy-2-arylisoindol-1-ones in the presence of BF_3·OEt_2 could be reacted withα,β-unsaturated ketones and esters to afford stereoselectively the cycloaddition products 6-acylisoindolo[2,1-a] quinolin-11-ones in moderate to high yields.     

Enantioselective synthesis of anti-β-hydroxy-α-amido esters by asymmetric transfer hydrogenation in emulsions

Herein, we present two methods for an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation through the dynamic kinetic resolution of α-amido-β-ketoesters. These procedures yield the corresponding anti-β-hydroxy-α-amido esters in good yields and with good diastereo- and enantioselectivities. First, the scope of the reduction of α-amido-β-ketoesters by using triethylammonium formate azeotrope is examined. Then, an emulsion technology with sodium formate is explored, which allows for broader substrate scope, faster reaction times, and lower catalyst loading. Furthermore, these reactions are operationally simple and can be set up in air.     

Towards the catalytic formation of α,β-vinylesters and alkoxy substituted γ-lactones

A facile, one pot, high yield synthesis of α,β-vinylester (1-14) and alkoxy substituted γ-lactones (15-28) has been achieved by the photochemical reaction of terminal acetylene (ferrocenyl phenyl trimethylsillyl, hexyl and cyclohexyl) with alcohol (methanol, ethanol and isopropanol) and carbon monoxide in presence of iron pentacarbonyl as a catalyst. The selectivity of the compounds depends on the time of photolysis of the reaction as well as the solvent used. A stable reaction intermediate ferrole was isolated, and further photolysis with alcohols, resulted in the formation of α,β-vinylester. All the compounds were fully characterised by spectroscopic methods and the molecular structures of compounds 1, 16, 17 and 20 were established crystallographically.     

Rhodium carbenoid mediated cyclisations. Use of ethyl lithiodiazoacetate in the preparation of ω-hydroxy-,-mercapto-, and -boc-amino-α-diazo-β-keto esters

Reaction of ethyl lithiodiazoacetate with lactones, thiolactones, and lactams (1, 4, 8) gives the diazo-compounds (2, 5, 9), substrates for rhodium carbenoid cyclisation reactions.     

Synthesis of γ-halogenated and long-chain β-hydroxy-α-amino acids and 2-amino-1,3-diols using threonine aldolases

The l- and d-threonine aldolase catalyzed formation of γ-halogenated and long-chain l- and d-3-alkylserine-derivatives 1-12, respectively, was shown starting from glycine and halogenated C₂- or C₄-C₁₂ aldehydes. lTA from Pseudomonas putida accepted all tested aldehydes with strongly varying diastereoselectivity (de up to 93%). Only aldehydes smaller than decanal were converted by dTA from Alcaligenes xylosoxidans with good selectivities (de up to 73%). Utilizing isobutanal enantio- and diastereopure d-syn-2-amino-3-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid was obtained (ee>99%, de>95%), which was converted to the corresponding 2-amino-1,3-diol.     

NHC-catalyzed C-O or C-N bond formation: efficient approaches to α,β-unsaturated esters and amides

Simple and efficient NHC-catalyzed transformations of bromoenal or α,β-dibromoenal into α,β-unsaturated esters or amides with high stereoselectivity through C-O or C-N bond formation have been demonstrated. The NHC-catalyzed processes occur under mild conditions. The ready availability of the starting materials, avoidance of external oxidants and the usefulness of the products all make the strategy attractive.     

α,β-Dehydrogenation of esters with free OH and NH functionalities via allyl-palladium catalysis

A direct and selective method for the α,β-dehydrogenation of esters using palladium catalysis in the presence of free OH and NH functionalities is reported herein. Allyl-palladium catalysis allows for preservation of readily oxidizable functionalities such as amines and alcohols. Furthermore, an economical protocol using LDA was developed for the dehydrogenation of β-amino esters.