Axial electric wake field inside the induction gap exited by the intense electron beam

While an intense electron beam passes through the accelerating gaps of a linear induction accelerator,a strong wake field will be excited.In this paper a relatively simple model is established based on the interaction between the transverse magnetic wake field and the electron beam,and the numerical calculation in succession generates a magnetic wake field distribution along the accelerator and along the beam pulse as well.The axial electric wake field is derived based on the relation between field components of a resonant mode.According to some principles in existence,the influence of this field on the high voltage properties of the induction gap is analyzed.The Dragon-I accelerator is taken as an example,and its maximum electric wake field is about 17 kV/cm,which means the effect of the wake field is noticeable.     

直线感应加速器加速间隙对发射度的影响

文中用解析方法计算了直线感应加速器加速间隙对发射度的影响。考虑了存在轴向引导磁场,加速电场,束流分裂以及多个加速间隙的作用。这种解析方法也适用于射频直线加速器的情形。     

直线感应加速器束包络数值计算模型

给出的直线感应加速器束输运的计算模型,能够计算束流从注入器经加速器直到最后聚焦的束包络.利用该编码可以方便地研究各种磁场位形及隙压参数对束流输运的影响.作为算例,给出了束流为3kA在长达40余米直线感应加速器的多种磁场位形下的束包络.     

Nonlinear Plasma Dynanics in the Plasma Wakefield Accelerator

Excitation of nonlinear plasma oscillations by an ultrarelativistic electron beam is considered in this paper. It is shown, by analytical solutions of the fully relativistic nonlinear fluid equations in one dimension, that under certain conditions on the relative densities of the electron beam and the plasma, extremely large longitudinal electric fields can be generated in the wake of the beam. This scheme can be considered as a nonlinear regime of the plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA), and is seen to have the advantage that the transformer ratio, the ratio of the maximum amplitude of the accelerating field behind the driving beam over the maximum amplitude of the decelerating field inside of the beam, can be made arbitrarily large, dependent only on the length of the driving beam. The effects of beam loading on the efficiency of this scheme are considered, and are shown to be equivalent to those predicted in the linear regime.     

用钮扣电极测量强流直线感应加速器束流位置

 介绍了钮扣电极测量强脉冲束流位置的基本原理，以及针对钮扣电极所设计的一套模拟实验标定装置；着重介绍了钮扣电极测量束流位置的实验过程，以及在实验中所遇到的问题和对实验平台所做的改进。实验表明钮扣电极对束流位置的测量精度达到亚mm量级，对于束位置偏心测量的相对误差范围在10％以内。     

直线感应加速器输运过程模拟

对直线感应加速器中电子束的输运过程进行数值模拟研究,采用了时域有限差分与粒子模拟相结合的方法。在对直线感应加速器建模的过程中,成功地使用了非均匀网格模型,实现了对加速腔精细结构的建模。并在加速间隙处加入了加速场。通过3个步骤实现了直线感应加速器加速腔中聚束磁场的模拟,最后将聚束场与加速段结合起来模拟电子束的输运过程,并对结果加以分析,验证了方法的正确性。     

感生电场与动生电场的等效性探究

本文认为在感生电场的情况下,磁场的强弱变化可以引起磁场自身的横向运动,使得线圈中电子相对于磁场发生运动,从而等效为一个动生电场,受到洛伦兹力的作用.借助磁感线模拟磁场的运动方式,得到圆形回路中任意一点与磁场相对运动速度的表达式,进而推得该＂等效动生电场＂中的洛伦兹力.以螺线管为例,验证该方法可以解释感生电场所满足的规律.将感生电场与动生电场的产生原因统一为导体中电子与磁场的相对运动,相应电动势的非静电力统一为洛伦兹力.     

