学科大概念统领下的高三有机复习大单元教学

学科大概念是单元整体教学设计的核心。从教学内容、学情、试题进行教学现状分析,基于课程标准、学科本质、学生认知构建学科大概念,进行学科大概念统领下的高三有机复习教学设计与实践,促进学生化学学科核心素养的发展。     

化学数字化实验影响学生概念改变的实证研究

选取"离子反应"知识作为研究内容,开展了相关化学数字化实验的教学实践,通过二段式测验工具、SOLO分类法的量化分析,来检测化学数字化实验对学生概念改变的影响。结果显示,化学数字化实验能够在一定程度上促进学生的概念改变。     

初中化学核心概念相异构想调查研究——以“酸、碱、盐”为例

采用自编的二段式多项选择诊断测验为研究工具,对55名初三学生“酸、碱、盐”核心概念的相异构想进行调查研究,诊断了学生头脑中存在的相异构想并探析了产生这些相异构想的成因和主要来源,为中学化学教师进行概念转变教学及相关研究提供一定的依据和思路。     

化合物与混合物迷思概念检测工具的发展与诊断

通过谈话、问卷调查等研究方法设计化合物与混合物迷思概念的二段式检测工具,分析辽西地区九年级学生化合物与混合物迷思概念的主要类型,归纳为生活经验型、名词产生型、概念混淆型和宏微错位型等4个方面,并且从性别、所在地区等方面探讨影响迷思概念的外在因素.对获得的数据结果进行spss13.0统计分析.     

基于Rasch模型的化学核心概念理解测量研究

学科概念的理解程度直接决定着学习目标的达成与否,国内外科学教育标准均把培养学生科学核心概念理解能力作为提高科学素养宗旨的主要途径。在探查和诊断学生对化学核心概念理解能力上,既需要考虑具体的学科概念,也需要考虑到学生当前的认知阶段。尽管有很多工具可用来诊断学生的概念理解能力,与其他诊断工具相比,二段式诊断工具具有精确性和具体性,且可以大规模地推广和应用。同时,在对诊断方法有效性检验上,Rasch测量模型理论比经典测量理论更具针对性和有效性。以化学学科中"溶液中的离子平衡"概念为例,阐述如何利用二段式诊断方法来设计化学核心概念理解的测量工具,并进一步实证研究如何利用Rasch测量模型理论来对测量工具进行质量检验与修改。     

环境化学迷思概念的调查研究

了解学生化学概念学习中存在的错误或模糊认识有利于提高概念教学的成效。选取了一些与环境化学相关的概念进行调查,从中找出学生存在的模糊认识,客观分析了学生环境化学迷思概念的成因,并提出了教学建议。     

基于四段式诊断工具测查高一学生“物质的量”迷思概念*

使用四段式测验对116名高一学生进行“物质的量”迷思概念测查,共诊断出10个典型的真性迷思概念。结果表明学生缺乏对物质的量及其相关概念的本质理解,尤其是在物质的量定义上。学生尽管在测试中表现出过度自信,但能清楚认识自身在概念理解上的不足。信心指数在判断迷思概念的性质与了解学生对概念的元认知方面具有重要作用。     

教学互动——复习课成功的有效保证

通过生动的教学案例,详述了高三复习过程中利用板书、化学实验、习题讲评3种渠道实现教学互动的具体举措,提出教学互动是新课程背景下复习课成功的有效保证。     

利用四段式测试题诊断高一学生化学键迷思概念

使用改编自迈阿密大学牛津分校Stacey Lowery Bretz的"化学键概念表征量表",并通过加设信心指数将其扩充为四段式测试题。利用本测试工具对浙江省2所普通高中共260名学生进行测试。结果显示,被试存在"高信心指数错解"和"低信心指数正解"的情况,并探查出7个典型的化学键迷思概念,其中4个为呈现出较高信心指数的真性迷思概念。信心指数在一定程度上弥补了二段式工具的缺陷。     

基于本体分类法的化学键迷思概念转变研究*

基于概念本体分类模型,以化学键相关内容为载体,详细阐述化学概念本体分类模型的内涵,以及在化学迷思概念转变中的应用。同时,从本体论的视角讨论本体分类法可作为化学概念教学的新的补充。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。