直线感应加速器输运磁场遗传算法优化

以直线感应加速器（LIA）匹配磁场设计和束线调谐为背景,提出解决强流相对论电子束长距离、小波动、多元件磁约束的输运优化问题的数值优化办法,建立基于遗传算法的优化程序。结合束质心轨迹及束包络耦合模型,设计描述束传输半径波动大小的评价函数,采用励磁元件馈入电流为优化对象,解决LIA磁场配置组合爆炸优化问题。计算结果表明:优化程序可依据不同的初始束流,有针对性地快速给出一组符合束输运要求的励磁电流配置。研究成果为在建的LIA装置束线调谐提供一种重要的数值分析工具。     

12MeV直线感应加速器二极管优化设计研究

 本文用MAGIC程序对设计的多种12MV直线感应加速器的二极管结构进行模拟计算,得出了二极管阴极表面电场强度分布,并根据实验研究结果,得到了结构最佳设计的二极管模型;随后利用扫描电镜方法对不同天鹅绒的结构进行了分析与发射性能实验研究。最后得到优化后的二极管产生的电子束束流参数为发射束流I_e=8.50kA,传输束流I₈=3.0kA ,打靶束流I₀=2.30kA。     

3.5 MeV无箔注入器束流调试

 3.5 MeV 注入器是“神龙一号”直线感应加速器的束源,在注入器束流调试中,首先通过数值模拟方法,初步确定束流过聚焦和聚焦不足两种极端情况下引出线圈输运磁场峰值的变化范围;然后以注入器出口束流波形为参考,通过实验调试找到了这两种情况下引出线圈输运磁场峰值的实际配置;再通过测量束流的剖面或发射度,在这两种配置中选定一个折中的引出线圈磁场配置,并最终确定了注入器输运磁场的总体配置。经过调试完成后的注入器束流为3.6 MeV,流强为2.8 kA,归一化边发射度为1 040 mm·mrad,达到了预期的指标。     

直线感应加速器束心偏移轨迹的计算

给出了直线感应加速器在磁体失准情况下电子束质心运动轨迹的计算机模型.利用坐标变换求磁体失准后的三维磁场分布,并采用束包络方程和束心偏移方程耦合求解的方法计算束心的运动轨迹.磁体失准度与束流质心偏移的定量关系的计算研究对磁体安装定位及校正线圈使用是有意义的.     

介质壁加速器尾场阻抗的模拟计算

为了研究尾场效应引起的束流不稳定性,建立了由非对称Blumlein脉冲形成线、导体层和微堆层构成的介质壁加速器单元模块模型,用有限积分法对强流电子束在此结构中产生的尾场进行了计算,分别计算单组元和2组单元加速模块中的尾场势和尾场阻抗。从模拟的结果来看,x,y方向的尾场势和尾场阻抗都很小,束流尾场对横向的影响比较小。z方向的尾场势和尾场阻抗影响较大,尾场阻抗达到100Ω量级。证明了由于介质壁加速器结构在加速腔长度和束流通过路径的连续性方面都具有很大的优势,横向阻抗小,束流尾场效应在束流不稳定性方面的影响相对较小,束流传输时的要求也会降低。     

X波段短脉冲相对论返波管设计与初步实验

 对基于短电子束脉冲超辐射机理的X波段相对论返波管进行了优化设计和粒子模拟,结果表明：在超辐射机理作用下,该器件能实现高峰值功率和高功率转换效率的微波辐射。在小型Tesla脉冲源基础上设计了阻抗变换段、二极管、磁场系统等装置,建立了一套小型窄脉冲电子加速器,以此为实验平台在低磁场条件下进行了器件的初步实验研究。在磁场0.73 T、束压约380 kV、束流约4.5 kA、脉宽3.1 ns条件下,实验获得的微波脉冲峰值功率约360 MW,脉宽1.10 ns,上升沿800 ps,频率9.15 GHz,功率转换效率为21%。     

Longitudinal Single Bunch Instability Caused by Wake Field of Electron Cloud

The electron cloud accumulated in the vicinity of positron beam generates longitudinal electric field during the passage of bunch. The longitudinal interaction between bunch and electron cloud can lead to the distortion of the bunch shape. We use a simple analytic formula to calculate the longitudinal electric field due to electron cloud. Based on the longitudinal wake field, the macro-particle tracking method is used to simulate the variation of bunch longitudinal profile in different electron cloud densities and the simulation also shows that the synchrotron oscillation tune is slightly shifted by the wake field. By comparing the simulation results and the analytical estimation from potential distortion theory, the longitudinal wake field from electron cloud can be seen as a potential well effect.     

绝缘环打火研究

绝缘问题是高电压、高场强器件和设备中不可回避的问题,是决定器件、设备运行参数和稳定性的重要因素。针对一台直线感应加速器调试中出现的加速腔绝缘环在带束负载情况下的真空沿面闪络现象,进行了分析和研究。分析表明,在排除设计、材料、加工、洁净和真空度等常规异常因素后,导致绝缘环真空沿面闪络的可能因素是电子在绝缘环表面的吸附和累积,绝缘环上累积的电子来源和加速器中加速、传输的电子束的丢失有关。从加速腔工作状态出发,分析绝缘环表面积累电荷和丢失电子束的相关途径,进而提出相应的技术措施,以提高加速腔运行稳定性。     

Acceleration modules in linear induction accelerators

The Linear Induction Accelerator （LIA） is a unique type of accelerator that is capable of accelerating kilo-Ampere charged particle current to tens of MeV energy. The present development of LIA in MHz bursting mode and the successful application into a synchrotron have broadened LIA＇s usage scope. Although the transformer model is widely used to explain the acceleration mechanism of LIAs, it is not appropriate to consider the induction electric field as the field which accelerates charged particles for many modern LIAs. We have examined the transition of the magnetic cores＇ functions during the LIA acceleration modules＇ evolution, distinguished transformer type and transmission line type LIA acceleration modules, and re-considered several related issues based on transmission line type LIA acceleration module. This clarified understanding should help in the further development and design of LIA acceleration modules.     

Instantaneous electron beam emittance measurement system based on the optical transition radiation principle

One kind of instantaneous electron beam emittance measurement system based on the optical transition radiation principle and double imaging optical method has been set up. It is mainly adopted in the test for the intense electron-beam produced by a linear induction accelerator. The system features two characteristics. The first one concerns the system synchronization signal triggered by the following edge of the main output waveform from a Blumlein switch. The synchronous precision of about 1 ns between the electron beam and the image capture time can be reached in this way so that the electron beam emittance at the desired time point can be obtained. The other advantage of the system is the ability to obtain the beam spot and beam divergence in one measurement so that the calculated result is the true beam emittance at that time, which can explain the electron beam condition. It provides to be a powerful beam diagnostic method for a 2.5 kA, 18.5 MeV, 90 ns (FWHM) electron beam pulse produced by Dragon I. The ability of the instantaneous measurement is about 3 ns and it can measure the beam emittance at any time point during one beam pulse. A series of beam emittances have been obtained for Dragon I. The typical beam spot is 9.0 mm (FWHM) in diameter and the corresponding beam divergence is about 10.5 mrad.     

A massive-ion beam driver for high-energy-density physics and future inertial fusion

Several heavy ion drivers for heavy ion inertial fusion have been proposed in the US and Europe, based on linear induction accelerator technology [1] and existing RF technology [2], respectively, although they have not been realized on a large scale. Developing accelerator technology may provide an alternative efficient, robust, and relatively cheap massive-ion beam driver for future particle beam inertial fusion. Here, we propose an accelerator complex for accelerating giant cluster ions, instead of lead or bismuth ions, toward 120 GeV by using induction acceleration over the entire energy region. The proposed two-way multiplex induction synchrotron that is the main accelerator for the giant cluster ion beam would be equivalent to 10 synchrotrons of the same size for a single beam.     

10MeV LIA强流电子束的聚焦

 研究了10MeV直线感应加速器（LIA）的输出束在螺线管透镜作用下的聚焦特性。通过解非线性电子轨迹方程获得实验所需的磁场范围，并解析分析空间电荷效应、发射度、透镜球面像差和色散像差对最小焦斑直径的限制，同时，对束质心螺旋运动影响束聚焦的情况亦做了较为详细的分析。实验结果表明：在合适的螺线管聚焦磁场下，可获得直径≤6mm的电子束焦斑，与理论分析结果基本一致。     

串列加速器电离性束流截面探测器设计

基于GIC4117串列加速器束流引出线束流测量需求,开展了电离型束流截面探测器设计工作,主要包括系统收集信号强度的计算,采用有限元软件进行电场系统、磁场系统优化设计,给出了电场系统与磁场系统设计参数。通过引入辅助磁场,测量系统能够实现束流轨道的自动校正,系统对束流的影响可以忽略。对影响测量精度的电离电子横向位置偏移进行了分析,并对电离电子进行轨迹跟踪。跟踪结果表明:电离电子在横向位置的运动偏移可以控制在0.3 mm以内,与理论分析一致。